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Ahalf-elfis a mythological or fictional being, the offspring of an immortalelfand a mortalman.They are often depicted as very beautiful and endowed with magical powers; they may be presented as torn between the two worlds that they inhabit. Half-elves became known in modern times mainly throughJ. R. R. Tolkien'sMiddle-earthwritings but have origins inNorse mythology.A half-elf appeared inLord Dunsany's 1924 bookThe King of Elfland's Daughter.

In Middle-earth, half-elves are the children ofElvesandMen,and can choose either Elvish immortality or the mortal life of Men. The elf-maidensLúthienandArwenin Tolkien's works both chose mortality to be with the Men that they loved. Scholars have noted that this enabled Tolkien to explore several key themes, including love and death, time and immortality. As a Catholic, he believed that Men, freely choosing to let go, gain release from the world's limitations; whereas if they tried to hold on to life and material things, they would end in darkness. His Elves – except for half-elves – were unable to gain this release. InOn Fairy-StoriesTolkien wrote that since men writefairy-stories,these concern the escape from death; and conversely that Elves would tell human-stories about the escape from deathlessness. Since their popularisation by Tolkien, half-elves have become widely-known inrole-playing games,and in turn invideo gamesand spin-off films. The role-playing gameDungeons & Dragonsfeaturesits own race of half-elves,including the characterTanis Half-Elven.

Norse mythology

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InNorse mythology,a half-elf is the offspring of anelfand ahuman.Major examples includeSkuldandHögni.[1][2]Högni was a hero inThidreks saga,born to a human queen when an elf visited her while the king was away.[2]Skuld was a Danish princess, as told inHrólf Kraki's saga.King Helgi, sleeping alone as he had not been invited to King Adils's wedding, let in a ragged person on a midwinter night. As she slept, he saw she was a radiantly beautiful woman dressed in a silk gown. She told him he had freed her from a curse and asked to leave. He asked her to stay and marry him, and she agreed. They slept together. She told him they would have a child, and asked him to visit the child the next winter at the harbour. The King forgot to do so, but three years later the woman, an elf, returned and left a daughter at his door. She told him that the child's name was Skuld, which means "what you should do". She said that the King would gain the reward for breaking the curse, but that the King's people would suffer as the King had not done as she had asked. She never came back, but Skuld was always angry.[1]

The scholar Hilda Ellis describes Skuld as evil, recalling that in the saga, Skuld used magic to raise an army against Hrólf, her half-brother. As quickly as Hrólf's warriors kill Skuld's men, they spring up, fighting more strongly than ever. Leading the fight for Hrólf,Bodvar Bjarkicalls Skuld's mendraugar,'undead', saying "they are grimmest to deal with after they are dead, and against this we have no power."[3]Ellis comments that Skuld is one of the Norse women involved in "everlasting battle" who share the names ofValkyries,females who guide the souls of the dead. She notes that Skuld is "said to be the child of an elf-woman", but that it is difficult "to decide how accurately the term [elves] is used", as its meaning shifts between the sagas and theEddapoems.[3]

Högni too is "essentially a demonic character", his name connected to the GermanHexe,'witch', and to the English "hag"; the scholar Alexander Krappe sees his being the son of an elf as fitting in to that role, while his daughter Hildegund similarly has "certain magical qualities", such as awakening fallen warriors.[4]

Lord Dunsany

[edit]
Further information:The King of Elfland's Daughter

Perhaps the earliest published half-elf in modern literature is the character Orion inLord Dunsany's 1924The King of Elfland's Daughter.The lord of Erl sends his son, Alveric, to fetch the King of Elfland's daughter, Lirazel, as his bride; the couple have a son, Orion. Lirazel, pining forElfland,returns there. Alveric and his father search for her helplessly. Lirazel now longs for her mortal husband and half-elven son. The King of Elfland changes Erl into a part of Elfland, and the family live forever in a timeless realm.[5][6]

In 1977, two members of thefolk rockbandSteeleye Span(Bob JohnsonandPete Knight) created aconcept albumalso namedThe King of Elfland's Daughter,inspired by Lord Dunsany's book.Christopher Leeappears as the narrator and the King of Elfland.[7]

Tolkien's Middle-earth

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InJ. R. R. Tolkien'sMiddle-earth,theHalf-elven(SindarinsingularPeredhel,pluralPeredhil,QuenyasingularPerelda) are the children of the union ofElvesandMen.Of these, the most significant were the products of couplings between theEldar(the Elves who followed the Call toValinor) and theEdain(the Men of the Three Houses of early Men who allied themselves with the Eldar in their war againstMorgoth). Three recorded unions of the Edain and Eldar generated descendants: Idril andTuor;LúthienandBeren;andArwenandAragorn.The first two couples wed during the final part of theFirst Ageof Middle-earth, while the third married at the end of theThird Age(some 6500 years later). The third couple descended not only from the first two couples, but also from the twins Elros andElrond,who chose mankind and elvenkind respectively—thereby severing their fates and those of their descendants. In Appendix A ofThe Return of the King,Tolkien notes that by the marriage of Arwen and Aragorn "the long-sundered branches of the Half-elven were reunited and their line was restored". The second union was the only one of the three marriages in which the Elf involved (Idril) did not become mortal; instead Tuor was joined to the Elves. In all these cases, the husband was a mortal Man, while the wife was Elven.[8]

Beren and Lúthien

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Further information:The Tale of Beren and Lúthien

The first of these was between the mortalBeren,of the House of Bëor, andLúthien,daughter of the ElfThingol,king of theSindar,andMelian,aMaia.Beren died in the quest for theSilmaril,and in despair, Lúthien's spirit departed her body and made its way to the halls ofMandos.Mandos allowed them a unique fate, and they were re-bodied as mortals in Middle-earth, where they dwelt until their second deaths. Their son Dior, heir of the Sindarin kingdom ofDoriathand of the Silmaril, was thus one-quarter Elvish by blood and one-quarter Maian, and half-human. He was killed while still young, when thesons of Fëanorsacked Doriath. Dior's wife was Nimloth, a Sindarin Elf, and with her he had three children, Elwing and two sons (thus, half-elven but not between Edain and Eldar, men and Elves of the highest blood).[8]

Tuor and Idril

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Further information:Tuor and Idril

The second marriage of Men and Elves in the First Age was betweenTuorof the House of Hador, another branch of theEdain,andIdril Celebrindal,an Elf, though halfNoldorinand half Vanyarin in ancestry. Their son wasEärendil.After the fall ofGondolin,Eärendil also escaped to theMouths of Sirion,and married Elwing who was also half-elven. They had twin sons,Elrondand Elros.[8]

Aragorn and Arwen

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Further information:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen

Uniquely, Eärendil and Elwing, together with their sons Elrond and Elros, were granted their choice of fates: to be counted as Elves (free to dwell in the blessedUndying Landsfor as long asArdaendures) or to be counted as Human (entitled to the Gift of Men whereby, through death, their spirits are freed to enter the unknown beyond Arda). Should this Choice not have been granted, they, like all other Half-Elves, would have been automatically mortal.[a]Elros chose to be counted among mortals, and became Tar-Minyatur, the first king ofNúmenor.He finally took his death (for those kings had the freedom and grace to die at will) at the age of five hundred. The descendants of Elros were not given this choice, but their lifespan was several times that of ordinary Men. In later times theNúmenóreankings, descendants of Elros, regretted their forefather's choice, and this helped lead to the Downfall of Númenor. Elrond chose to be counted among the Elves, joining thecourtofGil-galaduntil the end of theSecond Age.[T 3]He also foundedRivendellin the Second Age.[T 4]He married the ElfCelebrían,daughter ofCelebornandGaladriel,and sailed into theWestat the conclusion of theWar of the Ring.[T 5][T 6]The children of Elrond were also given choice of kindred,[T 7]and thereforeArwencould choose to be counted among the Edain even though her father hoped she would accompany him to Elvenhome in the West. But she chose otherwise, marryingAragorn II Elessar,king of the Reunited Kingdom, at the start of the Fourth Age, and bringing noble elvish blood into his dynasty. He ruled for 120 years, choosing to die at a great age for a man, but while still in full health. She died alone at the age of 2,901 years, grieving the brevity of her mortal happiness.[T 8]

Line of the Half-elven in Middle-earth

[edit]
Half-elven family tree[T 9][T 10]
Melian
theMaia		Thingol
of theTeleri		House
of Bëor		House
of Haleth		House
of Hador		Finwë
of theNoldor		Indis
of theVanyar		Olwë
of theTeleri
BarahirBelegundHarethGaldorFingolfinFinarfinEärwen
LúthienBerenRíanHuorHúrinTurgonElenwë
DiorNimlothTuorIdril
ElurédElurínElwingEärendilCelebornGaladriel
ElrosElrondCelebrían
22 Kings
ofNúmenorand
Lords of Andúnië
Elendil
IsildurAnárion
22 Kings
ofArnor
and Arthedain		27 Kings
ofGondor
ArveduiFíriel
15Dúnedain
Chieftains
AragornArwenElladanElrohir
Eldariondaughters
Colour key:
Colour Description
Elves
Men
Maiar
Half-elven
Half-elven who chose the fate of Elves
Half-elven who chose the fate of mortal Men

Other lines

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According to "the tradition of [the] house" mentioned inThe Lord of the Rings,the line of Princes ofDol Amrothoriginated from the union of Imrazôr the Númenórean, a Prince of Belfalas,[T 11]and Mithrellas, a Silvan Elf and companion of Nimrodel, an Nandorin Elf from Lothlórien.[T 12]They had two children: a boy Galador and a girl Gilmith, though it is said that Mithrellas later vanished in the night. Galador, according to this tradition, became the first Prince of Dol Amroth.[9]Tolkien initially worked on a genealogical table linking Imrazôr's children withImrahil,but eventually abandoned it.[10]The claim of elvish heritage figures in the perception of Prince Imrahil among the people of Minas Tirith, illustrated by the following line of dialogue: "Belike the old tales speak well; there isElvish bloodin the veins of that folk, for the people of Nimrodel dwelt in that land once long ago ".[T 13]Legolas,an Elf ofMirkwood,believed as much about Prince Imrahil's alleged heritage upon meeting him during the events ofThe Return of the King.[T 14][8]He remarked that "long since the people of Nimrodel left the woodlands of Lórien, and yet still one may see that not all sailed from Amroth's haven west over water",[T 15]though the matter is probed no further.

InThe Hobbitreference is made to a rumour amongHobbitfolk that a Took ancestor ofBilbo Bagginshad long ago taken a "fairy" (i.e. Elf) wife, but the allegation is immediately dismissed as a simplistic explanation for the sometimes atypical behaviour of the Took clan.[T 16]Even if hobbits have some elvish blood, however, they are "endearing rather than frightening", unlike other half-human hybrids such asDracula.[11]

InThe Book of Lost Tales(published in two parts), the young Tolkien originally intended Eärendil, then spelledEarendel,to be the first of the Half-elven.[T 17]Early versions ofThe Tale of Beren and Lúthienhad Beren as an Elf.[T 18]The earliest version of the tale ofTúrin Turambarhad Tamar, the character Tolkien later renamed Brandir, as a Half-elf; Tolkien mentioned this in a way that implied he did not consider Half-elven descent especially remarkable at the time he wrote that story.[T 19]

Interpretations

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Further information:Time in Tolkien's fiction

The Tolkien scholarRichard C. Westnotes the resemblance between the half-elves Arwen and Lúthien, and analyses Arwen's understanding of her fateful choice, between love for Aragorn and mortality on the one hand, and her father's wishes and immortality on the other.[12]West analyses the scene at the camp on Weathertop where Aragorn recounts to the hobbits in poetry and prose the tale of Beren and Lúthien, with West highlighting Aragorn's words and "pensive mood" as he tells them that Lúthien "chose mortality, and to die from the world, so that she might follow [Beren]" and that "together they passed, long ago, beyond the confines of this world" and that she "alone of the Elf-kindred has died indeed and left the world, and they have lost her whom they most loved".[12]West speculates that Aragorn may be thinking here of the consequences of what will happen should Arwen marry him, and later states that he finds "the lonely death of Arwen the most moving tragedy within [The Lord of the Rings] ".[12]A similar conclusion regarding Aragorn's feelings at Weathertop is drawn by the scholar of medieval English literature John M. Bowers in his work on the influence ofGeoffrey Chauceron Tolkien. Bowers, looking at both the Weathertop scene and 'The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen', states that like certain pilgrims in Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales,Aragorn's stories of his ancestors "open a window into his private desires and fears".[13]

The scholar of English literatureAnna Vaninskayastudies how Tolkien uses fantasy to examine the issues of love and death, time and immortality. Given that Tolkien's Elves are immortal,they face the question of deathfrom a unique vantage-point.[14]Sarah Workman writes that in theTale of Aragorn and Arwen,Arwen's mourning of Aragorn serves to overcome whatPeter Brookscalled (she writes) the "meaningless", interminable nature of immortality. Workman quotes Brooks's statement that "all narration is obituary" and states that it is in that conception that Tolkien valued Arwen's fate: it is Arwen's "mourning gaze that allows for the transmission of Aragorn's memory",[15]or in Tolkien's words which she quotes, "And long there he lay, an image of the splendour of the Kings of Men in glory undimmed".[15]

Critics including the Polish scholar of religion in literature and film, Christopher Garbowski, note that while Tolkien contrasts Elves and Men throughoutThe Lord of the Rings,he introduces theconceitthat an Elf may marry a Man on condition of surrendering her immortality, something that happens exactly twice in Middle-earth: with Lúthien, and then with Arwen.[16][T 20][17][18]

The scholar of English literature Catherine Madsen notes the reflection of mortality in the "fading" of Middle-earth from the enormous powers likeMorgothandElbereththat battled in the First Age. She writes that "Aragorn is a hero and a descendant of heroes, but he is brought up in hiding and given the name of Hope [Estel]; Arwen possesses the beauty of Lúthien, but she is born in the twilight of her people and her title is Evenstar; these two restore the original glories only for a little while, before the world is altered and 'fades into the light of common day'".[19][b]Rateliff, writing on the theme of the evocation of loss in Tolkien's works, describes the 'Gift of Men' as being "to accept loss and decay as essential parts of the world" and draws parallels with other writings by Tolkien: "The Elves cling to the past and so are swept away with it; in a fallen world, acceptance of the inevitability of death is the only way to pass beyond the world's limitations, forBrendanorNiggleor Arwen. "[20]

The medievalistVerlyn Fliegerwrote that nobody knows where Men go to when they leave Middle-earth, and that the nearest Tolkien came to dealing with the question was in his essayOn Fairy-Stories"where, after speculating that since 'fairy-stories are made by men not by fairies', they must deal with what he called the Great Escape, the escape from death. He went on to the singular assertion that 'the Human-stories of the elves are doubtless full of the Escape from Deathlessness'."[21][T 21]Flieger suggests that two of the "human stories" of Tolkien's Elves really focus on this kind of escape, theTale of Beren and Lúthienand theTale of Aragorn and Arwen,where in both cases a half-elf makes her escape from deathlessness.[21]Shippey comments that "the themes of the Escape from Death, and the Escape from Deathlessness, are vital parts of Tolkien's entire mythology."[22]In a 1968 broadcast on BBC2, Tolkien quoted French philosopherSimone de Beauvoirand described the inevitability of death as the "key-spring ofThe Lord of the Rings".[23][c]In their annotated and expanded edition of Tolkien's essay (Tolkien On Fairy-stories), Flieger and textual scholarDouglas A. Andersonprovide commentary on 'the Escape from Deathlessness' passage, referencing Tolkien's views in a 1956 letter, that:

The real theme [ofThe Lord of the Rings] for me is.. Death and Immortality: the mystery of the love of the world in the hearts of a race [Men] 'doomed' to leave and seemingly lose it; the anguish in the hearts of a race [Elves] 'doomed' not to leave it, until its whole evil-aroused story is complete. But if you have now readVol. IIIand the story of Aragorn [and Arwen], you will have perceived that.[T 22][25]

Flieger remarks further that by attaching herself to men's lives and deaths, Lúthien is running against the current of elven life, but at the same time, by undergoing death and darkness Beren and she manage to come to the light. What is more, she writes, their union creates a new race, half-elvens, who have the privilege of choosing either fate, and "new hope for both races".[26]She notes that Tolkien described the story as "Release from Bondage", meaning death, release from deathlessness, and explains "Through death, men can let go; in their deathlessness, elves cannot. The half-elven can also be released from bondage, freed from the earth, if they wish. Tolkien makes no promises; what's to come is still unsure."[26]In her view, this is the Catholic Tolkien's key point, that being able to let go means trusting in faith. Holding on to life, or to physical treasures like theSilmarilwhich gets Thingol killed, is "folly". Thingol was in the light of the Two Trees, but by grasping Middle-earth, Lúthien, and finally the Silmaril, he journeys into and ends in darkness. It is the opposite of Lúthien's journey.[26]

In role-playing games

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Tolkien'sThe Lord of the Ringsgreatly increased popular awareness of half-elves. As a result, half-elves have become common in otherfantasywritings androle-playing games,the best-known being the 1974Dungeons & Dragons.[5]Among the other games with half-elves isPathfinder,in itsArchives of Nethys.[27]

Dungeons & Dragons

[edit]
See also:Tanis Half-Elven

Dungeons & Dragonsfeaturesits own race of half-elves.The best-known character of this race isTanis Half-Elven.[28]Tanis is a player character in the spin-off 1988 video gameAdvanced Dungeons & Dragons: Heroes of the Lance.[29]He is a miniature lead figure inRal Partha'sDragonlance Heroesboxed figures set, described by a critic as "Tanis is dressed as a typical ranger in leathers and fur-lined shirt and boots. The vest has a design worked into it, as does his dagger scabbard. The belt has a pouch attached. Tanis's face is finely chiseled with a neatly groomed beard, although he appears gaunt. His left hand clutches his bow."[30]

Tanis is played byMichael Rosenbaumin the 2008 animated filmDragonlance: Dragons of Autumn Twilight.[31]Tanis, like allDragonlanceheroes, is a flawed character; Lauren Davis ofio9comments that he is "consumed by his inability to fit completely into either the human or elven worlds".[32]Rob Bricken, also of io9, writes that Tanis is "A bastard (in the technical sense) half-elf who doesn't truly belong in the world of either race; he's a capable leader of the group although he's often plagued by self-doubt. He left Qualinesti, a land of elves, because their leader's daughter Laurana was in love with him and her father was having none of it. He's currently in love with a swordswoman named Kitiara, who's the half-sister of Caramon and Raistlin."[33]

Notes

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  1. ^The latest version of Tolkien's text was inThe Lost Road,which states: "[Manwë:] Now all those who have the blood of mortal Men, in whatever part, great or small, are mortal, unless other doom be granted to them; but in this matter the power of doom is given to me. This is my decree: to Earendel and to Elwing and to their sons shall be given leave each to choose freely under which kindred they shall be judged. "[T 1]Christopher Tolkienfurther stated "It is to be observed that according to the judgement of Manwe Dior Thingol's Heir, son of Beren, was mortal irrespective of the choice of his mother."[T 2]
  2. ^Madsen is here quoting fromWilliam Wordsworth'sOde on Intimations of Immortality,line 76.
  3. ^As described by Armstrong (1998) and Lee (2018), Tolkien stated: "human stories [are] always about one thing aren't they? Death: the inevitability of death" and then pulled a newspaper cutting from his pocket and read out the following quote from de Beauvoir'sA Very Easy Death(1964): "There is no such thing as a natural death. Nothing that happens to man is ever natural, since his presence calls the whole world into question. All men must die, but for every man his death is an accident, and even if he knows it and consents to it, an unjustifiable violation."[24][23]

References

[edit]

Primary

[edit]
  1. ^Tolkien 1987,pp. 326–327
  2. ^Tolkien 1987,pp. 334–335
  3. ^Tolkien 1977ch. 24 "Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath"
  4. ^Tolkien 1977"Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  5. ^Tolkien 1955Appendix B "The Tale of Years", "The Third Age"
  6. ^Tolkien 1955book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens"
  7. ^Tolkien 1955Appendix A, (i) Númenor.
  8. ^Tolkien 1955Appendix A (v)The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
  9. ^Tolkien 1977,"Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age": Family Trees I and II: "The house of Finwë and the Noldorin descent of Elrond and Elros", and "The descendants of Olwë and Elwë"
  10. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix A: Annals of the Kings and Rulers, I The Númenórean Kings
  11. ^Tolkien 1980,Introduction, Part Three, II: "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan", note 39, p. 316.
  12. ^Tolkien 1980,"History of Galadriel and Celeborn", p. 248.
  13. ^Tolkien 1955"The Siege of Gondor", p. 98.
  14. ^Tolkien 1955book 5, ch. 4 "The Siege of Gondor"
  15. ^Tolkien 1955"The Last Debate", p. 148.
  16. ^Tolkien 1937,ch. 1 "" An Unexpected Party "
  17. ^Tolkien 1984bbook 2, ch. 5 "The Tale of Eärendel"
  18. ^Tolkien 1984bbook 2, ch. 1 "The Tale of Tinúviel"
  19. ^Tolkien 1984bbook 2, ch. 2 "Turambar and the Foalókë"
  20. ^Tolkien 1993,Part Four. Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth, pp. 303–366
  21. ^Tolkien, J. R. R.(1964). "On Fairy-Stories".Tree and Leaf.George Allen & Unwin.p. 59.
  22. ^Carpenter 2023,#186 to Joanna de Bortadano (drafts), April 1956

Secondary

[edit]
  1. ^abByock, Jesse L. (trans.) (1998). "The Elfin Woman and the Birth of Skuld".The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki.London:Penguin Books.Chapter 11.ISBN0-14-043593-X.
  2. ^abCumpstey, Ian (trans.) (2017).The Saga of Didrik of Bern.Skadi Press.ISBN978-0-9576-1203-7.
  3. ^abEllis, Hilda Roderick (1968) [1943].The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature.New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 78–80, 112.OCLC1313536388.
  4. ^Krappe, Alexander Haggerty (January 1923). "The Legend of Walther and Hildegund".Journal of English and Germanic Philology.22(1): 75–88.JSTOR27702692.
  5. ^abLangford, David (2002).Complete Critical Assembly: The Collected White Dwarf (And Gm, and Gmi) Sf Review Columns.Wildside Press.p. 154.ISBN978-1-58715-330-3.
  6. ^Plunkett, Edward (Lord Dunsany)(1924).The King of Elfland's Daughter.London and New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons.OCLC8664446.
  7. ^"Bob Johnson & Peter Knight: The King of Elfland's Daughter".Mainly Norfolk: English Folk and Other Good Music.Retrieved13 April2022.
  8. ^abcdHammond, Wayne G.;Scull, Christina(2005).The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion.HarperCollins.pp. 683–684.ISBN978-0-00-720907-1.
  9. ^Armstrong, Helen (2013) [2006]. "Arwen". In Michael D.C. Drout (ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia.Routledge.pp. 38–39.ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.
  10. ^The table is reproduced inThe History of Middle-earth,Vol XII, "The Heirs of Elendil", pp. 222-23.
  11. ^Bridgstock, Martin (1989). "The Twilit Fringe-Anthropology and Modern Horror Fiction".The Journal of Popular Culture.23(3): 115–123.doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1989.00115.x.ISSN0022-3840.
  12. ^abcWest, Richard C.(2006). "'Her Choice Was Made and Her Doom Appointed': Tragedy and Divine Comedy in the Tale of Aragorn and Arwen ". InHammond, Wayne G.;Scull, Christina(eds.).The Lord of the Rings, 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder.Marquette University Press.pp. 317–329.ISBN0-87462-018-X.OCLC298788493.
  13. ^Bowers, John M. (2019).Tolkien's Lost Chaucer.Oxford University Press.pp. 244–245.ISBN978-0198842675.
  14. ^Vaninskaya, Anna(2020). "J. R. R. Tolkien: More Than Memory".Fantasies of time and death: Dunsany, Eddison, Tolkien.Palgrave Macmillan.pp. 153–228.ISBN978-1-137-51837-8.OCLC1134852757.
  15. ^abWorkman, Sarah (2014). "Female Valour Without Renown: Memory, Mourning and Loss at the Center of Middle-earth".A Quest of Her Own: Essays on the Female Hero in Modern Fantasy.McFarland & Company.pp. 87–88.ISBN978-1-4766-1763-3.
  16. ^Garbowski, Christopher (2006). "Death". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 119–120.ISBN978-1-135-88034-7.
  17. ^Davis, Bill (2013)."Choosing to Die: The Gift of Mortality in Middle-earth".In Bassham, Gregory; Bronson, Eric (eds.).The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Rule Them All.Open Court Publishing Company.pp. 123–136.ISBN978-0-8126-9806-0.
  18. ^Gray, William (2009). "J. R. R. Tolkien and the Love of Faery".Fantasy, Myth and the Measure of Truth: Tales of Pullman, Lewis, Tolkien, MacDonald and Hoffmann.Palgrave Macmillan.p. 102.ISBN978-0-230-00505-1.OCLC228503211.
  19. ^Madsen, Catherine (2004). "'Light from an Invisible Lamp': Natural Religion inThe Lord of the Rings".InChance, Jane(ed.).Tolkien and the invention of myth: a reader.Le xing ton:University Press of Kentucky.p. 42.ISBN0-8131-2301-1.OCLC54938267.
  20. ^Rateliff, John D.(2006). "'And All the Days of Her Life Are Forgotten' | 'The Lord of the Rings' as Mythic Prehistory ". InHammond, Wayne G.;Scull, Christina(eds.).The Lord of the Rings, 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder.Marquette University Press.pp. 67–100.ISBN978-0-87462-018-4.OCLC298788493.
  21. ^abFlieger, Verlyn(2005).Interrupted Music: The Making of Tolkien's Mythology.Kent State University Press.p. 46.ISBN978-0-87338-824-5.
  22. ^Shippey, Tom(2005)."Another road to Middle-earth: Jackson's movie trilogy".In Isaacs, Neil D.;Zimbardo, Rose A.(eds.).Understanding the Lord of the Rings: The Best of Tolkien Criticism.Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.p. 242.ISBN0-618-42253-6.
  23. ^abLee, Stuart D.(2018).""Tolkien in Oxford" (BBC, 1968): A Reconstruction ".Tolkien Studies.15:115–176.doi:10.1353/tks.2018.0008.ISSN1547-3155.S2CID171785254.
  24. ^Armstrong, Helen (1998). "There Are Two People in This Marriage".Mallorn.36.The Tolkien Society:5–12.
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Sources

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