Hannah Ocuish

Hannah Ocuish
1964 depiction of Ocuish's execution
Born	March 1774 Groton, Connecticut,British America
Died	December 20, 1786(1786-12-20)(aged 12) New London, Connecticut,U.S.
Cause of death	Execution by hanging
Resting place	Ledyard Center Cemetery Ledyard,Connecticut, U.S. (Plot unknown)
Known for	Youngest person executed in American history
Criminal status	Executed (December 20, 1786(1786-12-20))
Conviction(s)	Murder
Criminal penalty	Death
Details
Date	July 21, 1786
Date apprehended	July 22, 1786

Hannah Ocuish(sometimes "Occuish";March 1774 – December 20, 1786) was a 12-year oldPequot Native Americangirl, possibly with anintellectual disability,who washangedon December 20, 1786, inNew London,Connecticut,for the murder of Eunice Bolles, the 6-year-old daughter of a wealthy farmer. She is believed to be the youngest person executed in the United States.In recent years, Ocuish'sguilt,culpability,and thefairness of her trialhave come into question.

Early life

Henry Channing, a minister, published a sermon entitledGod Admonishing His People of their Duty... a Sermon... Occasioned by the Execution of Hannah Ocuish, a Mixed Girl, Aged 12 Years and 9 Months, for the Murder of Eunice Bolles, Aged 6 Years and 6 Months.It describes the negative andracially prejudicedlight in which her early life was presented to the court,referring to her Native American mother as an "abandoned creature",and characterizing Ocuish as a fearsome violent criminal who at the age of 6 nearly killed another victim during arobberyof a gold necklace and clothing:

AS the Public may wish to be informed more particularly respecting the criminal,Hannah Ocuish,than they have yet been: we have collected the following particulars, which it may not be improper to annex as an appendix to the preceding discourse.

She was born atGroton.—Early in life she discovered the maliciousness and cruelty of her disposition: as appears from the following fact, which was represented in evidence before the grand-jury. When about six years old, she with a brother about two years older than herself, meeting a little girl at a distance from the neighbourhood, they endeavoured to get away her clothes and a gold necklace which she had on.—After beating the child until they had almost killed her, they stripped her, and disputing about the division of the clothes the child recovered, and getting away came home, covered with blood. This affair was immediately examined into, and the select-men of the town concluded to bind them both out.

Their mother, who is one of thePequottribe of indians, is an abandoned creature, much addicted to the vice of drunkenness.—She, it seems, not liking to have the girl bound out; brought her away and left her at a house, about three miles from the city ofNew-London,promising to return in a few days and take her away again. But she did not return 'till after several months, when urging the family to keep her longer they at length consented.—She continued in this family until she was apprehended for the crime, for which she was executed.

Her conduct, as appeared in evidence before the honorable Superior Court was marked with almost every thing bad. Theft and lying were her common vices. To these were added a maliciousness of disposition which made the children in the neighbourhood much afraid of her. She had a degree of artful cunning and sagacity beyond many of her years. —In short, her mind wanted to be properly instructed, and her disposition to be corrected.

Murder trial

Murder

Murder of Eunice Bolles
Location	Public road leading fromNew-LondontoNorwich
Date	July 21, 1786(1786-07-21) Around 10AM
Attack type	Child murderbybludgeoningandstrangling
Weapon	Arock
Victim	Eunice Bolles, aged 6
Motive	Allegedly retaliation for an accusation of theft
Convicted	Hannah Ocuish
Verdict	Guilty
Convictions	Murder
Sentence	Death

The victim, six-year-old Eunice Bolles, the daughter of a wealthy farmer, was found dead on July 21, 1786. Ocuish was questioned and said four boys were near the scene of the crime. When the boys could not be found, the investigators further questioned her and claimed she had confessed.

Karen Halttunen, a history professor at theUniversity of California at Davis,summarized the crime:

On the 21st of July, 1786, at about 10 o'clock in the morning, the body of the murdered child was found in the public road leading fromNew-LondontoNorwich,lying on its face near to a wall... The neighborhood turned out to hunt for the murderer; Hannah was questioned and claimed that she had seen four boys near the scene of the crime. When a search failed to turn them up, Hannah was interrogated again, and then taken to the Bolles home to be charged with homicide in the presence of the dead child. She burst into tears and confessed. Only at this late point in the narrative is the reader offered a sequential account of the crime. Five weeks earlier, Eunice had reported Hannah for stealing fruit during the strawberry harvest, and Hannah had plotted revenge. Catching sight of her young enemy headed for school one morning, Hannah had lured Eunice from her path with a gift ofcalico,then beat and choked her to death.

Arrest

One day after the murder, Ocuish was accused of killing Bolles and allegedly confessed. She was arrested for and charged with (indictedby agrand juryfor) the murder and washeld in pre-trial prison.The murder was reported in the July 27, 1786, issue of theNorwich Packet.

The onlyinculpatory evidenceagainst her was her confession to the investigators. The confession was never corroborated by anyone besides the investigators. TheFifth Amendmentwas not available at the time of the events.

Her confession reportedly included baiting Bolles withcalico,beatingher nearly to death with a rock,stranglingher to death, and placing rocks to stage an accident. The confession specified that the motive was that Bolles had earlier accused her of the theft ofstrawberries.The legitimacy of this alleged motive has been placed under scrutiny in recent years, since Ocuish had faced no recorded consequence for the alleged theft.

Trial

During Ocuish'strial,she pleaded "not guilty"at the direction of defense counseland seemed unfazed and calm while the rest of those present, including presiding judgeRichard Law,were brought to tears multiple times.The court found her guilty of murder.

Sentencing

Although Ocuish's youth was considered, it could not be amitigating factor,so the judge decided: "The sparing of you on account of your age would, as the law says, be of dangerous consequence to the public, by holding up an idea, that children might commit such atrocious crimes with impunity." He sentenced Ocuish to death by hanging.Under the state of law at that time, age and disability were not mitigating factors: a reporter wrote, "the age of a criminal was considered inconsequential; swift and relentless punishment was viewed as the only practicable method of keeping the lawless element in check."Additionally, under the Murder Act 1752, a conviction of murder required a mandatory death sentence by hanging within 48 hours.

Execution

On December 20, 1786, as she awaited her execution, Hannah's anxiety grew worse, and she spent most of the day of her hanging in tears. At her execution, she thanked thesherifffor his kindness as she stepped forward to be hanged.Spectators to the execution said that Ocuish "appeared greatly afraid, and seemed to want somebody to help her."

Reexamination

In March 2020, leaders of the New London chapter of theNAACPassembled a group including historians, tribal members, attorneys, and the Connecticut chapter of theInnocence Projectto re-examine Ocuish's case to attempt to determine Ocuish's guilt and whether or not she received a fair trial. While the NAACP-assembled group has cautioned that they may not be able to reach a conclusion, if evidence favors Ocuish's innocence or her receiving an unfair trial, it will be decided whether or not to recommend anexonerationto theConnecticut General Assembly.It has been suggested by the group and by others that her race, age, disability, and gender may have played a role in her conviction and sentence.The group will also attempt to contact remaining relatives of Ocuish and Eunice Bolles.

Doubt of Ocuish's guilt

In a 2023 opinion piece forOddFeed,writer Jessica Suess describedreasonable doubtfor Hannah Ocuish having committed the murder of Bolles. Suess wrote that the credibility of Ocuish's alleged confession itself is questionable, considering Ocuish reportedly did not corroborate the confession to local minister Henry Channing, who had visited Hannah several times in prison.

The article expressed further doubt about the claim that Ocuish was a violent criminal, from the fact that the widow which Ocuish was given to as a servant had not had any complaints over the six years in which she served her. The piece also criticized Ocuish's alleged motive as "weak", stating, "While Eunice may have threatened to tell on Hannah for stealing fruit, this never happened, as the girl faced no consequences for those actions… The idea that she could have lured Eunice to a private corner with a piece of calico fabric also seems strange. Based on their previous interaction, Eunice would likely have been suspicious of Hannah and avoided being alone with her."

The article stated that Ocuish's execution may have been "itself a crime born of racism" and that "we likely will never know if she really committed the crime".

See also

• Capital punishment in the United States
• List of people executed in Connecticut
• George Stinney
• Alice Glaston
• John Dean
• Mary (slave)

Sources

• Channing, Henry (1786).God admonishing his people of their duty, as parents and masters: a sermon, preached at New-London, December 20th, 1786, occasioned by the execution of Hannah Ocuish, a mulatto girl, aged 12 years and 9 months, for the murder of Eunice Bolles, aged 6 years and 6 months.T. Green.LCCN03005574.OCLC18140982.

Further reading

• Streib, Victor L. (1987).Death penalty for juveniles.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.ISBN0-253-31615-4.

External links

• Serrano, Nina;Major, Devorah(July 5, 2013). "A clap clap song for Hannah Ocuish".Cover to Cover Open Book(Podcast). KPFA. Poem reading at 3:24.RetrievedApril 20,2021.
• Hopkins, Caitlin GD (December 20, 2008)."1786: Hannah Ocuish, age 12".Executed Today.RetrievedApril 20,2021.