Jump to content

Hebephilia

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hebephiliais the strong, persistent sexual interest by adults inpubescentchildren who are in earlyadolescence,typically ages 11–14 and showingTanner stages2 to 3 of physical development.[1]It differs frompedophilia(the primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children), and fromephebophilia(the primary sexual interest in later adolescents, typically ages 15–18).[1][2][3]While individuals with a sexual preference for adults may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals,[2]researchers and clinical diagnoses have proposed that hebephilia is characterized by a sexual preference for pubescent rather than adult partners.[2][4]

Hebephilia is approximate in its age range because the onset and completion ofpubertyvary.[1]On average, girls begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11 while boys begin at age 11 or 12.[5]Partly because puberty varies, some definitions ofchronophilias(sexual preference for a specific physiological appearance related to age) show overlap between pedophilia, hebephilia and ephebophilia.[2]For example, theDSM-5extends the prepubescent age to 13,[6]and theICD-10includes early pubertal age in its definition of pedophilia.[1][7]

Proposals for categorizing hebephilia have argued that separating sexual attraction to prepubescent children from sexual attraction to early-to-mid or late pubescents is clinically relevant.[2][3]According to research byRay Blanchardet al.(2009), malesex offenderscould be separated into groups by victim age preference on the basis ofpenile plethysmographresponse patterns. Based on their results, Blanchard suggested that the DSM-5 could account for these data by subdividing the existing diagnosis of pedophilia into hebephilia and a narrower definition of pedophilia.[3]Blanchard's proposal to add hebephilia to the DSM-5 proved controversial,[1][2][8]and was not adopted.[9]It has not been widely accepted as aparaphiliaormental disorder,and there is significant academic debate as to whether it should be classified as either.[1]

Etymology, definitions and history

The termhebephiliais based on the Greek goddess and protector of youthHebe,but, inAncient Greece,also referred to the time before manhood inAthens(depending on the reference, the specific age could be 14, 16 or 18 years old). Thesuffix-philiais derived from-phil-,implying love or strong friendship.[10]

Hebephilia is defined as achronophiliain which an adult has a strong and persistent sexual interest in pubescent children, typically children aged 11–14, although the age of onset and completion of puberty vary.[1][2]Although sexologistRay Blanchardand others who proposed the hebephilia diagnosis have focused on pubescents inTanner stages2 and 3 (centering on children who have begun to show signs of pubertal development ofsex characteristicsbut are not at or near the end of this process), discussion of hebephilia has also concerned attraction to pubescents and adolescents in general, which has contributed to confusion among those who have debated the topic.[1]

TheDSM-5's diagnostic criteria for pedophilia and the general medical literature define pedophilia as a disorder of primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children, thus excluding hebephilia from its definition of pedophilia.[11][12]However, the DSM-5's age criteria extends to age 13.[6]Although theICD-10diagnostic code for the definition of pedophilia includes a sexual preference for children of prepubertal or early pubertal age,[1][7]theICD-11states that "pedophilic disorder is characterized by a sustained, focused, and intense pattern of sexual arousal—as manifested by persistent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, or behaviours—involving pre-pubertal children."[13]Because of some inconsistencies in definitions and differences in the physical development of children and adolescents, there is overlap between pedophilia, hebephilia and ephebophilia.[2]

The termhebephiliawas first used in 1955, in forensic work by Hammer andGlueck.[14]Anthropologist and ethno-psychiatristPaul K. Benedictused the term to distinguish pedophiles from sex offenders whose victims were adolescents.[15]

Karen Franklin,a Californiaforensic psychologist,interpretedhebephiliato be a variation ofephebophilia,used byMagnus Hirschfeldin 1906 to describe homosexual attraction to males between puberty and their early twenties, who considered the condition normal and nonpathological.[16]She said that, historically, adults being sexual with pubescents was considered distinct from other forms of criminal sexuality (such asrape), with wide variations within and across nations regarding what age was acceptable for adult–adolescent sexual contacts.[16]

Bernard Glueck Jr.conducted research on sex offenders atSing Singprison in the 1950s, usinghebephiliaas one of several classifications of subjects according to offense. In the 1960s, sexologistKurt Freundused the term to distinguish between age preferences ofheterosexualandhomosexualmen duringpenile plethysmographassessments, continuing his work with Ray Blanchard at theCentre for Addiction and Mental Health(CAMH) after emigrating to Canada in 1968.

After Freund's death in 1996, researchers at CAMH conducted research onneurologicalexplanations of pedophilia,transsexuality,and homosexuality, and based on this research, hypothesized that hebephiles could also be distinguished on the basis of neurological and physiological measures.[16]

Although hebephilia is distinct from pedophilia, the termpedophiliaiscommonly used by the general publicand the media, at least in the English-speaking world, to refer to any sexual interest inminorsbelow the localage of consentand/orage of majority,regardless of their level of physical or mental development.[12]

Research

General

Multiple research studies have investigated the sexual attraction patterns of hebephilic and pedophilic men. The sexual attraction to children appears to fall along a continuum instead of beingdichotomous.[17]The attractions of hebephiles and pedophiles are less focused on the child's sex than are the attractions ofteleiophiles(people who sexually prefer adults)—i.e., much larger proportions of hebephiles and pedophiles than teleiophiles report being attracted to both males and females.[17]

Hebephilia, together with pedophilia and some other paraphilias, has been found to be an important motivator of sexual offending. It also has a high degree of overlap with pedophilia, as well as with similar correlates of sexual offending.[18]

ThePrevention Project Dunkelfeldis an effort founded in Germany to provide therapy and abuse prevention techniques to adults attracted to children. In a study of 222 men contacting the Dunkelfeld project for help, roughly two-thirds had a sexual interest in pubertal children. These men also reported experiencing high levels of psychological distress, at clinically relevant levels. Both the hebephiles and the pedophiles showed greater distress than teleiophiles, but they did not differ from each other.[19]

Correlates

Researchers from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto conducted a series of studies on neurological and psychologicalcorrelatesof hebephilia, including brain structure,[20][21]handedness,[22][23]intelligence quotient,[23]lesser educational attainment or greater probability of repeating a year in primary education,[24][25]height,[26][27]and other markers of atypical physical development.[28]

These findings suggest that problems during prenatal development play a significant role in the development of hebephilia.[1]In some cases, head trauma during pre-pubertal childhood, or experiencing sexual abuse during puberty, could also be contributing factors.[1]Differences in brain structure may mean that hebephilic interests result from disconnections in the brain networks that recognize and react to sexual cues.[1]

Prevalence

The prevalence of hebephilia within the general population is unknown. There is evidence suggesting that within clinical andcorrectionalsamples,[29][30]as well as anonymous surveys of people sexually interested in children, there are more individuals with an erotic interest in pubescent rather than in prepubescent children.[31][32]

DSM-5 debate

Proposal

The DSM-5's diagnostic criteria for pedophilia specifies it as a disorder of sexual interest in prepubescent children generally age 13 years or younger.[6]A 2009 research paper by Ray Blanchard and colleagues indicated that, based on penile plethysmographs, sex offenders could be grouped according to the sexual maturity of individuals they found most attractive (because ages are not a specific indication of adolescent sexual development, Blanchard used stimuli with a Tanner scale rating of 1 on essentially all measures to evaluate hebephilic offenders while adult control stimuli all had a Tanner rating of 5).[3]Blanchard noted that the most common age of victims for sexual offenders was 14 years, and suggested there were qualitative differences between offenders who preferred pubertal sex-objects and those with a prepubertal preference. The paper concluded that the DSM-5 could better account for those data if it split theDSM-IV-TR's existing criteria for pedophilia, which focuses on sexual attraction to prepubescent children, but sets the age range at generally 13 or younger.[3]

Blanchard suggested the criteria be split intopedophiliaas sexual attraction to prepubescent children who are generally younger than 11, andhebephiliaas sexual attraction to pubescent children, generally 11–14 years old. What theDSM-IVcallspedophiliawould instead be termedpedohebephilia,with pedophilic and hebephilic sub-types.[3]The proposed criteria for the DSM-5 involved an adult who, for six or more months, experienced sexual attraction to prepubescent or pubescent children that was equal to or greater than their attraction to adults, and who also either found the attraction distressing, usedchild pornographyor had sought sexual stimulation from a child, on at least three occasions in the case of the hebephilic type. The proposed criteria would have been applied to subjects aged 18 or older and who are at least five years older than children to whom they are typically attracted.[8]The sexual and gender identity working group justified inclusion of the use of child pornography due to the expectation that pedohebephilic individuals would deny their sexual preferences, leaving it up to the diagnosing clinician to make inferences whether their patients are more interested in children than adults.[33]The altered wording (from "prepubescent" to "prepubescent and pubescent" ) and reference age (from a maximum age of 13 to 14) would change how pedophilia was diagnosed to include victims with Tanner scale ratings of 2 or 3 who had partially developed some secondary sexual characteristics.[34]

Responses

General

Researchers at the German Dunkelfeld project supported the explicit mention of hebephilia in DSM-5: "Concerning the update of the DSM (DSM-5) a category called 'hebephilic disorder' would have been appropriate, especially considering the given data which shows that in men with a hebephilic preference, who seek treatment, the disorder criteria of the DSM-5 (psychological distress, behavior endangering others) are given in many cases. In this respect there would be men with hebephilia as well as men with a 'hebephilic disorder.'"[19]

In a letter to the editor, Thomas Zander argued there would be serious consequences from expanding the definition of pedophilia to include hebephilia, and stated that there are problems in distinguishing between prepubescent versus pubescent victims and thus in classifying offenders, and concluded that it required more research and consideration of implications before the DSM was changed.[35]Blanchard agreed that distinguishing between pedophiles and hebephiles may present difficulties, but stated that in the case of a repeat sexual offender, these fine distinctions would be less important; he noted that other objections raised by Zander's letter were addressed in the original article.[36]In another letter to the editor, physician Charles Moser agreed with Blanchard et al.'s premise that there was a distinction between sex offenders who preferred pubescent versus prepubescent victims and supported the term's usefulness in conducting research, but questioned whether hebephilia would represent a true paraphilia.[4]

Karen Franklin stated that she believes the concept is largely the result of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,[16]although CAMH scientist and pedophilia researcherJames Cantorchallenged her factual accuracy, citing the existence of the concept in the ICD-10,[37]the use of the word in 100 scholarly texts from a variety of disciplines and time periods, and the existence of 32peer reviewedpapers researching the concept.[38]Psychologist Skye Stephens and sexologistMichael C. Setoalso argue that because the ICD-10 includes "prepubertal or early pubertal age" in its classification of pedophilia, it includes both pedophilic and hebephilic sexual interests.[1][39]

At a 2009 meeting of theAmerican Academy of Psychiatry and the Law,concern was raised that the criteria could have produced both false positives and false negatives, and that hebephilia as a DSM diagnosis could pathologize sex offenders who have opportunistically preyed on pubescent victims but do not have a paraphilic attachment to a specific age of victim, while excluding offenders who had committed serious offences on only one or two victims.[40]Duringacademic conferencesfor the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law andInternational Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders,symbolic votes were taken regarding whether the DSM-5 should include pedohebephilia, and in both cases an overwhelming majority voted against this.[41]

In aletter to the editor,clinical psychologist Joseph Plaud criticized the study for lackingcontrol groupsfor post-pubescent and normal patterns of male sexual arousal, overlap between groups Blanchard believed were separate, and lack of specificity in the data.[42]Blanchard replied that the initial publication used sex offenders who had committed crimes against post-pubescent adults as a control group, and that the results supported victim age preferences being acontinuousrather thancategorical variable.[36]In separate letters to the editor, forensic psychologist Gregory DeClue and mathematician Philip Tromovitch agreed the term would be valuable for research purposes and to subdivide the current diagnosis of pedophilia into victim age preferences, but expressed concern over the term's potential to dramatically expand the number of people diagnosed with a paraphilia without an adequate research base to support it, and that the article did not include a definition of "mental disorder" and thus lacked the ability to distinguish the pathological from the non-pathological.[43][44]Blanchard stated in a reply that his paper was written under the assumptions that the DSM-5's definition of mental disorder and pathologizing of sexual activity with underaged individuals would be similar to the one found in the DSM-IV.[36]

Child sexual abuseresearcherWilliam O'Donohuebelieves, based on the incentive for offenders to lie, that there is a risk of false negatives. O'Donohue praised Blanchard et al.'s proposal to distinguish hebephilia from pedophilia, but questioned the inclusion of offender distress, the use of child pornography as a determining factor and requiring a minimum of three victims, believing the latter choice would result in delayed treatment for hebephiles who have not acted on their urges while ignoring the often hidden nature of child sexual abuse. O'Donohue also had concerns over how information for making decisions about the proposed diagnosis would be acquired, whether the diagnosis could be made withreliabilityand sufficientagreement between cliniciansand issues related to treatment.[45]

Attraction as normal or abnormal

Debate about hebephilia has also concerned whether the attraction is normal or abnormal.[1]Karen Franklin has criticized use of the termhebephiliafor pathologizing and criminalizing anadaptation,[1]arguing that the concept stigmatizes a "widespread and, indeed, evolutionarily adaptive" sexual attraction of homosexual and heterosexual males who, across cultures and throughout history "tend to prefer youthful partners who are at the peak of both beauty and reproductive fertility".[16]

Commenting on Blanchard et al.'s proposal, psychologists Robert Prentky and Howard Barbaree stated that examples of highly sexualized young girls appear frequently in advertising, fashion shows, television programs, and films, making it questionable whether sexual attraction to pubescents is abnormal.[2]PsychiatristAllen Francesargued that attraction to pubescent individuals is within the normal range of human behavior and thus could not be considered sexually deviant, though acting on such attraction could be considered a crime.[34][46]Thomas Zander also expressed concern about the degree to which the potential diagnosis genuinely reflected normal versus abnormal sexual desire.[35]

Blanchard argued that critics of his proposal were performing a "rhetorical sleight-of-hand" that conflated sexual attraction with sexual preference, arguing that while normal men may show some degree of attraction to pubescents, they overwhelmingly prefer physically mature adults. In contrast, hebephiles have anequal or greatersexual preference for pubescents compared to physically mature adults.[47]He responded to Franklin's comment, writing that presumably Franklin's "adaptationist argument" applied only to heterosexual males, as homosexual hebephilia would have no reproductive advantages. Blanchard cited recent research he had conducted regarding the alleged reproductive success of hebephiles, pedophiles and individuals attracted primarily or exclusively to adults.[48]The results indicated that teleiophiles had more children, and thus more adaptive success than hebephiles, while hebephiles had more success than pedophiles. From this, Blanchard concluded that "there is no empirical basis for the hypothesis that hebephilia was associated with increased reproductive success in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. That speculative adaptationist argument against the inclusion of hebephilia in the DSM cannot be sustained".[49]

Some authors have argued that dysfunction isculturally relativeor asocial construct,such as by pointing to historical societies where marriage between pubescent girls and older men was practiced.[1]Anthropologist David Ryniker wrote that cultures that practiced marriage between adult men and pubescent girls did so for economic and social reasons, not due to any sexual preference.[1][50]He argued that, based on the biological evidence, humans did not evolve a strategy of early fertility, and that a sexual focus on pubescents would be maladaptive.[50]Anthropologist Raymond Hames and Blanchard argued that in most cultures, pubescent girls did not begin sexual activity until they were at or near the end of puberty.[1][51]

Stephens and Seto argue that hebephilia can be considered dysfunctional, stating that "conceptually, hebephilia is a paraphilia, reflecting an atypical (statistically rare) sexual age interest in pubescent children."[1]They state that hebephilia is a malfunction of the biological mechanism which drives males to be attracted to sexually mature females, and that while typical men are attracted to youthfulness, they are also interested in cues of sexual maturity (adult size, fully developedbreasts,and awaist-to-hip ratioof around 0.70).[1]Hebephiles, by contrast, respond positively to cues of youthfulness but negatively to cues of sexual maturity.[1]Penile plethysmography results show that heterosexual men are preferentially attracted to adult women, with lower responses to pubescent girls and then prepubescent girls, and then males of all ages causing the least response.[1]Stephens and Seto also argue that hebephilia is dysfunctional because it causes significant distress or impairment in those who have it, perhaps via legal issues or disrupted adult relationships, because hebephilic behavior violatessocial normsor is even illegal in most contemporary cultures.[1]

Use in court

Forensic psychologistCharles Patrick Ewingcriticized the diagnosis, saying it is a transparent attempt to ensure that sex offenders who target pubescent teenagers may be subject to involuntarycivil commitment.[52]DSM-IV editorsMichael Firstand Allen Frances expressed concern that hebephilia could be misused in civil commitment hearings, and questioned the need and evidence for the inclusion.[34]Frances wrote that the diagnosis of hebephilia "has no place in forensic proceedings."[53]Charles Moser argued against what he saw as the problematic use of paraphilic labels to pathologize unusual sexual interests and incarcerate individuals on the basis of their paraphilia rather than their behavior. He also questioned the usefulness of paraphilias in general when the real issue may be criminal behaviors or stigmatization of unusual but benign sexual acts.[4]Of hebephilia in civil commitment, Prentky and Barbaree wrote, "Hence, for self-serving reasons, it is applauded by those who generally work for the prosecution and criticized by those who generally work for the defense. This is an admittedly cynical, if unfortunately accurate, commentary on the influence of adversarial litigation on clinical deliberation."[2]

Psychologist Douglas Tucker and lawyer Samuel Brakel stated that civil commitment as a sexually violent predator does not require a DSM diagnosis, so long as the clinicians who testify in courts do so in good faith and they identify a conceptually and empirically meaningful mental abnormality that is predictive of future sexual violence, irrespective of the term used.[54]

Some courts have accepted the hebephilia diagnosis while others have not.[52]In court cases where the termhebephiliais used, it is placed within the DSM category ofparaphilia, not otherwise specified(NOS).[16]The diagnosis of hebephilia was rejected in oneUnited States federal courtin 2009 for being a label, not a "generally accepted mental disorder", and because a mere attraction to pubescent adolescents is not indicative of a mental disorder. Although the court rejected the government's claim that hebephilia is a mental disorder, the government argued that hebephilia may at times fall within a DSM-IV category of NOS. The court was also unconvinced by this.[52]

References

  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwStephens S, Seto MC (2015). Phenix A, Hoberman H (eds.).Sexual Offending: Predisposing Antecedents, Assessments and Management.Springer.pp. 29–41.ISBN978-1493924165.
  2. ^abcdefghijPrentky, R.; Barbaree, H. (2011)."Commentary: Hebephilia--a would-be paraphilia caught in the twilight zone between prepubescence and adulthood".The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.39(4): 506–510.PMID22159978.
  3. ^abcdefBlanchard, R.; Lykins, A. D.; Wherrett, D.; Kuban, M. E.; Cantor, J. M.; Blak, T.; Dickey, R.; Klassen, P. E. (2009). "Pedophilia, Hebephilia, and the DSM-V".Archives of Sexual Behavior.38(3): 335–350.doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9.PMID18686026.S2CID14957904.
  4. ^abcMoser, C. (2009). "When is an Unusual Sexual Interest a Mental Disorder? (letter to the editor)".Archives of Sexual Behavior.38(3): 323–325.doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8.PMID18946730.S2CID43363957.
  5. ^Kail, RV; Cavanaugh JC (2010).Human Development: A Lifespan View(5th ed.).Cengage Learning.pp.296.ISBN978-0495600374.
  6. ^abc"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition".American Psychiatric Publishing.2013.RetrievedJuly 25,2013.
  7. ^abSee section F65.4 Paedophilia."International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010".ICD-10.RetrievedNovember 17,2012.
  8. ^abWakefield, J. C. (2011). "The DSM-5's Proposed New Categories of Sexual Disorder: The Problem of False Positives in Sexual Diagnosis".Clinical Social Work Journal.40(2): 213–223.doi:10.1007/s10615-011-0353-2.S2CID143666677.
  9. ^Singy, Patrick (18 April 2015). "Hebephilia: A Postmortem Dissection".Archives of Sexual Behavior.44(5): 1109–1116.doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0542-0.PMID25894647.S2CID8004856.
  10. ^Powell, A (2007).Paedophiles, Child Abuse and the Internet: A Practical Guide to Identification, Action and Prevention.Radcliffe Publishing. pp.4–5.ISBN978-1857757743.
  11. ^Seto, Michael (2008).Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. vii.
  12. ^abGavin H (2013).Criminological and Forensic Psychology.SAGE Publications.p. 155.ISBN978-1118510377.Archivedfrom the original on March 30, 2019.RetrievedJuly 7,2018.
  13. ^"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics".World Health Organization/ICD-11.2018. See section 6D32 Pedophilic disorder.Retrieved2018-07-07.Pedophilic disorder is characterized by a sustained, focused, and intense pattern of sexual arousal—as manifested by persistent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, or behaviours—involving pre-pubertal children. In addition, in order for Pedophilic Disorder to be diagnosed, the individual must have acted on these thoughts, fantasies or urges or be markedly distressed by them. This diagnosis does not apply to sexual behaviours among pre- or post-pubertal children with peers who are close in age.
  14. ^Janssen, D.F. (2015).""Chronophilia": Entries of Erotic Age Preference into Descriptive Psychopathology ".Medical History.59(4): 575–598.doi:10.1017/mdh.2015.47.ISSN0025-7273.PMC4595948.PMID26352305.
  15. ^Hammer, E. F.; Glueck, B. C. (1957). "Psychodynamic patterns in sex offenders: A four-factor theory".The Psychiatric Quarterly.31(2): 325–345.doi:10.1007/BF01568731.PMID13465890.S2CID25200895.
  16. ^abcdefFranklin, K. (2010)."Hebephilia: Quintessence of diagnostic pretextuality"(PDF).Behavioral Sciences & the Law.28(6): 751–768.doi:10.1002/bsl.934.PMID21110392.
  17. ^abBailey, J. M.; Hsu, K. J.; Bernhard, P. A. (2016). "An Internet study of men sexually attracted to children: Sexual attraction patterns".Journal of Abnormal Psychology.125(7): 976–988.doi:10.1037/abn0000212.PMID27732027.
  18. ^Moss S, Simmons M, Trendell S, Stephens S (2018). Ternes M, Magaletta PR, Patry MW (eds.).The Practice of Correctional Psychology.Springer. p. 201.ISBN978-3-030-00452-1.
  19. ^abBeier, K.; Amelung, T.; Kuhle, L.; Grundmann, D.; Scherner, G.; Neutze, J. (2015). "Hebephilia as a Sexual Disorder".Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie.83(2): e1–e9.doi:10.1055/s-0034-1398960.ISSN0720-4299.PMID25723776.S2CID22739711.
  20. ^Cantor, James M.; Kabani, Noor; Christensen, Bruce K.; Zipursky, Robert B.; Barbaree, Howard E.; Dickey, Robert; Klassen, Philip E.; Mikulis, David J.; Kuban, Michael E.; Blak, Thomas; Richards, Blake A.; Hanratty, M. Katherine; Blanchard, Ray (2008). "Cerebral white matter deficiencies in pedophilic men".Journal of Psychiatric Research.42(3): 167–183.doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.013.ISSN0022-3956.PMID18039544.
  21. ^Cantor, James M.; Blanchard, Ray (2012). "White Matter Volumes in Pedophiles, Hebephiles, and Teleiophiles".Archives of Sexual Behavior.41(4): 749–752.doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9954-2.ISSN0004-0002.PMID22476520.S2CID207090545.
  22. ^Cantor, J. M.; Klassen, P. E.; Dickey, R.; Christensen, B. K.; Kuban, M. E.; Blak, T.; Williams, N. S.; Blanchard, R. (2005). "Handedness in Pedophilia and Hebephilia".Archives of Sexual Behavior.34(4): 447–459.doi:10.1007/s10508-005-4344-7.PMID16010467.S2CID6427342.
  23. ^abCantor, J. M.; Blanchard, R.; Christensen, B. K.; Dickey, R.; Klassen, P. E.; Beckstead, A. L.; Blak, T.; Kuban, M. E. (2004). "Intelligence, Memory, and Handedness in Pedophilia".Neuropsychology.18(1): 3–14.doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.1.3.PMID14744183.
  24. ^Fazio, Rachel L.; Lykins, Amy D.; Cantor, James M. (2014)."Elevated rates of atypical handedness in paedophilia: Theory and implications".Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition.19(6): 690–704.doi:10.1080/1357650X.2014.898648.ISSN1357-650X.PMC4151814.PMID24666135.
  25. ^Cantor, J. M.; Kuban, M. E.; Blak, T.; Klassen, P. E.; Dickey, R.; Blanchard, R. (2006). "Grade Failure and Special Education Placement in Sexual Offenders' Educational Histories".Archives of Sexual Behavior.35(6): 743–751.doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9018-6.PMID16708284.S2CID24164499.
  26. ^Cantor, J. M.; Kuban, M. E.; Blak, T.; Klassen, P. E.; Dickey, R.; Blanchard, R. (2007). "Physical Height in Pedophilic and Hebephilic Sexual Offenders".Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment.19(4): 395–407.doi:10.1007/s11194-007-9060-5.PMID17952597.S2CID322977.
  27. ^Fazio, R. L.; Dyshniku, F.; Lykins, A. D.; Cantor, J. M. (2015). "Leg Length Versus Torso Length in Pedophilia: Further Evidence of Atypical Physical Development Early in Life".Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment.29(5): 500–514.doi:10.1177/1079063215609936.ISSN1079-0632.PMID26459491.S2CID24580367.
  28. ^Dyshniku, Fiona; Murray, Michelle E.; Fazio, Rachel L.; Lykins, Amy D.; Cantor, James M. (2015). "Minor Physical Anomalies as a Window into the Prenatal Origins of Pedophilia".Archives of Sexual Behavior.44(8): 2151–2159.doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0564-7.ISSN0004-0002.PMID26058490.S2CID25667170.
  29. ^Gebhard, PH; Gagnon JH; Pomeroy WB; Christenson CV (1965).Sex offenders: An analysis of types.New York:Harper & Row.
  30. ^Studer, L. H.; Aylwin, A. S.; Clelland, S. R.; Reddon, J. R.; Frenzel, R. R. (2002). "Primary erotic preference in a group of child molesters".International Journal of Law and Psychiatry.25(2): 173–180.doi:10.1016/s0160-2527(01)00111-x.PMID12071103.
  31. ^Bernard, F (1975). "An enquiry among a group of pedophiles".The Journal of Sex Research.11(3): 242–255.doi:10.1080/00224497509550899.JSTOR3811479.
  32. ^Wilson, G. D.; Cox, D. N. (1983). "Personality of paedophile club members".Personality and Individual Differences.4(3): 323–329.doi:10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X.
  33. ^Zonana, H. (2011). "Sexual disorders: New and expanded proposals for the DSM-5--do we need them?".The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.39(2): 245–249.PMID21653273.
  34. ^abcFrances, A.; First, M. B. (2011). "Hebephilia is not a mental disorder in DSM-IV-TR and should not become one in DSM-5".The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.39(1): 78–85.PMID21389170.
  35. ^abZander, T. K. (2008). "Adult Sexual Attraction to Early-Stage Adolescents: Phallometry Doesn't Equal Pathology".Archives of Sexual Behavior.38(3): 329–330, author 330 331–330.doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9428-8.PMID18931899.S2CID20198549.
  36. ^abcBlanchard, R. (2008). "Reply to Letters Regarding Pedophilia, Hebephilia, and the DSM-V (letter to the editor)".Archives of Sexual Behavior.38(3): 331–334.doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9427-9.S2CID143846500.
  37. ^Cantor in his 2012 rebuttal in theInternational Journal of Forensic Mental Healthstates "The current version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) contains code F65.4, which defines paedophilia as 'A sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age' (World Health Organization, 2007; emphasis added). That is, people with a sexual preference for early pubescent children do indeed receive a diagnosis in the ICD system. In Franklin's defense, one could claim that the word 'hebephilia' does not appear in the ICD; however, the people with hebephilia would receive a diagnosis nonetheless."
  38. ^Cantor, J. M. (2012)."The Errors of Karen Franklin's Pretextuality".International Journal of Forensic Mental Health.11(1): 59–62.doi:10.1080/14999013.2012.672945.PMC3382737.PMID22745581.
  39. ^Seto, M. C. (2009). "Pedophilia".Annual Review of Clinical Psychology.5:391–407.doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153618.PMID19327034.S2CID241202227.
  40. ^Frieden, J (2009-12-01)."DSM-V work on paraphilias begins in earnest"(PDF).Clinical Psychiatry News.37(12): 21.doi:10.1016/S0270-6644(09)70438-2.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-12-21.Retrieved2013-01-07.
  41. ^Franklin, K(2011)."Forensic Psychiatrists Vote No on Proposed Paraphilias".Psychiatric Times.27(12).(subscription required)
  42. ^Plaud, J. (2009). "Are there" hebephiles "among us? A response to Blanchard et al. (2008) (letter to the editor)".Archives of Sexual Behavior.38(3): 326–327, author 327 331–327.doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9423-0.PMID18923892.S2CID5062770.
  43. ^Declue, G. (2008). "Should Hebephilia be a Mental Disorder? A Reply to Blanchard et al. (2008)".Archives of Sexual Behavior.38(3): 317–318, author 318 331–318.doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9422-1.PMID18925429.S2CID207089458.
  44. ^Tromovitch, P. (2008)."Manufacturing Mental Disorder by Pathologizing Erotic Age Orientation: A Comment on Blanchard et al. (2008)".Archives of Sexual Behavior.38(3): 328, author reply 331–4.doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9426-x.PMID18923890.
  45. ^O’Donohue, W. (2010). "A Critique of the Proposed DSM-V Diagnosis of Pedophilia (letter to the editor)".Archives of Sexual Behavior.39(3): 587–590.doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9604-5.PMID20204487.S2CID30900698.
  46. ^Frances, Allen"DSM 5 Needs to Reject Hebephilia Now"Psychology Today,15.06.2011, retrieved 27.07.18
  47. ^Blanchard, Ray. "A dissenting opinion on DSM-5 pedophilic disorder."Archives of Sexual Behavior42, no. 5 (2013): 675-678.
  48. ^Blanchard, R.; Kuban, M. E.; Blak, T.; Klassen, P. E.; Dickey, R.; Cantor, J. M. (2010)."Sexual Attraction to Others: A Comparison of Two Models of Alloerotic Responding in Men".Archives of Sexual Behavior.41(1): 13–29.doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9675-3.PMC3310141.PMID20848175.
  49. ^Blanchard, R. (2010). "The fertility of hebephiles and the adaptationist argument against including hebephilia in DSM-5 (letter to the editor)".Archives of Sexual Behavior.39(4): 817–818.doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9610-7.PMID20174861.S2CID27932657.
  50. ^abRyniker, DC (August 2012). "Hebephilia and male fertility".Archives of Sexual Behavior.41(4): 741–3.doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9977-8.PMID22695643.S2CID31148218.
  51. ^Hames, R; Blanchard, R (August 2012)."Anthropological data regarding the adaptiveness of hebephilia".Archives of Sexual Behavior.41(4): 745–7.doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0.PMID22644593.S2CID9910627.
  52. ^abcEwing, CP(2011).Justice Perverted:Sex Offense Law, Psychology, and Public Policy: Sex Offense Law, Psychology, and Public Policy.Oxford University Press.pp.28–32.ISBN978-0199732678.
  53. ^Frances, Allen (2013).Essentials of Psychiatric Diagnosis: Responding to the Challenge of DSM-5.Guilford Publications. p. 174.ISBN978-1462513499.
  54. ^Tucker, D.; Brakel, S. J. (2012)."DSM-5 Paraphilic Diagnoses and SVP Law".Archives of Sexual Behavior.41(3): 533.doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9893-3.PMID22218789.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related toHebephilia.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebephilia&oldid=1209853438"