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Haunted house

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This article is about houses that are allegedly haunted. For attractions that simulate haunted locations, seeHaunted attraction (simulated).For other uses of "Haunted house", seeHaunted house (disambiguation).
"Haunted homes" redirects here. For the British reality television series, seeHaunted Homes.
"Ghosthouse" and "haunted mansions" redirect here. For other uses, seeGhost House (disambiguation)andHaunted Mansion (disambiguation).
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Ahaunted house,spook houseorghost houseinghostloreis a house or other building often perceived as being inhabited by disembodiedspiritsof thedeceasedwho may have been former residents or were otherwise connected with the property.Parapsychologistsoften attribute haunting to the spirits of the dead who have suffered from violent or tragic events in the building's past such asmurder,accidental death,orsuicide.[1]

In a majority of cases, upon scientific investigation, alternative causes tosupernaturalphenomenon are found to be at fault, such ashoaxes,environmental effects,hallucinationsorconfirmation biases.Common symptoms of hauntings, likecold spotsand creaking or knocking sounds, can be found in most homes regardless of suspectedparanormalpresences. People are more likely to experience a haunting when they are about to fall asleep, when waking, or if they are intoxicated or sleep-deprived.Carbon monoxide poisoninghas been cited as a cause of suspected hauntings. If there is an expectation of apreternaturalencounter, it is more likely that one will be perceived or reported.

History[edit]

According toOwen Davies,aparanormalhistorian, hauntings in theBritish Isleswere usually attributed tofairies,but today hauntings are usually associated withghostlyor supernatural encounters.[2]In other cultures around the world, various spirits are said to haunt vacant homes and locations. InMiddle Easterncountries, for example,jinnare said to haunt such areas.[3]Historically, since most people died in their homes, whether they were mansions or hovels, these homes became natural places for ghosts to haunt, with bedrooms being the most common rooms to be haunted. Many houses gained a reputation for being haunted after they were empty or derelict.[4]Davies explains that "if people were to fail to occupy a human space, then external forces would move in."[5]

Cultural attitudes to haunted houses[edit]

Haunting is one of the most commonparanormalbeliefs around the world, according toBenjamin Radfordin his bookInvestigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits.He says that almost every town and city has at least one "haunted" place;[6]and that, despite over 100 years of investigation, there has not been a "single verifiable fact about ghosts having been established."[7]

In the first century A.D., the Roman author and statesmanPliny the Youngerrecorded a ghost story in his letters, which became famous for their vivid account of life during the heyday of theRoman Empire.Pliny reported that the specter of an old man with a long beard, and rattling chains, was haunting his house inAthens.The Greek writerLucianand Pliny’s fellow RomanPlautusalso wrote memorable ghost stories.[8]

In a 2005Gallup poll,37% of Americans, 28% of Canadians, and 40% of Britons believed that houses could be haunted.[9][10]In a 2009Pew Research Centersurvey, about 29% of Americans believed they had been in touch with someone who had died.[11]According to aResearch Co.poll released in 2020, 40% of Canadian women and 25% of Canadian men stated they believed in haunted houses.[12]

In Japan, there is a tradition, linked toBuddhism,of creatingobakeyashiki(Japanese:お hóa け phòng đắp)(ghost houses) in August, when it is believed thatancestral spiritsmay visit. People go to ghost houses to listen to frightening stories or seek elaborate decorations and costumes to experience shivers as a way to feel cooler in the hot summer temperatures.[13]

TheShanghai Disneyland Parkplanners decided against buildingThe Haunted Mansionbecause of the local cultural beliefs about ghosts and hauntings. Building the house would have been considered a mockery of their fear.[14]

InWuhan,China, the police have built a haunted house to train their police force by testing their nerves. They filled a dilapidated house with faked severed limbs, bones, skulls and a frightening atmosphere that includes lightning and rain. The house is also open to the public.[15]

During theCOVID-19pandemic, in 2020,Indonesianlawmakers of theSragenregion on the island ofJavadecided to lock people who did not follow quarantine guidelines in abandoned and supposedly haunted houses. It was an attempt to motivate a superstitious population when science failed to do so.[16]

Proposed causes[edit]

According toOwen Davies'sbook,The Haunted: a Social History of Ghosts,"[e]ven the most devout believers in ghosts over the centuries recognized that many hauntings were frauds."[17]In an interview withUSA Today,Davies states that "[f]or skeptics in the past and present, the house was obviously the center of hauntings because it was where people slept and dreamed of the dead, or where people lay drunk, drugged or hallucinating in their sickbeds."[5]Such basicpoltergeistphenomena as rapping or knocking were very easy to orchestrate with the help of accomplices or a variety of ploys. According to science writerTerence Hines,cold spots,creaking sounds, and odd noises are typically present in any home, especially older ones, and "such noises can easily be mistaken for the sound of footsteps by those inclined to imagine the presence of a deceased tenant in their home."[18]

A sensed-presence effect, the feeling that there is someone else present in a room, is known to happen when people experience monotony, darkness, cold, hunger, fatigue, fear, and sleep deprivation.[19]

Skeptical investigatorJoe Nickellwrites that in most cases he investigated, he found plausible explanations for haunting phenomena, such asphysical illusions,waking dreams,and the effects ofmemory.According to Nickell, the power of suggestion along withconfirmation biasplays a large role in perceived hauntings. He states that as a house, inn, or other place becomes thought of as haunted, more and more ghostly encounters are reported and that when people expect paranormal events, they tend to notice conditions that would confirm their expectations.[20]Many places deemed to be haunted are purposefully left in a decrepit condition, with wall paper peeling off, old carpeting, and antique decor.[21]

ToxicologistAlbert Donnay believes that chronic exposure to substances such ascarbon monoxide,pesticide,andformaldehydecan lead to hallucinations of the type associated with haunted houses. Donnay speculates on the connection between the prevalence ofgas lamps,during theVictorian eraand start of the twentieth century, as well asstories of ghost sightingsand hauntings, describing it as the "Haunted House Syndrome".[22]Donnay says thatcarbon monoxide poisoninghas been linked to haunted houses since at least the 1920s. He cites a 1921 journal article about a family who claimed hauntings because they suffered headaches, auditory hallucinations, fatigue, melancholy, and other symptoms which are also associated with carbon monoxide poisoning.[23]In a modern example, Carrie Poppy, a writer and co-host of the podcastOh No, Ross and Carrie!,was convinced she was living in a haunted house. She felt she was being watched by ademon,experienced pressure on her chest and auditory hallucinations. Someone on a forum of skeptical paranormal investigators suggested she look into carbon monoxide poisoning. When the gas company arrived, unsafe levels of carbon monoxide were found.[24][25]

Michael Persinger,an American-Canadian professor of psychology, suggested that perceived apparitions, cold spots, and ghostly touches are perceptual anomalies caused by variations in naturally occurring or man-made magnetic fields.[26]However, a study by psychologistChris Frenchthat attempted to replicate Persinger's findings found no link.[27][28]

Investigating haunted phenomena[edit]

Investigations of supposed hauntings often result in simple explanations. For example, in an apparent haunted house inSomerset,England,in the eighteenth century, a boy would make the house shake by jumping on a beam in an adjoining property that ran through both houses. In 1857, a twelve-year-old girl confessed to tying her long hair around objects to give them the ghostly appearance of moving on their own.[29]Tina Resch,a girl fromColumbus, Ohio,who claimed that ghostly and paranormal activity occurred in her home, was photographed throwing atelephonewhile acting surprised at the suddenpoltergeistactivity.[30]

Ben Radford,of theCommittee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal,performed an investigation in 2003 on an allegedly haunted house inBuffalo, New York.The owner of the home, called Tom in the article (pseudonym), alleged that he felt tapping on his foot at night. As described by Tom, "I get a tapping on my feet, not a repetitive tap, a trying-to-wake-you-up tap… After the tapping, if I don’t pay attention to it, then I feel a kick." Radford suggests the tapping was likely a case of "hypnagogic hallucination(a sensory illusion that occurs in the transition to sleep), a fairly common phenomenon that can easily lead to misperceptions. "[31]His wife, called Monica (pseudonym), also claimed to feel tapping similar to Tom. According to Radford, "that can be explained by suggestion and what psychologists termFolie à deux,when one person (often a spouse) takes on the symptoms of another. "[31]Tom also describes that "it will kick the bed—it will hit the side of the bed. I feel my whole body move… Then if I go back to sleep, I start to get a sound sleep, that’s when it kicks again."[31]Radford suggests his was likely due torestless leg syndromein which a leg jerk in the middle of the night caused the bed to shake. Radford suggests that the owner's diagnosis of "sleep apneais even further evidence for this explanation; restless legs (Restless Leg Syndrome) is actually one of the most common symptoms of apnea. "[31]Tom and Monica also heard ghostly music and voices, noises that they recorded from the top of the stairs, causing them to leave their home in fright. Radford conducted an experiment where he set the recording device in the same spot, turned it on, then walked outside with Tom, talking constantly. They returned to the house and listened to the tape. Their conversations could be clearly heard, though muffled. The couple then agreed that what they were hearing in their house previously were outside noises and not noises from the paranormal.[32]

Another test done by Ben Radford in 2009 was to investigate the claim that batteries are drained by ghosts in haunted locations. He purchased four sets of identical batteries, sealed them in signed,Ziplocbags and wrapped them securely in strong tape to prevent tampering. He placed half of them in the reputed hauntedWolfe Manor,inClovis, California,and half in a different location. Twenty four hours later he tested the batteries using a meter and discovered that there was no battery drainage in either location. Radford claims that simple, controlled experiments like this are important and should be conducted by ghost hunters to clearly demonstrate if there is a difference between a supposed haunted location and one that is not haunted.[33]

Famous haunted houses[edit]

The house featured in the 1979 filmThe Amityville Horrorand made famous bydemonologistsEd and Loraine Warren,built c. 1924. By the time this photograph was taken, the address had been changed to discourageghost hunters.

A house inAmityville,onLong Island,New York,became the subject of books and films after apparent hauntings following the murder of theDeFeofamily. The Lutz family purchased the home for a greatly reduced price but shortly after moving in claimed that doors were ripped open, damaging hinges and bending locks, windows were suddenly opened, green slime oozed from the ceiling and cloven-hooved footprints were left in the snow. The Lutzes remained in the home for only 28 days. In a court case where the Lutzes were sued, they admitted that almost everything in the 1977 bookThe Amityville Horrorwas fictional.[34]

Borley Rectory,inEngland,was considered the most haunted house in the world, but its notoriety was deemed to have been created (or at least exaggerated) byHarry Price,an expertmagicianand provenhoaxer.[35]

Corvin CastleinRomaniais considered one of the world's top five haunted places. According to locals, it has been haunted by its former occupant,Vlad the Impaler,ever since he was killed in an ambush.[36]It is also said to be haunted by the spirits of people killed within its walls.[37]

Casa LomainToronto, Canada,was completed in 1914. There have been rumors of ghosts there for many years. It is now a historic housemuseumand landmark that is decorated as a haunted house atHalloween.[37]

TheWinchester Mystery HouseinSan Jose, Californiais considered one of the most haunted houses in America, although there are no primary sources for the many ghost stories about it. They were most likely inspired bySarah Winchester,who had her strange, complex, often illogical designs incorporated into the house for almost four decades.[38]

Wukang Mansion,a historical house inShanghai,has a reputation for being haunted because of the large number ofsuicidesof celebrities, intellectuals, and state-persecuted people there.[39]

Government HouseandPhitsanulok MansioninBangkok.Two nearby government buildings, these twoNeo-Gothicstyle buildings have a history dating back to the reign of KingRama VI(early 20th century). They were all buildings given by the king to his two favorite pages who were brothers. During World War II, they became government property. There are rumors that they are haunted houses, especially Phitsanulok Mansion which is known as "Thailand's White House".[40][41][42]

Halloween-themed haunted houses[edit]

Halloweenthemed "haunted houses" began appearing around the same time as "trick or treat",during theGreat Depression,as a way to distract young people whose Halloween pranks had escalated tovandalismand harassment of passersby.[where?]These first exhibits were low quality, being put together by groups of families in their basements. People would travel from home to home to experience a variety of frightening situations, such as hearing weird moans and howls, cardboard cutouts of black cats, damp sponges and hair nets hanging from the ceiling to touch people's faces, hanging fur on the walls of darkened hallways, and having to crawl through long dark tunnels.[43]

In 1972Jerry FalwellandLiberty Universityintroduced one of the first "hell houses"as an anti-Halloween attraction.[43]Some Christian churches run these, which while being haunted houses, also promote their interpretation of the Christiangospel message.According toUSA Today,in hell houses, "participants walk through several 'scenes' depicting the consequences of things likeabortion,homosexualityanddrunkenness."[44]

Commercial haunted houses[edit]

Fuji-Q – Super Scary Labyrinth of Fear, haunted hospital.

The concept of the haunted house was capitalized on as early as 1915 with the Orton and Spooner Haunted House in theHollycombe Steam Collection(England).[45]The haunted house became a cultural icon whenDisneyland'sHaunted Mansionwas opened in 1969.[43]By the 1970s, commercial haunted houses had sprung up all over the United States in cities likeLouisville, KentuckyandCincinnati,Ohio.[46]These houses are stereotypicallyGilded Agehomes because changing tastes of thenouveau richeleft these homes abandoned or poorly maintained.[47]

Hollywoodslasher filmssuch asHalloween,A Nightmare on Elm StreetandFriday the 13thhad a large influence on commercial haunted houses in the 1980s and 1990s. Many of these houses included characters such asFreddy KruegerandJason.A less popular film titledMonster Housesuggests the idea of a spirit actually taking control of a house and transforming it into an almost human body.[43]By 2005, an estimated 3,500 to 5,000 professional haunted attractions operated in the United States.[48]

Japanese commercial haunted houses, or obakeyashiki, are considered to be some of the best in the world. Experiences include being chased by gore-coveredzombies,specially themed attractions, such as schools or hospital wards, and houses from which one must escape within 60 minutes or be found by "slaughtering criminals". Claiming to be the world's largest and most frightening haunted house, the Super Scary Labyrinth of Fear atFuji-Q HighlandAmusement Park, in Yamanashi Fujiyoshida-shi Shinnishihara, depicts horrific visual scenes, shrill cries, moans, and smells. It has been visited by over four million people.[49]

Haunted Attractions come in several different types fromhayrides,indoor haunted houses to outdoor screamparks. Many amusement parks now host large Halloween events featuring haunted houses.[43]

Selling haunted houses[edit]

In the caseStambovsky v. Ackley,theSupreme Court of New York,Appellate Division,ruled in 1991 that a seller must disclose that a house has a reputation for being haunted because such a reputation may impair the value of the house:

In the case at bar, defendant seller deliberately fostered the public belief that her home was possessed. Having undertaken to inform the public at large, to whom she has no legal relationship, about the supernatural occurrences on her property, she may be said to owe no less a duty to her contract vendee.[50][51]

InHong Kong,where superstition is prevalent, people do not want to buy houses where anything unfortunate, especially a death, has occurred. For homes that are thought to be haunted, the prices are usually 15–20% below market value.[52]

Short stories and novels[edit]

Legendsabout haunted houses have long appeared in the literature. The earliest surviving report of a haunted house comes from a letter written byPliny the Younger(61 – c. 112 CE) to his patron Lucias Sura, in which he describes a haunted villa inAthens.[53]Nobody would live in the house until the philosopherAthenodorus(c. 74 BCE – 7 CE) arrived in the city. He was tempted by the low rent and undeterred by the house's reputation so he moved in. The ghost, an old man bound with chains, appeared to Athenodorus during the first night and beckoned to him. The apparition vanished once it reached the courtyard, and Athenodorus carefully marked the spot. The following morning he requested the magistrate to have the spot dug up, where the skeleton of an old man bound with chains was discovered. The ghost never appeared again after the skeleton was given a proper burial.[54]

Stories of haunted houses appear in theArabian Nights,as in the tale of "Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad".[55]The firstgothic novel,The Castle of Otranto(1764) byHorace Walpole,is set in a haunted castle, as is "The Canterville Ghost",a humorous short story from 1887 byOscar Wilde.[56]

One of the most prominent twentieth-century books of the genre is the classicThe Haunting of Hill HousebyShirley Jackson,a finalist for theNational Book Awardin 1959. Other notable works of fiction featuring haunted houses includeThe Turn of the Screw(1897) byHenry James,Hell House(1971) byRichard Matheson,The Shining(1977) byStephen King,andThe House Next Door(1978) byAnne Rivers Siddons.[57]

See also[edit]

See also:Category:Paranormal
See also:Category:Haunted house films

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Watts, Linda S. (2007).Encyclopedia of American Folklore.Infobase Publishing. pp. 192–.ISBN978-1-4381-2979-2.Retrieved10 May2012.
  2. ^Davies, Owen(2007).The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts.Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 3.ISBN978-1-4039-3924-1.
  3. ^Lebling, Robert (2010).Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar.Great Britain: Counterpoint Books. p. 77.ISBN978-1-84511-993-5.
  4. ^Davies, Owen(2007).The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts.Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 47–48.ISBN978-1-4039-3924-1.
  5. ^abHines, Morgan."Haunted Houses: How did this eerie Halloween tradition creep into our brains?".USA Today.Retrieved18 October2019.
  6. ^Radford, Benjamin(2017). "Introduction".Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits.Rhombus Publishing Company.ISBN978-0-9364-5513-6.
  7. ^Radford, Benjamin(2017-12-18). "1".Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits.Rhombus Publishing Company.ISBN978-0-9364-5513-6.
  8. ^"History of Ghost Stories".HISTORY.Retrieved2022-07-31.
  9. ^Lyons, Linda (1 November 2005)."Paranormal Beliefs Come (Super)Naturally to Some".Gallup Poll.Gallup.Retrieved14 February2010.
  10. ^Moore, David W. (16 June 2005)."Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal".Gallup Poll.Gallup.Retrieved14 February2010.
  11. ^May, Ashley (2017)."How many people believe in ghosts or dead spirits?".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on April 14, 2019.RetrievedMarch 11,2020.
  12. ^Kotyk, Alyse (January 2, 2020)."Canadian women more likely to believe in haunted houses than men:poll".CTV News.Archivedfrom the original on March 1, 2020.RetrievedMarch 11,2020.
  13. ^Slodkowski, Antoni (2 September 2010)."As temperatures soar, Japanese turn to ghost houses".Reuters.Reuters.Retrieved5 March2020.
  14. ^Jennings, Ralph."Two Disneyland Attractions You Won't See In China And Why".Forbes.Retrieved27 February2020.
  15. ^Kao, Ernest (2 May 2013)."PoliWuhan build 'Haunted House' to train new recruits".South China Morning Post.scmp.Retrieved27 February2020.
  16. ^Elliott, Josh (April 21, 2020)."Indonesia locks coronavirus quarantine breakers in 'haunted' houses".Global News.Archivedfrom the original on April 22, 2020.RetrievedMay 30,2021.
  17. ^Davies, Owen(2007).The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts.Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 165.ISBN978-1-4039-3924-1.
  18. ^Hines, Terence(1988).Pseudoscience and the paranormal: a critical examination of the evidence.Prometheus Books.ISBN978-0-87975-419-8.
  19. ^Radford, Benjamin(2017).Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits.United States: Rhombus Publishing Company. p. 206.ISBN978-0-9364-5516-7.
  20. ^Nickell, Joe(June 2008)."Catching Ghosts".June 2008.Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.Retrieved10 May2012.
  21. ^Radford, Benjamin(2017).Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits.United States: Rhombus Publishing Company. p. 211.ISBN978-0-9364-5516-7.
  22. ^McKay Jenkins (2011).What's Gotten Into Us?: Staying Healthy in a Toxic World.Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 61–.ISBN978-1-4000-6803-6.Retrieved10 May2012.
  23. ^Glass, Ira(27 October 2006)."And the Call Was Coming from the Basement".This American Life.Public Radio International.
  24. ^"Carrie Poppy: Can Science Reveal The Truth Behind Ghost Stories?".TED Radio Hour.NPR. June 23, 2017.RetrievedMarch 12,2020.
  25. ^Dale, Brady (April 5, 2017)."Science: It Works—Except When It Doesn't".Observer.RetrievedMarch 12,2020.
  26. ^Michael A. Persinger& Stanley A. Koren, "Predicting the Characteristics of Haunt Phenomena from Geomagnetic Factors and Brain Sensitivity: Evidence from Field and Experimental Studies", inHauntings and Poltergeists: Multidisciplinary Perspectives,ed. By James Houran & Rense Lange (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2001)
  27. ^French CC, Haque U, Bunton-Stasyshyn R, Davis R (May 2009)."The" Haunt "project: an attempt to build a" haunted "room by manipulating complex electromagnetic fields and infrasound"(PDF).Cortex.45(5): 619–29.doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.10.011.PMID18635163.S2CID3944854.
  28. ^Keim, Brandon (30 October 2009)."Scientifically Haunted House Suggests You're a Sucker".Wired.Retrieved11 May2012.
  29. ^Davies, Owen(2007).The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts.Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 173.ISBN978-1-4039-3924-1.
  30. ^Radford, Benjamin(2017).Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits.United States: Rhombus Publishing Company. p. 24.ISBN978-0-9364-5516-7.
  31. ^abcdRadford, Ben(18 September 2007)."Investigating A Haunted House – Buffalo, New York".Skeptical Inquirer.Retrieved19 November2019.
  32. ^Radford, Benjamin(2017).Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits.United States: Rhombus Publishing Company. pp. 157–159.ISBN978-0-9364-5516-7.
  33. ^Radford, Benjamin(2017).Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits.United States: Rhombus Publishing Company. pp. 97–98.ISBN978-0-9364-5516-7.
  34. ^Nickell, Joe(January 2003)."Amytyville: The Horror Of It All".Skeptical Inquirer. The Magazine for Science and Reason.Skeptical Inquirer.Retrieved26 February2020.
  35. ^Dunning, Brian."Borley Rectory: the World's Most Haunted House?".Skeptoid.Skeptoid Media.Retrieved9 February2020.
  36. ^Miller, Ryan (12 July 2019)."Top 5 Haunted Places Around The World".CEOWORLD Magazine.CEOWorld magazine LTD.Retrieved28 February2020.
  37. ^abGilburne, Mitchell; Huber, Hannah (31 December 2013)."The 32 Most Beautiful Haunted Destinations Around the World".Architecture & Design.Conde Nast.Retrieved17 February2020.
  38. ^Stollznow, Karen(29 December 2011)."The Winchester Mystery House".Skeptical Inquirer.Center for Inquiry.Retrieved17 February2020.
  39. ^Heduc, László."Shanghai, China".Architecture.Architectuul.Retrieved27 February2020.
  40. ^Komlongharn, Chanapat (2023-10-31)."The haunting legacy of Ban Phitsanulok – Thailand's very own White House".Tha Nation.Retrieved2023-11-20.
  41. ^"Stories behind Thailand's very own White House – Ban Phitsanulok".Thai PBS.2020-12-05.Retrieved2023-11-20.
  42. ^"FENG SHUI FAILS TO STOP GOV'T HOUSE 'GHOSTS'".Khaosod.2014-09-12.Retrieved2023-11-20.
  43. ^abcdeHeller, Chris."A Brief History of the Haunted House".Smithsonian Magazine.Smithsonianmag.Retrieved14 January2020.
  44. ^"Some Christians use 'Hell Houses' to reach out on Halloween".usatoday.
  45. ^"Haunted House (1915)".Hollycombe Working Steam Museum. Archived fromthe originalon April 25, 2011.Retrieved29 March2011.
  46. ^"Classic Haunts From Cincinnati's Past".The HOUSE OF DOOM!!!.RetrievedNovember 1,2011.
  47. ^"Why the Victorian mansion is a horror icon".Vox Media.13 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-11-17.
  48. ^The Associated Press."Haunted house business getting frightfully hard. 'Scaring people is easy,' but making money at it a lot harder".10/30/2005.NBC News.Retrieved31 July2012.
  49. ^Takeichi, Chinami."Ghost houses a staple of Japanese summers".Japan Today.GPlusMedia Inc.Retrieved10 March2020.
  50. ^Knauf, Allan."After New York's Property Condition Disclosure Act".Archived fromthe originalon 25 November 2006.Retrieved15 February2007.
  51. ^Stambovsky v. Ackley,169 A.D.2d 254, 260, 572 N.Y.S.2d 672, N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept., 1991.
  52. ^Shadbolt, Peter (22 November 2011)."Hong Kong's hot market in 'haunted' houses".CNN World.Turner Broadcasting System.Retrieved13 February2020.
  53. ^Fielding, Yvette; O'Keeffe, Ciaran (2011). "An Introduction to Haunting Phenomena".Ghost Hunters: A Guide to Investigating the Paranormal.Hachette UK.ISBN978-1-4447-4029-5.
  54. ^Pliny the Younger (1909–1914). "LXXXIII. To Sura". In Charles W. Eliot (ed.).Letters, by Pliny the Younger; translated by William Melmoth; revised by F. C. T. Bosanquet.The Harvard Classics. Vol. 9. P. F. Collier & Son.
  55. ^Yuriko Yamanaka, Tetsuo Nishio (2006).The Arabian Nights and Orientalism: Perspectives from East & West.I.B. Tauris.p.83.ISBN1-85043-768-8.
  56. ^Kennedy, Maev (25 February 2015)."Strawberry Hill, Horace Walpole's fantasy castle, to open its doors again".The Guardian.Retrieved18 July2021.
  57. ^Tobey, Tas (11 October 2018)."Before Watching 'The Haunting of Hill House,' Read These 13 Haunted Books".The New York Times.Retrieved2 March2020.

External links[edit]

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