Haemulon chrysargyreum
| Haemulon chrysargyreum | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Haemulidae |
| Genus: | Haemulon |
| Species: | H. chrysargyreum
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| Binomial name | |
| Haemulon chrysargyreum Günther,1859
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Haemulon chrysargyreum,thesmallmouth grunt,bronze grunt,oryellowstripe grunt,is aspeciesof marineray-finned fish,agruntbelonging to thefamilyHaemulidae.It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Description
[edit]H. chrysargyreumis a small fish that can reach a maximum length of 23 cm, but a length of 17 cm is typical.[3][4]It has a short snout with an almost horizontal mouth which is small, the jaws normally not extending as far as the front margin of the pupil.[2]The inside of the mouth is red. It has a laterally compressed body with a forked caudal fin. Its background color is silver with five bronze-yellow horizontal lines on its sides.All fins, other than the pectoral fins are partially or completely yellow.[5]The dorsal fin contains 12 spines and 13 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 9-10 soft rays.[2]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]H. chrysargyreumis widespread throughout the westernAtlantic Oceanfrom southFloridato the cost ofBrazil,including theGulf of Mexicoand theCaribbean Sea.[3]
The adults inhabit exposed areas of coral reefs and rocky coasts up to 25 m deep.[3]Juveniles prefer hard substrates and around coral reefs orThalassiasea grassbeds.[1]
Biology
[edit]H. chrysargyreumis nocturnal, spending the daytime in schools near reefs or rocks and disperse at night to feed at the open sea. Their diet consists mainly ofplankton,but also smallcrustaceansand othermollusks.[6]Off the Fernando de Noronha Islands of northeastern Brazil it has been observed that this species and theyellow goatfish(Mulloidichthys martinicus) mimic each other in colour and shape, allowing them to form mixed schools, which improves their ability to avoid predators that rely on vision for hunting.[1]
Systematics
[edit]H. chrysargyreumwas first formallydescribedin 1859 by German-born BritishichthyologistandherpetologistAlbert Günther (1830-1914), with thetype localitygiven asTrinidad.[7]Thespecific nameis acompoundof theGreekchrysosmeaning “gold” andargyreummeaning “silvery” a reference to the silvery background colour marked with gold streaks and stripes.[8]
CubanzoologistFelipe Poey (1799-1891) described a species of grunt he namedHaemulon taeniatumin 1860. He placed this species in the new genusBrachygenysin 1868. Poey’s taxon was later ascertained to be a junior synonym of Günther's.[9]Molecular studies have suggested thatHaemulonsensu latois polyphyletic because they showed thatH. chrysargyreumclustered withXenistius californiensis,renderingHaemulonaspolyphyleticifXenistiuswas not included.[10]The genusBrachygenys,was revived to includeXenistius californiensis,Haemulon chrysargyreum,Xenistius peruanusandXenocys jessiae.[11]AsBrachygenysisfemininethe specific name is feminised tochrysargyrea.[9]
Uses
[edit]H. chrysargyreumis caught as bycatch in traps, the fish caught being sold fresh.[12]It is rare in theaquariumtrade but is commoner inpublic aquariumdisplays.[13]
References
[edit]- ^abcAnderson, W.; Claro, R.; Cowan, J.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]."Haemulon chrysargyreum".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2015:e.T194417A115335430.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194417A2333728.en.Retrieved30 March2021.
- ^abcFroese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Haemulon chrysargyreum".FishBase.December 2019 version.
- ^abcRobins, C.R. & G.C. Ray (1986).A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America.Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. p. 354.
- ^Courtenay, W.R. & H.F. Sahlman (1978). "Pomadasyidae". In W. Fischer (ed.).FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31), Volume 4.FAO,Rome.
- ^"Species: Brachygenys chrysargyreum, Smallmouth grunt".Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information.Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.Retrieved30 March2021.
- ^Cervigón, F.(1993).Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2(in Spanish). Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. p. 497.
- ^Eschmeyer, William N.;Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.)."Species in the genusHaemulon".Catalog of Fishes.California Academy of Sciences.Retrieved30 March2021.
- ^Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (5 January 2021)."Order LUTJANIFORMES: Families HAEMULIDAE and LUTJANIDAE".The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database.Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Archived fromthe originalon 12 April 2021.Retrieved30 March2021.
- ^abEschmeyer, William N.;Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.)."Species in the genusBrachygenys".Catalog of Fishes.California Academy of Sciences.Retrieved30 March2021.
- ^Tavera, J.J.P; A.A., Balart; E.F.; et al. (2012)."Molecular phylogeny of grunts (Teleostei, Haemulidae), with an emphasis on the ecology, evolution, and speciation history of New World species".BMC Evolutionary Biology.12(57): 57.Bibcode:2012BMCEE..12...57T.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-57.PMC3472276.PMID22537107.
- ^Paolo Parenti (2019)."An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Haemulidae (Teleostei: Perciformes)".Iranian Journal of Ichthyology.6(3): 150–196.
- ^Lindeman, K.C. (2002). "Haemulidae". In Kent E. Carpenter (ed.).The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae)(PDF).FAO Species Identification Guides for Fisheries Purposes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5.FAOof the U.N., Rome. pp. 1522–1550.
- ^"Haemulon chrysargyreum".Saltcorner!.Bob Goemans. 2012.Retrieved30 March2021.
External links
[edit]- http:// marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=275725
- http:// fishbase.org/summary/1134
- Photos ofHaemulon chrysargyreumon Sealife Collection