Hayam Wuruk
Dyah Hayam Wuruk | |||||||||
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Çri Nata Rajasanagara Çri Nata Wilwatikta | |||||||||
4thGreat KingofMajapahit | |||||||||
Reign | 1350 – 1389 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Tribhuwana Tunggadewī | ||||||||
Successor | Bhra Hyang Wisesa Wikramawardhana | ||||||||
2ndPrinceofKahuripan | |||||||||
Reign | ca. 1334 – 1350 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Tribhuwana Tunggadewī | ||||||||
Successor | Tribhuwana Tunggadewī | ||||||||
Born | Dyah Hayam Wuruk 1334 Kingdom of Majapahit | ||||||||
Died | 1389 (aged 54–55) Kingdom of Majapahit | ||||||||
Spouse | Paduka Sori (d. 1388) | ||||||||
Issue |
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House | Rajasa | ||||||||
Father | Kertawardhana Dyah Cakradhara, 1st Prince of Tumapel | ||||||||
Mother | QueenTribhuwana Tunggadewī |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rajasa_Dynasty.svg/220px-Rajasa_Dynasty.svg.png)
Hayam Vuruk(Indonesian:Hayam Wuruk,Sanskrit:हयम् वुरुक्,Kawi:ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦮꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀) (1334–1389), also calledRajasanagara,Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu,orBhatara Prabhuafter 1350, was aJavaneseHinduemperor from theRajasa dynastyand the 4th emperor of theMajapahit Empire.[1][2]Together with his prime ministerGajah Mada,he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. During his reign, theHindu epics,theRamayanaand theMahabharata,became ingrained in the culture and worldview of the Javanese through thewayang kulit(leather puppets).[3]He was preceded byTribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi,and succeeded by his son-in-lawWikramawardhana.
Most of the accounts of his life were taken from theNagarakretagama,a eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, and thePararaton( "Book of Kings" ), a Javanese historical chronicle.
Early life
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(August 2022) |
According to theNagarakretagama,Canto 1, Stanzas 4 and 5, Hayam Wuruk was born in 1256Saka year,corresponding to 1334 CE, the same year thatMount Keluderupted.Mpu Prapanca,author of theNagarakretagama,argued that this was the divine sign thatBatara Girinata(the Javanese name forShiva Mahadewa) had manifested himself on earth, reincarnated as the Javanese king.[2]
Hayam Wuruk's name can be translated as "scholar rooster". He was the only son ofEmpressTribhuwana Tunggadewiand Prince Kertawardhana (or Cakradhara). His mother was the daughter ofEmperor Kertarajasa Jayawardhana,founder ofMajapahit,while his father was the Duke of Tumapel "BhreTumapel ", a lesser king ofSinghasari.During Queen Tribhuwana's reigned, he was also called Kumararaja Jiwana[4]which means Viceroy of Jiwana or Kahuripan. He had a younger sister, Princess Iswari, Duchess of Pajang. The Duchess of Pajang was mentioned as a daughter of Kertawardhana inNagarakretagama,thus make it obvious that she was Hayam Wuruk's biological sister. However, Nagarakretagama also mentioned another name as the younger sister of Hayam Wuruk even earlier than Iswari, she was Princess Indudevi, Duchess of Lasem and a daughter of Wijayarajasa. From this evidence, we can guess that Nagarakretagama's writer means that Princess Indudevi was Hayam Wuruk's younger cousin. In contrast, Pararaton said that Rajadevi and Wijayarajasa's marriage didn't produce any children.
Both thePararatonand theNagarakretagamapraised Hayam Wuruk as a handsome, bright, talented, and exceptional student in the courtly martial arts of archery and fencing, who also mastered politics,scriptures,arts, and music. He was known as an accomplished ceremonial dancer in the court, and some accounts tell of his performances in the traditional ceremonial Javanesemask dance.His mother, Queen Tribhuwana, educated and groomed him to become the next monarch of Majapahit.[citation needed]
Reign
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(August 2022) |
In 1350,Queen Dowager Gayatridied in her retirement at aBuddhistmonastery. She was the primary consort ofKing Kertarajasa Jayawardhana,the first king of Majapahit, and also the grandmother of Hayam Wuruk. Queen Tribhuwana had to abdicate because she ruled Majapahit under Gayatri's auspices, and was obliged to relinquish the throne to her son.
Prince Hayam Wuruk inherited the throne in 1350 at the age of 16 under his new regnal name Sri Rajasanagara Jayawishnuwardhana. At that time,mahapatih(prime minister)Gajah Madawas at the height of his career. Under his rule, Majapahit extended its power throughoutthe Indonesian archipelago of Nusantara. In 1365 (1287Saka year),Mpu Prapancawrote thekakawinofNagarakretagama,the old Javaneseeulogyfor King Hayam Wuruk.[5]The manuscript described Hayam Wuruk's royal excursion around the Majapahit realm to visit villages, holy shrines, vassal kingdoms, and territory in East Java. He sent ambassadors to China from 1370 to 1381.[1]: 240
Personal life
[edit]According to thePararatonandKidung Sunda,in 1357, King Hayam Wuruk was expected to marryDyah Pitaloka Citraresmi,a daughter of King Linggabuana of the unitedSunda KingdomandGaluh Kingdom.She was described as a princess with extraordinary beauty, but the reason for this royal engagement was probably political, to foster the alliance between the Majapahit and the Sundanese Kingdoms. However, in theBubat incident,the Sunda royal family and their guards were involved in a skirmish with Majapahit troops. The planned royal wedding ended in disaster with the death of the princess and the whole Sunda royal party. Pitaloka committed suicide at about 17 years old[citation needed].The court officials blamed Gajah Mada, since he intended to demand submission from the Sunda Kingdom which ended in bloodshed.
After all, Hayam Wuruk married his relative, Paduka Sori. She was a daughter of Wijayarajasa by a concubine, making her a stepdaughter of Hayam Wuruk's maternal aunt. Although all the king's daughters and concubines were beautiful, Queen Sori was a beautiful one. She was linked as Susumna.
They had a daughter, Princess Kusumawardhani, who bestowed the title Princess of Kabalan. King Rajasanagara arranged for her to marry her cousin,Wikramawardhana,Prince of Mataram when he was no older than 12 and she was no older than 7[6]at that time. His mother was Hayam Wuruk's sister, Princess Iswari. She was described as a perfect princess with beautiful eyes and slender arches, as well as praised because of her beauty. Upon Wikramawardhana's reigned, she was mentioned asBhreLasemSang Ahayu"the Fair Princess of Lasem" inPararaton.
However, from a concubine, Hayam Wuruk had a son, the 2nd Prince of Wirabhumi (his birth name was unknown), granted the title from his marriage to his cousin,Nagarawardhani,1st Princess of Wirabhumi (then she bore the title 2nd Princess of Lasem), also known asBhre Lasem Sang Alemu"The Fat Princess of Lasem".
After Hayam Wuruk died in 1389, and the empire fell into chaos and decline during the contest over succession between Wikramawardhana and Wirabhumi. The dispute ended in Wirabhumi's defeat in theRegreg war.Wikramawardhana succeeded Hayam Wuruk as the King of Majapahit.[citation needed]
Legacy
[edit]His reign, as part ofIndosphereculturally, helped furtherIndianisationof Javanese culture through the spread of Hinduism andSanskritization.[1][2][3]
See also
[edit]- Gosari inscription
- Jabung
- Penataran
- Hinduism in Indonesia
- Hinduism in Java
- Agama Hindu Dharma
- Kejawèn
- Nagarakretagama
- List of Hindu temples in Indonesia
- Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk
References
[edit]- ^abcCœdès, George(1968).The Indianized states of Southeast Asia.University of Hawaii Press.ISBN9780824803681.
- ^abcMpu Prapanca, translated by Slamet Muljana."Terjemahan Kakawin Dēśawarṇnana (Nāgarakṛtāgama)"(in Indonesian). Jejak Nusantara. Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2015.Retrieved5 February2015.
- ^abMark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof, 2012,Encyclopedia of Global Religion,Volume 1, Page 557.
- ^"Majapahit Kingdom: History, Lineage Of Kings, And Historical Traces".VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan.Retrieved2023-03-21.
- ^ Malkiel-Jirmounsky, Myron (1939). "The Study of The Artistic Antiquities of Dutch India".Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.4(1).Harvard-Yenching Institute:59–68.doi:10.2307/2717905.JSTOR2717905.
- ^Noorduyn, J. (1978)."Majapahit in the Fifteenth Century".Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.134(2/3): 207–274.ISSN0006-2294.
Further reading
[edit]- Pringle, Robert (2004).A Short History of Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm.Short History of Asia. Allen & Unwin.ISBN978-1865088631.