HOXA3
Homeobox protein Hox-A3is aproteinthat in humans is encoded by theHOXA3gene.[5][6][7]
Function
[edit]In vertebrates, the genes encoding the class oftranscription factorscalledhomeobox genesare found inclustersnamed A, B, C, and D on four separatechromosomes.Expression of these proteins is spatially and temporally regulated duringembryonic development.This gene is part of the A cluster onchromosome 7and encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor which may regulategene expression,morphogenesis,and differentiation. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.[7]
During normalfetal development,HoxA3 is expressed inmesenchymalneural crest cellsandendodermal cellsfound in thethird pharyngeal pouch.[8]Expression of HoxA3 in these cells affects the proper formation of thethymus,thyroid,andparathyroidorgans.[9][10]While the gene does not seem to affect the proliferation or migration of the pharyngeal neural crest cells, it does appear to triggercellular differentiationevents required to form these organs.[9]Knockout of HoxA3 leads to failure in forming the thymus (athymia) and parathyroid gland (aparthyroidism).[10]Mutant HoxA3 also causes a reduction in thyroid size. While thefollicularandparafollicular cellsstill differentiate, their numbers are reduced and they are not evenly distributed throughout the gland.[9]Mutant HoxA3 models show similarphenotypesas those seen inDiGeorge's syndrome,and it is possible that the two are linked.[9]
Regulation
[edit]The HOXA3 gene isrepressedby themicroRNAmiR-10a.[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000105997–Ensembl,May 2017
- ^abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000079560–Ensembl,May 2017
- ^"Human PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^"Mouse PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^McAlpine PJ, Shows TB (July 1990). "Nomenclature for human homeobox genes".Genomics.7(3): 460.doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90186-X.PMID1973146.
- ^Scott MP (November 1992). "Vertebrate homeobox gene nomenclature".Cell.71(4): 551–3.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90588-4.PMID1358459.S2CID13370372.
- ^ab"Entrez Gene: HOXA3 homeobox A3".
- ^Hunt P, Gulisano M, Cook M, Sham MH, Faiella A, Wilkinson D, et al. (October 1991). "A distinct Hox code for the branchial region of the vertebrate head".Nature.353(6347): 861–4.Bibcode:1991Natur.353..861H.doi:10.1038/353861a0.PMID1682814.S2CID4312466.
- ^abcdManley NR, Capecchi MR (July 1995). "The role of Hoxa-3 in mouse thymus and thyroid development".Development.121(7): 1989–2003.doi:10.1242/dev.121.7.1989.PMID7635047.
- ^abChojnowski JL, Masuda K, Trau HA, Thomas K, Capecchi M, Manley NR (October 2014)."Multiple roles for HOXA3 in regulating thymus and parathyroid differentiation and morphogenesis in mouse".Development.141(19): 3697–708.doi:10.1242/dev.110833.PMC4197593.PMID25249461.
- ^Han L, Witmer PD, Casey E, Valle D, Sukumar S (August 2007)."DNA methylation regulates MicroRNA expression".Cancer Biology & Therapy.6(8): 1284–8.doi:10.4161/cbt.6.8.4486.PMID17660710.
Further reading
[edit]- Apiou F, Flagiello D, Cillo C, Malfoy B, Poupon MF, Dutrillaux B (1996). "Fine mapping of human HOX gene clusters".Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics.73(1–2): 114–5.doi:10.1159/000134320.PMID8646877.
- Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (September 1996)."Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery".Genome Research.6(9): 791–806.doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791.PMID8889548.
- Manley NR, Capecchi MR (March 1998)."Hox group 3 paralogs regulate the development and migration of the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands".Developmental Biology.195(1): 1–15.doi:10.1006/dbio.1997.8827.PMID9520319.
- Sanger Centre, Washington University Genome Sequencing Center (November 1998)."Toward a complete human genome sequence".Genome Research.8(11): 1097–108.doi:10.1101/gr.8.11.1097.PMID9847074.
- Mulder GB, Manley N, Maggio-Price L (December 1998). "Retinoic acid-induced thymic abnormalities in the mouse are associated with altered pharyngeal morphology, thymocyte maturation defects, and altered expression of Hoxa3 and Pax1".Teratology.58(6): 263–75.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199812)58:6<263::AID-TERA8>3.0.CO;2-A.PMID9894676.
- Manzanares M, Nardelli J, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Marshall H, Giudicelli F, Martínez-Pastor MT, et al. (February 2002)."Krox20 and kreisler co-operate in the transcriptional control of segmental expression of Hoxb3 in the developing hindbrain".The EMBO Journal.21(3): 365–76.doi:10.1093/emboj/21.3.365.PMC125344.PMID11823429.
- Kosaki K, Kosaki R, Suzuki T, Yoshihashi H, Takahashi T, Sasaki K, et al. (February 2002). "Complete mutation analysis panel of the 39 human HOX genes".Teratology.65(2): 50–62.doi:10.1002/tera.10009.PMID11857506.
- Kim J, Bhinge AA, Morgan XC, Iyer VR (January 2005). "Mapping DNA-protein interactions in large genomes by sequence tag analysis of genomic enrichment".Nature Methods.2(1): 47–53.doi:10.1038/nmeth726.PMID15782160.S2CID6135437.
- Wissmüller S, Kosian T, Wolf M, Finzsch M, Wegner M (2006)."The high-mobility-group domain of Sox proteins interacts with DNA-binding domains of many transcription factors".Nucleic Acids Research.34(6): 1735–44.doi:10.1093/nar/gkl105.PMC1421504.PMID16582099.
External links
[edit]- HOXA3+protein,+humanat the U.S. National Library of MedicineMedical Subject Headings(MeSH)
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