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Hakkōda Mountains

Coordinates:40°39′32″N140°52′38″E/ 40.65889°N 140.87722°E/40.65889; 140.87722
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"Mount Hakkoda" redirects here. For the 1977 film, seeMount Hakkoda (1977 film).For the 2014 film, seeMt. Hakkoda (2014 film).

Hakkōda Mountains
(above) The Hakkōda Mountains viewed from the southeast (below) Thetopographyof the Hakkōda Mountains group
Map
Map
Map
Highest point
PeakMount Ōdake
Elevation1,584 m (5,197 ft)
ListingList of mountains in Japan
100 Famous Japanese Mountains
Coordinates40°39′32″N140°52′38″E/ 40.65889°N 140.87722°E/40.65889; 140.87722
Naming
Native name
Geography
CountryJapan
PrefectureAomori Prefecture
RegionTōhoku
Parent rangeŌu Mountains
BiomeAlpine climate
Geology
OrogenyIsland arc
Type of rockVolcanic
Last eruption1550[1]
Climbing
Easiest routeaerial lift/hike viaHakkōda Ropewayand the Hakkōda Ropeway and Hakkoda-odake trails[2]

TheHakkōda Mountains(Tám giáp điền hệ thống núi,Hakkōda-sankei)are an activevolcanic complexin south-centralAomori Prefecture,Japan, inTowada-Hachimantai National Park.Often calledMount Hakkōda(Tám giáp điền sơn,Hakkōda-san)or simplyHakkōda(Tám giáp điền),the mountains are collectively listed as one of the100 Famous Japanese Mountains.Its highest peak, Mount Ōdake, lies 21.3 kilometers (13.2 mi) southeast of central Aomori and 28 kilometers (17 mi) west of centralTowadaand has an elevation of 1,585 meters (5,200 ft). The Hakkōda Mountains are a partŌu Mountainswhich make up part of theNortheastern Japan Arc,a segment of thePacific Ring of Fire.The volcanic complex consists of fourteenstratovolcanoesandlava domesarranged into twovolcanic groups.The Northern Hakkōda Volcanic Group emerges from the rim of an 8-kilometer-wide (5.0 mi)calderathat dates back to thePleistocene.The Southern Hakkōda Volcanic Group predates the caldera.

The Hakkōda Mountains attract many climbers, skiers, and sightseers. The mountains offer extensive backcountry skiing in the winter and early spring. There is a lift, theHakkōda Ropewayin the northern Hakkōda Mountains used by visitors year-round and several hiking trails cross the mountains. While the trails do not pose any technical climbing challenges, Hakkōda presents dangers such as volcanic gases, harsh winter weather, and avalanches. The most notable incident in mountains' history was theHakkōda Mountains incident,the worst mountaineering accident in modern history.

Geographic setting and description

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AfterMount Iwaki,the Hakkōda Mountains contain thesecond highest peakinAomori Prefecture,Mount Ōdake with an elevation of 1,585 meters (5,200 ft).[3]Mount Ōdake can beclimbedfromSukayu Onsenin about four hours. Heavy snowfall makes the Hakkōda Mountains a prime destination for backcountry and mountainskiers,and there are two mountain huts for overnight trips. The lower slopes of the mountains are forested interspersed withmoorland.Above 1,300 meters (4,300 ft),[4]theAlpine climatezone starts.

The Hakkōda Mountains as seen from the north. The northern group of the mountains is centered in the background, while the southern group can be seen to their right.

The Hakkōda Mountains, along withLake Towadaand theOirase Valley,make up the northern section ofTowada-Hachimantai National Park.[4]The mountains dominate the southern horizon of the city of Aomori. On a clear day they can be seen on a clear day fromHakodateinHokkaido.[5]

Though the Hakkōda Mountains are made up of several mountains they are often collectively called Mount Hakkōda(Tám giáp điền sơn,Hakkōda-san)or simply Hakkōda(Tám giáp điền).[6]The name Hakkōda is a geographic description of the mountains and their appearance. The first part of the name Hakkō(Tám giáp) 'eight armor'from eight of the mountains having peaks that resemble helmets. The second part of the name da(Điền) 'field'refers to the mountains' flat plateaus that are referred to as thần の điền phố(kami no tano) 'field of god'.[7]

List of peaks

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Hakkōda Mountains map

The following is a list of peaks and their heights:[4][8]

  • Northern Group:
    • Mount Ōdake(Đại nhạc,Ō-dake)1585 m
    • Mount Takada-Ōdake(Cao điền đại nhạc,Takada-Ō-dake)1559 m[9]
    • Mount Idodake(Giếng hộ nhạc,Ido-dake)1537 m
    • Mount Akakuradake(Xích thương nhạc,Akakura-dake)1548 m
    • Mount Kodake(Tiểu nhạc,Ko-dake)1478 m
    • Mount Iōdake(Lưu hoàng nhạc,Iō-dake)1360 m
    • Mount Tamoyachidake(Điền mậu 萢 nhạc,Tamoyachi-dake)1324 m
    • Mount Maedake(Trước nhạc,Mae-dake)1251.7 m
    • Mount Hinadake(Non nhạc,Hina-dake)1240.4 m
    • Mount Ishikuradake(Thạch thương nhạc,Ishikura-dake)1202 m
  • Southern Group:
    • Kushi Summit(Lược ヶ phong,Kushi-ga-mine)1516.6 m
      • Includes Mount Kamidake(Thượng nhạc,Kami-dake)1516.6 m and Mount Shimodake(Hạ nhạc,Shimo-dake)1342 m
    • Mount Norikuradake(Thừa an nhạc,Norikuradake)1449.9 m
    • Koma Summit(Câu ヶ phong,Koma-ga-mine)1416.5 m
    • Mount Sarukuradake(Vượn thương nhạc,Sarukura-dake)1353.7 m
    • Mount Yokodake(Hoành nhạc,Yoko-dake)1339.6 m
    • Mount Akakuradake(Xích thương nhạc,Akakura-dake)1297.8 m
    • Mount Minamizawadake(Nam trạch nhạc,Minamizawa-dake)1199.0 m
    • Mount Sakasagawadake(Nghịch xuyên nhạc,Sakasagawa-dake)1183 m

Wetlands

[edit]
"Snow monsters" near Hakkōda's peaks

The Hakkōda Mountains are famous for their high-altitudewetlands:[10]

  • Sennin Wetland ( tiên nhân đại )
  • Kenashi Wetlands ( mao vô đại )
  • Tamo Wetland ( điền mậu 萢)
  • Suiren Pond ( hoa súng chiểu )
  • Tashiro Plateau Wetland ( điền đại bình ướt nguyên )

Geology

[edit]
Fumarole activity near Jigokunuma.

The Hakkōda Mountains are two clusters ofstratovolcanoesin theNortheastern Japan Arcthat consists oflava flows,debris flows,andpyroclasticejecta and flows arranged into southern and northern groups. The volcanic peaks are made of non-alkalimaficrock; mostlyandesite,dacite,andbasalt.[11]Although both groups of mountains formed in the Pleistocene, the southern group is older than the northern group. The southern group is made from rock that is 700,000 to 1,700,000 years old, while the northern group is made from rock that is 13,000 to 700,000 years old along the southwestern rim of an oldercaldera.[12]

Eight eruptive events have occurred in the Northern Hakkōda Volcanic Group since 4,000 BCE, includingphreaticandvulcanian eruptions.Four eruptive events occurred at the summit of Ōdake, with another possible eruption at Ōdake. The three most recent eruptions occurred at Jigokunuma on the southwestern foot of Ōdake near Sukayu Onsen during the 13th to 17th centuries.[13]

Modern activity and the current threat

[edit]
The crater of Mount Ōdake with Mount Kodake in the distance

Two fatal incidents have happened in modern history due tovolcanic gasemitted from the northern group. On 12 July 1997, three soldiers of theJapan Self-Defense Forcesdied after gas accumulated in the valley where they were training.[14]On 20 June 2010, a teenage girl died after being exposed to volcanic gas near Sukayu Onsen.[15]After the2011 Great East Japan earthquake,seismic activity around the volcanic group increased. After a series of earthquakes between February and October 2013, Mount Ōdake saw a degree ofdeformation.[16]

Future eruptions are forecast to come from the peak of Mount Ōdake and Jigokunuma, avolcanic crater lake.Large scale eruptions from Mount Ōdake have the potential to sendlahars(volcanic mudflows) to heavily populated areas of the cities ofAomoriand Towada, to the northwest and east, respectively, of the volcanic complex.[17]Potential lahars would flow to Towada by the Oirase River and its tributaries and to Aomori by the Tsutsumi andKomagome rivers.The junction of the Tsutsumi and Komagome rivers just north ofTsutsui Stationon theAoimori Railway Linewould be the most heavily impacted populated area during a large eruption, with many areas struck by over a meter of debris. An eruption from Mount Ōdake could also produce pyroclastic flows that could travel up to 3.7 kilometers (2.3 mi) and expel lava up to 3.0 kilometers (1.9 mi) from the volcano.[17]Due to volcanic deformation, the summit of Mount Takada-Ōdake shifted 115 meters (377 ft) to the west and increased in elevation by 7 meters (23 ft), shifting its summit from the border of Aomori and Towada to being entirely in the city of Towada.[9]As of May 2020, intensefumaroleactivity was ongoing at Jigokunuma near Sukayu Onsen andNational Routes 103/394.[18]

Human history

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During theJōmon period,human activity rapidly increased in the Hakkōda Mountains after a large-scale,Plinian eruptionof the Lake Towada volcanic caldera. It is hypothesized that the removal of the mountains' beech forest in the eruption made room for the chestnut groves that the Jōmon people in the area relied heavily on.[19]

In 1684, during theEdo period,Sukayu Onsen was founded at a hot spring near Jigokunuma. A hunter tracking a deer he had wounded came upon the deer near a hot spring. The hunter noticed that the deer had apparently been healed of its injuries by the hot spring. The location became known as Shikayu Onsen, literally "the deer's hot spring". As the amount of visitors grew, the onsen became known as Sukayu. The onsen is still a major attraction in the mountains.[20][21]

In 1929,Tohoku Universityestablished the Mount Hakkōda Plant Experimentation Laboratory near Sukayu Onsen.[22]The mountains, along with the Lake Towada area, were set aside under theNational Park Law[ja]as a protected part of Towada National Park in 1936.[23]On 3 August 1953, the national park was expanded, extending its protected status to the Tashiro Plateau Wetland in the caldera of the Northern Group of the Hakkōda Mountains.[24]

After the park was established, the mountains were listed collectively as one of the100 Famous Japanese Mountainscompiled by the mountaineerKyūya Fukadain 1964. This list gained popularity after it gained the attention ofEmperor Naruhito,who would attempt to summit every entry on the list.[25]TheHakkōda Ropewaywas opened in October 1968, providingaerial liftaccess to the top of Mount Tamoyachidake, one of the peaks in the northern Hakkōda Mountains.[26]The Hakkōda Mountains have appeared on apostage stampreleased on 20 July 1951 and, more recently, in a set of stamps released on 30 March 2015.[27][28]Shikō Munakata,an internationally acclaimed localsōsaku-hangaartist, designed a badge for the climbers of Hakkōda in 1954.[29]A 6,409.7-hectare (15,839-acre) portion of the mountains' forests was designated as aBiotic Community Protection Forestin 1989.[30]

Outdoor recreation

[edit]
Visitors to Hakkōda's backcountry

The Hakkōda Mountains, particularly the area around the Hakkōda Ropeway, Sukayu Onsen, and Mount Ōdake, are a popular destination for skiers and snowboarders from around the world. The mountains offer an extensive area for backcountry winter and early spring recreation, with dry, powdery snow similar to what is seen at resorts in Hokkaido despite being slightly further south.[31][32]Multiple ski resorts serve tourists near the bottom of the aerial lift and within close proximity of Sukayu Onsen.[33]Jōgakura Bridge,spanning the northern and southern groups of the mountains, is a draw for tourists because of the panoramic views it offers of the mountains and their surroundings.[34]

Climbing

[edit]
Memorial statue of the Hakkoda Death March, portrayingFusanosuke Gotō.

Climbing to the summit of Mount Ōdake, the highest peak of the Hakkōda Mountains, is not difficult and does not require any technical skill between May and November. To reach the peak climbers start their ascent at Sukayu Onsen or the top of the Hakkōda Ropeway, both of which can be accessed by public buses or private automobiles from National Route 103 and National Route 394. From Sukayu Onsen, it takes about two hours to complete the 694 meters (2,277 ft) ascent to the summit that is accessible by a well-marked pathway.[35]From the top of the Hakkōda Ropeway it takes two hours to ascend to the summit and another two to descend back to the aerial lift.[36]The summit can be reached outside of the mentioned climbing season; however dangers imposed by avalanches and harsh weather make advance training, personalradio beacons,and preparation necessary.[37][38]

Dangers and accidents

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Main article:Hakkōda Mountains incident

TheHakkōda Mountains incidentoccurred on 23 January 1902, when a group ofImperial Japanese Armysoldiers marched in a blizzard on the Hakkōda Mountains en route to Tashiro Hot Spring located in the Hakkōda Mountains. The 199 deaths during a single ascent make it the world's largestmountaineeringdisasterin themodern historyof mountain climbing.[39]

Two people were killed and 12 were injured after an avalanche struck a hiking party in 2007.[38]A woman who was snowboarding in a backcountry skiing area 400 meters (1,300 ft) away from the Hakkōda Ropeway was killed as a result of another avalanche on 21 February 2021.[40]Depressions in the mountains can trap toxic volcanic gases emitted from vents. These gases have led to the deaths of several people in modern history.[41][15]

Ecology

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Suiren Pond and the northern Hakkōda Mountains during autumn.

6,409.7 hectares (15,839 acres) of the land area within the Hakkōda Mountains is designated as a Protected Forest. Located primarily to the south of Mount Ōdake, it stretches about half the distance from that peak across the southern Hakkōda Mountains to Lake Towada.[42]It is protected as a Biotic Community Protection Forest due to the variety of forests contained within the relatively compact area of the mountains.[30]

Below the alpine zone that begins around 1,000 meters (3,300 ft), the Hakkōda Mountains are covered withSiebold's beechforests. In the lower alpine zone the mountains contain stands ofMaries' fir,a species offirknown locally as Aomori todomatsu. During the winter these fir trees get blasted with snow, sculpting the precipitation onto the trees resulting in the phenomenon known as "snow monsters".[43]In the higher alpine zone in elevations above 1,400 meters (4,600 ft), the stands of fir thin out and are interspersed with a mixture ofalpine shrubs,primarily made up ofEast Asian alderandJapanese rowan.[44]Hare's-tail cottongrass,evergreen azaleas,andNarthecium asiaticumare flowering plants that can be found in the wetlands of the mountains.[45]

The mountains support a wide variety of animal life. The Tsuta Wild Bird Sanctuary lies within the Southern Group of the Hakkōda Mountains. Its marshes and ponds support populations ofMandarin duck,forest green tree frog,andruddy kingfisher.Other species that can be found in the Hakkōda Mountains are thegolden eagle,theJapanese serow,and theAsian black bear.[46][47]

See also

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References

[edit]
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  2. ^"Hakkoda Mountains Area map".Ministry of the Environment. 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 18 February 2020.Retrieved23 June2020.
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  38. ^ab"Tuyết lở huyện nội は đại trượng phu な の? ／ thanh sâm"[Aomori- Should you worry about avalanches in the prefecture?].Mainichi Shimbun(in Japanese). 30 March 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 1 November 2020.Retrieved28 October2020.
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  47. ^"Highlights of Towada-Hachimantai National Park".Ministry of the Environment.Archivedfrom the original on 18 February 2020.Retrieved22 May2020.
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