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Telli Hasan Pasha

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Hasan Predojević
Hasan-paša Predojević
Native name
Hasan Predojević
Birth nameNikola Predojević
Bornc.1530
eitherLušci Palanka,Sanjak of Bosnia;orBijela Rudina,Sanjak of Herzegovina,Ottoman Empire
Died22 June 1593 (aged 63)
Sisak,Kingdom of Croatia, Habsburg Monarchy
AllegianceOttoman Empire
Eyalet of Bosnia
Years of service–1593
RankBeylerbeyofBosnia Eyalet,Vizier
Battles/wars

Hasan Predojević(c.1530 – 22 June 1593), also known asTelli Hasan Pasha(Turkish:Telli Hasan Paşa),[a]was the fifthOttomanbeylerbey(vali) ofBosniaand a notableOttomanBosnianmilitary commander, who led an invasion of theHabsburg Kingdom of Croatiaduring theOttoman wars in Europe.From July to October 1592, Hasan-paša Predojević led devastating raids intoSlavonia,Bohemia,Croatia,andHungaryresulting in the capture of 35,000 people and the enslavement and death of more than 20,000 people.

Early life

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He was bornNikola Predojević[1][2]into the Predojević clan, of eitherSerborVlachethnic background, fromEastern Herzegovina.[3]According to Muvekkit Hadžihuseinović he was born inLušci Palanka,in theBosanska Krajinaregion,[4]however, according to his nicknameHersekli,he was from Herzegovina.[5]The birthplace has been given specifically asBijela Rudina,Bileća.[6]His family originated fromKlobuk.[7]

An Ottoman sultan wrote in a book that he had requested from a notable lord in Herzegovina, named Predojević, that 30 smallSerbchildren (including Predojević's only son Jovan, and his nephew Nikola) to be sent to Ottoman service (seedevshirme).[8]The very young Nikola was then taken toConstantinopleasacem-i oğlan(foreign child)and brought up in theSultan's court,and was forced to convert toIslam,adopting the name Hasan and advancing to the post ofçakircibaşa(chief falconer and commander of falconers in the Sultan's court).[9]

After having been appointedBeglerbegofBosnia,Telli Hasan Pasha had theRmanj Monasteryrenewed as a seat of his brother,Serbian OrthodoxmonkGavrilo Predojević.[10]He also founded amosquein Polje, Grabovica, in theBileća municipality.[9]

Ottoman service

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Sanjak-bey of Segedin

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During the rule ofMurad III(1574–1595) he becameSanjak-beyof theSanjak of Segedin,[11]where he stayed until June 1591.[9]

Beylerbey of Bosnia

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Hasan-paša Predojević led the Ottoman army from the Bosnia Eyalet into theBattle of Sisakin 1593.

He was elevated and appointedBeglerbeg(Governor-General) of theBosnia Eyaletin 1591. A bellicose and dynamicmilitaryleader,[12]Hasan strengthened the army of theEyaletequipping it with better horses and erecting a bridge at Gradiška with the purpose of easier maneuvering betweenBosniaandSlavonia.[13]

Anonymous modern representation of the successful assault on the Habsburg Croatian fortified town of Bihać by the Ejalet-i Bosna Ottoman provincial forces led by Gazi Hasan-paša Predojević, in 1592.

In August 1591, without a declaration of war, Hasan Pasha attackedHabsburg Croatiaand reached Sisak, but was repelled after 4 days of fighting.Thomas Erdődy,theBan of Croatia,launched a counterattack and seized much of theMoslavinaregion. The same year Hasan Pasha launched another attack, taking the town ofRipačon theUna River.These raids forced the Ban to declare a general uprising to defend the country in late January 1592.[14]These actions of theOttoman regionalforces under Hasan Pasha seem to have been contrary to the interest and policy of thecentral Ottoman administrationinConstantinople,[15]and due rather to aims of conquest and organized plundering by the war-likeBosniansipahi,although perhaps also under the pretext of putting an end toUskok(Balkan Habsburg-sided pirates and bandits engaged inguerrilla warfareagainst the Ottomans) raids into the Eyalet; since the two realms had signed a nine-year peace treaty earlier in 1590. Hasan Pasha's forces of approximately 20,000janissaries[16]continued to raid the region, with the goal of seizing the strategically important town ofSenjand its port, and to eliminate theUskoci;because all of this, theHoly Roman Emperorsent his ambassador so he would beg that Hasan Pasha be removed from his post, or otherwise an end would be put to the existing truce. The ambassador was told in reply, that it belonged to theGrand Vizierand toDerviš-paša,theSultan's favourite, to repel their aggressions against the Ottoman Empire; that, the imperial ambassador was told, was a sufficient answer.[17]After learning this, Hasan Pasha felt himself encouraged enough to lead his forces towardsBihać,[18]which was conquered on 19 June 1592[19]after eight days of siege,[20]along with several surrounding forts.[9]Records show that nearly 2,000 people died in defense of the town, and an estimated 800 children were taken for Ottoman servitude (seedevshirme), to be educated inIslamand becomejanissaries,as Hasan had been himself. After having placed a sufficient garrison inBihać,he erected two other fortresses in its vicinity; the command of which he conferred to Rustem-beg,who was the leader of theGrand VizierFerhad Pasha's militia.[21]In all, during this two-year campaign, theOttomanBosnian regionalinvading forces, led by Hasan Pasha, burned to the ground 26 cities throughout theCroatian Frontierand took some 35,000war captives.[22][23]At the same time, at Predojević's order,OrthodoxSerbswere settled in the "whole region around Bihać" from 1592 to 1593.[24]Predojevic fully relied on Vlachs, recruiting them specially for his army; according to an official report, in 1593, after the fall of Bihać, Vlachs were, at Hasan's order, settled in the areas around Brekovica, Ripač, Ostrvica, and Vrla Draga up to Sokolac,[25]whileOrthodoxVlachsfromEastern Herzegovina,and with them someTurkish and Bosnian Muslim aristocraticfeudal landlordsas well,[c]were settled in the same areas, in such numbers that they formed a significant population of this region.[26][27][28]

Fethija,a mosque inBihać,formerly aRoman Catholicchurch. After the fall of the city to the Ottoman army, and its conversion into capital of its own Sanjak, the old main Roman Catholic church was converted into amosqueand renamedFethija( "conquered" )

At first, Telli Hasan Pasha's troops met little resistance, allowing them to capture numerous Uskoci settlements, where they enslaved or slaughtered the entire population and burned the settlements. His forces soon besieged and captured Senj and exterminated the Uskoci population. For his successes, the Pasha was awarded the title of "Vizier"by the Sultan. However, the following year, Telli Hasan Pasha decided to advance further into Croatia. His force of some twenty-thousand was soundly defeated in his third attempt to conquer Sisak, inthe battlethat took place near by that fortified town,[29]in which Hasan Pasha is generally reported to have died,[30][31]alongside his brother Džafer Bey (governor of theSanjak of Pakrac-Cernica), Mehmed Pasha (the sultan's nephew and governor of theSanjak of Herzegovina), Arpadi Bey (governor of theSanjak of Klis-Livno),[32][33][34]and many otherTurkishandBosnian MuslimPashas,BeysandAghas,[35]who accompanied theVizierin his campaign, having been routed. According toMustafa Naima:"The brave Hasan Pasha himself also met with his fate, having fallen into the river with one of the bridges which had been cut to prevent the pursuit of the enemy. Such was the result of this terrible day."[36]Indeed, after he had drowned in the river, his dress was taken as a trophy toLjubljanawhere it was remade into the sacerdotal coat worn by the bishop during the celebration of the Thanksgiving mass.[37]

Aftermath and legacy

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A monastery was built on the location of his grave, after requests of aPredojevićtoSultan Murad,who also grantedKolunićandSmiljan(metochion).[2]Safvet-beg Bašagićpraises him as ameritoriousgeneral and statesman, as well as agreat and fearless hero.[9]

Annotations

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  1. ^
    His birth name wasNikola Predojević.[2]Chroniclers and historians call him by various names, such as (inSerbo-Croatian): "Gazi Hasan-paša", "Hasan-paša Došen" (this is the nameEvliya Çelebicalls him by),[9]"Predojević", "Klobučarić", "Hersekli", "Deli Hasan-paša" and "Derviš Hasan-paša".[38]
  2. ^
    As it is reported in the Turali-beg'sVakufnameof 1562, some greatTurkishandBosnian Muslimlandholding military nobles (SipahiandTimarli) brought with themOrthodoxVlachpopulation from theSandžak of SmederevointoBosnia,in order that they farmed their lands.[39]TheTurksoften profited greatly fromVlachexperience in carrying goods and the skill and speed with which they crossed the mountain regions. For that very reason, aside of serving as auxiliary soldiers in theOttoman military(seeMartolosandVlach), they always accompanied the Ottoman armies in their expeditions throughout the Balkans, up to the North-West, in whole communities; being intended for populating the newly conquered territories as border military colonies, calledkatunordžemaat(which were composed of about 20 to 50 houses); at the head of which there was akatunarorprimikur( "headman" ). In addition, these Vlachs often served the advancing Ottoman forces by spying in enemyChristianterritory. In exchange for their regular duties in themilitaryand in guarding the borders;Ottoman authoritiesgranted them by law certain rights, such as that of being largely exempted of paying any tax but only that of an annual rent of one gold 'ducat' or 'florin' to pay by each one of their households, hence coming to be called as "Florin" or "Ducat Vlachs" (Ottoman Turkish:Filurîci Eflakân).[40]Therefore, it can be similarly concluded that, this time, as Hasan Predojević's armies were advancing throughout theCroatian Frontier,theSpahijewho were participating in theBeglerbeg's campaigns inHabsburg Croatia;were, at the same time, to establish themselves aslandowning lordsin those newly conquered regions, while, at the same time, taking advantage of theVlach-Serbmanpower to work their newly acquiredestates.

References

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  1. ^Гласник 3. М. 9, 1897, 695, упор. и Б. Вила 19, 1904, 71. — 25.

    »Никола Предојевић« је и име пастира (доцније Хасан паше) који је освојио Бихаћ. Он је пасао овце на »Предојевића Главици«
  2. ^abcBosanska vila, Vol. 19.Nikola T. Kašiković. 1904. p. 71.

    Предојевић... Никола [...] Цар турски, Мурат П. допусти Предојевићу да цркву саградити може, а царица (султанија) му пак даде све трошкове, што су за градњу требали. Предојевић на гробници убијеног Николе сагради манастир, те по томе и манастир...
  3. ^Malcolm 2015,p. 393.
  4. ^Mithad Kozličić (2003).Unsko-sansko područje na starim geografskim kartama.Nacionalna i Univerzitetska Biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine.ISBN978-9958-500-22-0.To je doista Hasan-paša Predojević. Prema HADŽIHUSEINOVIĆ MUVEKKIT, S. S., 1999, svezak l, str. 183, Hasan- paša je islamizirani Bosanac iz "sela Lušci, u kadiluku Mejdan", tj. iz današnjeg naselja Lušci- Palanka pored Starog Majdana...
  5. ^Srpski etnografski zbornik.Vol. 12. 1909. p. 119.Predoeuich Vlachus comitis Pauli ", који је на двадест и пет коња изгонио со из Дубравника." ) Осим тога зна се, да је био и један паша који се звао Херцегли Гази Хасан паша Предојевић, за кога неки тврде, да је поријеклом нз Б. Крајине, али из самог атрибута Херцегли види се да је из Херцеговине, као што је то и Башагић тачно опазио...
  6. ^Književnost.1991.Ријеч је о предању да је израду ове фреске платио Хасан-паша Предојевић, поријеклом с Бијеле Рудине, који је у Планој код Би- леће саградио џамију с четвртастим минаретом, а у Пријевору је за мајку саградио цркву која на...
  7. ^Škiljan, Filip (2008).Kulturno – historijski spomenici Banije s pregledom povijesti Banije od prapovijesti do 1881[Cultural and historical monuments of Banija with an overview of history Banija from prehistory to 1881.] (in Serbian). Zagreb, Croatia:Serb National Council.ISBN978-953-7442-04-0.
  8. ^"Предојевић кнез и његов братић Никола".Srpski etnografski zbornik, Vol. 41.Državna štamparija. 1927. p. 392.

    У старо вријеме писао је цар турски књигу у Херцеговину некаквом знатном кнезу, званом Предојевићу, да му пошаље тридесет малијех српскијех дјечака, и с њима свога јединог сина Јована. Када је Предојевић то разумио, он је грозно плакао.
  9. ^abcdefHivzija Hasandedić (1990).Muslimanska baština u istočnoj Hercegovini (Muslim heritage in eastern Herzegovina).El-Kalem, Sarajevo. p. 168.
  10. ^Ljiljana Ševo (1998).Monasteries and wooden churches of the Banja Luka eparchy.Glas Srpski. p. 28.ISBN9788671190718.and the monastery of Rmanj was renewed by Hasan Pasha Predojević, as a chair to his brother, the monk Gavrilo Predojevic.
  11. ^Historical review.Vol. 37. Prosveta. 1991. p. 65.Хасан-паша Предоевип до тада готово непозна- ти санцак-бег Сегедина.
  12. ^Mustafa Naima (1832).Annals of the Turkish Empire from 1591 to 1659 of the Christian Era.Oriental Translation Fund. p.4.
  13. ^R. Lopašić,Spomenici Hrvatske krajine, III.(Zagreb, 1889)
  14. ^Vjekoslav Klaić: Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, Knjiga peta, Zagreb, 1988, p. 471
  15. ^Moačanin, Nenad:Some Problems of Interpretation of Turkish Sources concerning the Battle of Sisak in 1593,in: Nazor, Ante et al (ed.),Sisačka bitka 1593Archived2011-07-16 at theWayback Machine,Proceedings of the Meeting from 18–19 June 1993. Zagreb-Sisak (1994); pp. 125–130.
  16. ^Joseph Hammer-Purgstall (Freiherr von) (1829).Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches: Bd. 1574-1623.C. A. Hartleben.
  17. ^Mustafa Naima (1832).Annals of the Turkish Empire from 1591 to 1659 of the Christian Era.Oriental Translation Fund. p.4.
  18. ^Mustafa Naima (1832).Annals of the Turkish Empire from 1591 to 1659 of the Christian Era.Oriental Translation Fund. p.4.
  19. ^Mihailo Petrović (1941).Đerdapski ribolovi u prošlosti i u sadašnjosti.Izd. Zadužbine Mikh. R. Radivojeviča.
  20. ^Mustafa Naima (1832).Annals of the Turkish Empire from 1591 to 1659 of the Christian Era.Oriental Translation Fund. p.4.
  21. ^Mustafa Naima (1832).Annals of the Turkish Empire from 1591 to 1659 of the Christian Era.Oriental Translation Fund. p.5.
  22. ^Lopašić (1890).Bihać i Bihaćka krajina, mjestopisne i poviestne crtice.Matica hrvatska. pp. 60, 95.
  23. ^Izbor LASZOWSKI.Habsburski spomenici, I.pp. 176, 180.
  24. ^Milan Vasić (1995).Bosna i Hercegovina od srednjeg veka do novijeg vremena: međunarodni naučni skup 13-15. decembar 1994.Istorijski institut SANU.ISBN9788677430078.
  25. ^I ratobornoga Hasanpašu Predojevića milovali su Vlasi, a on se podpunoma u njih uzdao, upotrebljavajući ih na svojih vojnah. Po službenom izvještaju zaokupiše Vlasi po Hasanovoj odredbi g. 1593. nakon pada Bišća krajeve oko Brekovice, Ripča, Ostrvice i u Vrloj dragi do Sokolca, množeći se kasnije svakim danom. Ali jedva što se Vlasi po Krajini naseliše, već je mnogim izmedju njih dodijalo tursko gospodstvo. Spominje se, da su već g. 1579. Vlasi stojeći na turskoj službi u Cazinu i Ostrožcu,[1]#page=34
  26. ^Dominik Mandić.Hrvati i Srbi: dva stara, razlicita naroda.p. 145.
  27. ^Mužić 2010,p. 34.
  28. ^Mužić, Ivan (2010).Vlasi u starijoj hrvatskoj historiografiji(PDF)(in Croatian).Split:Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika.ISBN978-953-6803-25-5.
  29. ^Luthar 2008, p. 215
  30. ^Hasan Celâl Güzel; Cem Oğuz; Osman Karatay; Murat Ocak (2002).The Turks: Ottomans (2 v. ).Yeni Türkiye.ISBN9789756782583.
  31. ^Ivo Goldstein: Croatia. A History, Transl. by Nikolina Jovanović, London: C. Hurst & Co., 1999, p. 39ISBN1-85065-525-1,ISBN978-1-85065-525-1
  32. ^Alfred H. Loebl,Das Reitergefecht bei Sissek vom 22. Juni 1593.Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung IX (1915): p. 767-787.
  33. ^Peter Radics,Die Schlacht bei Sissek, 22. Juni 1593.(Ljubljana: Josef Blasnik, 1861)
  34. ^Petar Tomac,La bataille de Sisak (22 juin 1593).Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire, Volumes 51-52.
  35. ^Dominik Mandić.Croats and Serbs: Two Old and Different Nations.p. 112.
  36. ^Mustafa Naima (1832).Annals of the Turkish Empire from 1591 to 1659 of the Christian Era.Oriental Translation Fund. p.15.
  37. ^Bojan Baskar."Ambivalent Dealings with an Imperial Past: The Habsburg Legacy and New Nationhood in ex-Yugoslavia"(PDF):4.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  38. ^Đenana Buturović (1992).Bosanskomuslimanska usmena epika.Institut za književnost. p. 382.ISBN9788601030978.
  39. ^Hamdija Kreševljaković (1914).Odakle su i sta su bili Bosne i Hercegovine Muslimani?.Hrvatska Svijest. p. 10.
  40. ^Dominik Mandić (1980).Hrvati i Srbi: dva stara, razlicita naroda.p. 256.

Bibliography

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  • Malcolm, Noel (2015).Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-century Mediterranean World.Oxford University Press.ISBN9780190262785.
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