Helicia
| Helicia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Helicia ceylanica | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Subfamily: | Grevilleoideae |
| Tribe: | Roupaleae |
| Subtribe: | Heliciinae |
| Genus: | Helicia Lour. |
| Type species | |
| Helicia cochinchinensis | |
Heliciais agenusof 110 species of trees and shrubs, constituting part of the plant familyProteaceae.[3]They grow naturally in rainforests throughout tropicalSouthandSoutheast Asia,includingIndia,Sri Lanka,Indochina,Peninsular MalaysiatoNew Guineaand as far south asNew South Wales.
Conservation[edit]
At global, national and regional government scales, manyHeliciaspecies have been threatened with extinction, as officially recognised by theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) and by continental, national and local governments. Seventeen species have official IUCN global conservation statuses of either "critically endangered", "endangered", "vulnerable" or "near threatened" (in terms of global extinction).
Naming and classification[edit]
In 1790, notable pioneer botanistJoão de Loureirodescribed this genus asHeliciain his publicationFlora Cochinchinensis.[1][2]Thetype speciesfor the genus wasHelicia cochinchinensis,thetype specimenof which was collected inCochinchina,Vietnam.[1][2]The genus name derives from theGreekword "έλιξ"(élix), which refers to the petals, now calledtepals,spirally revolving or simply rolling or coiling up on themselves, atanthesis(the flowering time when theanthersopen).[1][4][5]
In 1831, botanistNathaniel WallichnamedHelicia robustafor a dried specimen of a cultivated plant in India,[6]based on the specimen's earlier 1814 nameRoupala robustabyWilliam Roxburgh.[7]Roxburgh'sCalcuttabotanic gardens cultivated the plant.
From the 1850s to the 1860s notable German–Australian botanistFerdinand von Muellerformallydescribedseveral new Australian species.[8][9][10]In the late 1800s and early 1900sFrederick M. Baileyconcentrated further on additionalQueenslandspecies, writing descriptions of them in numerous scientific papers.[11][12][13]
In 1939,Hermann O. Sleumerdescribed many additionalMalesianspecies, especially in New Guinea.[14]In 1955, he published a revision of the genus.[15]In 1956, his treatment of the genus inFlora Malesianawas published.[16]From 1969 to the late 1990s botanistDon B. Foreman,who was based inPapua New Guineaand Australia, collected numerous additional species, which he formally described before he wrote the comprehensive reviews and flora treatments for the two regions;[17][18][19][20]notably in the authoritativeHandbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea(1978–1995, to date 3 volumes), he wrote the chapters for Proteaceae and other families;[21]and in the authoritativeFlora of Australia(1981–, 60 volume series)he wrote the treatment ofHelicia.[4]
From the 1990s botanist Richard C. K. Chung, based in Malaysia, published new species formal descriptions and a revision of the 13 species occurring inBorneo.[22][23]In total, approximately 100 species have been formally scientifically described.[24][25][26]
Lawrie JohnsonandBarbara G. BriggsgroupedHeliciawithXylomelumin the subtribe Heliciinae, tribe Helicieae, and subfamilyGrevilleoideaein their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".[27]However, genetics studies showed these two to be relatively unrelated, instead finding the closest genetic correlations betweenHollandaeaandHelicia,and therefore classifying them both in the subtribe Heliciinae within the tribe Roupaleae.[24]
Diversity and description[edit]
Heliciaplants generally grow naturally as small trees, while some species grow as shrubs and some grow to medium-sized trees up to 30 m (100 ft).[16][21][28]
They grow naturally across the Malesia region with the major centre of species diversity of about fifty species in New Guinea. They grow naturally in the south west Pacific ocean region, and in north and eastern Australia. They grow naturally across southern and eastern Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia and another centre of species diversity of about twenty species in southern China, extending to parts of the Indian subcontinent, the Philippines, Taiwan, and southern Japan.[16][21][24]The plant family Proteaceae's 1,700 species (approximate) have their greatest diversity in the southern hemisphere and smaller centres of diversity including someHelicia,in the near northern hemisphere. The species diversity of the plant family Proteaceae decreases further northwards.H. cochinchinensishas the natural distribution reaching furthest north to Japan where it grows into trees in the mountains of warmer parts and where no other species nor other Proteaceae genera occur. The same Japanese nameYama-mogashi(Sơn もがし)for this species, also means the whole genus and the entire Proteaceae plant family.[29]In the New Guinea and southern China centres of species diversity, many species grow in forests, up to as tall as the sub-canopy, especially diverse in rainforests.[21][24]In Australia, they are generally components of rainforests, and prefer richer soils,[28]especially in the farthest south region ofHelicia's global distribution, theIllawarra,New South Wales,south of Sydney, where only one speciesH. glabrifloraoccurs, preferring richer basalt soils.[30][31]
Cultivation[edit]
In India and east Asia Helicias have been cultivated in botanic gardens, from the 1800s.[7]In Australia they have rarely been cultivated, and were thought to have little horticultural value. The rusty-coloured new growth is attractive on some species.[28]In some of the better known Australian species, the flowers and fruit are generally not prominent, and plants can be slow growing. They are generally propagated by seed, the viability of which drops rapidly with time.[32]
Species[edit]
(this list may have a small number of species missing, presently[when?]it has 99, out of the approximate total stated by sources of 110)
- Helicia acutifoliaSleumer[14][33]– New Guinea –
Vulnerable[34] - Helicia affinisSleumer[14][33]– New Guinea
- Helicia albifloraSleumer[14][35]– New Guinea[2]–Near threatened[36]
- Helicia amplifoliaSleumer[14][37]– New Guinea –Near threatened[38]
- Helicia archboldianaSleumer[39]– New Guinea
- Helicia attenuata(Jack)Blume– Borneo[22]
- Helicia australasicaF.Muell.[8][13][17][40]– New Guinea, Australia[2][4][41]–Vulnerable[42]
- Helicia blakeiForeman[17]– Australia[2][4][43]
- Helicia bullataSleumer[44]– New Guinea
- Helicia calocomaForeman[18][45]– New Guinea[2]–Vulnerable[46]
- Helicia cameroniiF.Muell[47]– New Guinea
- Helicia carriiSleumer[14](Syn:H. brassii,H. divaricataSleumer (1939))[48]– New Guinea
- Helicia celatusForeman[20]– New Guinea[2]
- Helicia ceylanicaGardner– Sri Lanka endemic[49]
- Helicia clivicolaW.W.Sm.[50]– China region
- Helicia cochinchinensisLour.[51]– China,Indochina,Taiwan, Japan[29]
- Helicia coeruleopurpureaP.Royen[52]– New Guinea
- Helicia commutataSleumer[14][53]– New Guinea
- Helicia dong xing ensisH.S.Kiu[54]– China region
- Helicia excelsa(Roxb.) Blume– Borneo[22]
- Helicia falcataC.Y.Wu[55]– China region
- Helicia ferrugineaF.Muell.[10][13][17]– Australia[2][4]
- Helicia finisterraeLauterb.[56]– New Guinea
- Helicia forbesianaF.Muell[57]– New Guinea
- Helicia formosanaHemsl.[58]– China region
- Helicia fragilisForeman[20]– New Guinea[2]
- Helicia fuscotomentosaSuess.– Borneo endemic[22]
- Helicia glabrifloraF.Muell.[9][13][17]– eastern Australia[2][4][30][31]
- Helicia gracilifloraMerr.– Philippines endemic[59]
- Helicia grandifoliaLecomte– Vietnam endemic[60]–Vulnerable[61]
- Helicia grandisHemsl.[62]– China region
- Helicia grayiForeman[17]– Australia[2][4][63]
- Helicia hainanensisHayata[64]– China region
- Helicia hypoglaucaDiels[65]– New Guinea, New Britain
- Helicia insculptaSleumer[14][66]– New Guinea[2]
- Helicia insularisForeman[18][67]– New Guinea[2]–Endangered[68]
- Helicia islandicaForeman[20]– New Guinea
- Helicia kwangtungensisW.T.Wang[69]– China region
- Helicia laiagamensisForeman[18][70]– New Guinea[2]
- Helicia lamingtoniana(F.M.Bailey)C.T.WhiteexL.S.Sm.[11][17]– Australia[2][4][71]
- Helicia latifoliaC.T.White[72]– New Guinea –Near threatened[73]
- Helicia lauterbachianaSleumer[14](Syn:H. grandifoliaLauterb. (1910), non Lecomte (1910))[74]– New Guinea
- Helicia ledermanniiDiels[75]– New Guinea
- Helicia lewisensisForeman[17]– NE Queensland, Australia[2][4][76]
- Helicia longespicataSleumer[14][75]– New Guinea
- Helicia longipetiolataMerr. & Chun[77]– China region
- Helicia loranthoidesC.Presl– Philippines endemic[78]
- Helicia macrostachyaLauterb.[79]– New Guinea
- Helicia maxwellianaGibbs– Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare[22]
- Helicia microneuraC.T.White[80](Syn:H. argutaSleumer[14]) – New Guinea
- Helicia microphyllaDiels[81]– New Guinea
- Helicia moluccana(R.Br.) Blume–Moluccas[82]
- Helicia neglectaDiels ex Sleumer[14][81]– New GuineaBismarck Archipelagoendemic: New Britain, New Ireland –Vulnerable[83]
- Helicia nilagiricaBedd.[84]– Southeast Asia, Yunnan, India, Nepal
- Helicia nortoniana(F.M.Bailey) F.M.Bailey[12][13][17]– Australia[2][4][85]
- Helicia obovataBenn.– Java, Borneo[22]
- Helicia obovatifoliaMerr. & Chun[86]– China region
- Helicia obtusataSleumer[14](Syn:H. clemensiaeSleumer (1939))[89]– New Guinea
- Helicia odorataDiels[90]– New Guinea
- Helicia olivaceaSleumer[14][91]– New Guinea
- Helicia oreadumDiels[92]– New Guinea
- Helicia pallescensDiels[93]– New Guinea
- Helicia paucinerviaMerr.– Philippines endemic[94]
- Helicia peekeliiLauterb.[95]– New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago: New Ireland endemic –Vulnerable[96]
- Helicia peltataC.T.White[97]– New Guinea –Critically endangered[98]
- Helicia petiolarisBenn.– Borneo[22]
- Helicia platyphyllaSleumer[14][91]– New Guinea
- Helicia polyosmoidesForeman[18][99]– New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago:Manus Islandendemic[2]–Critically endangered[100]
- Helicia pterygotaSleumer– Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare[22]
- Helicia pyrrhobotryaKurz[101]– China region
- Helicia recurvaForeman[19]– Queensland Australia[2][4]
- Helicia rengetiensisMasam.[102]– China region
- Helicia reteveniaSleumer[14][103]– New Guinea[2]
- Helicia reticulataW.T.Wang[104]– China region
- Helicia retusaForeman[18][103]– New Guinea[2]–Vulnerable[105]
- Helicia robusta(Roxb.) R.Br. exWall.var.robusta– Malesia: Borneo,[22]Philippines, India[106]
- Helicia rostrataForeman[18][107]– New Guinea[2]–Vulnerable[108]
- Helicia rufescensPrain– Borneo, rare[22]
- Helicia saruwagedicaSleumer[14][109]– New Guinea
- Helicia saurauioidesSleumer[109]– New Guinea
- Helicia schlechteriLauterb.[110]– New Guinea
- Helicia sellae-montisSleumer[14][111][112]– New Guinea
- Helicia serrata(R.Br.) Blumevar. serrata – Borneo[22]
- Helicia sessilifoliaR.C.K.Chung– Borneo: Sabah & Sarawak endemic, uncommon[22][23]
- Helicia shweliensisW.W.Sm.[113]– China region –Endangered[114]
- Helicia silvicolaW.W.Sm.[115]– China region
- Helicia sleumeriForeman[20]– New Guinea
- Helicia stelechanthaDiels[116]– New Guinea
- Helicia subcordataForeman[18][116]– New Guinea[2]–Critically endangered[117]
- Helicia symplocoidesR.C.K.Chung[22][23]– Borneo endemic –Vulnerable[118]
- Helicia tibetensisH.S.Kiu[119]– China region
- Helicia torricellensisLauterb.[120]– New Guinea
- Helicia tsaiiW.T.Wang[121]– China region
- Helicia uganensisDiels ex Sleumer[14][122]– New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago endemic: New Britain, New Ireland
- Helicia varoyeniiForeman[20]– New Guinea
- Helicia versteeghiiForeman[20]– New Guinea[2]
- Helicia vestitaW.W.Sm.[123]
- var.longipesW.T.Wang[124]– China region
- var.vestita[125]– China region incl. Thailand
- Helicia wollastoniiRidl.[126]– New Guinea
- Helicia yangchunensisH.S.Kiu[127]– China region
References[edit]
- ^abcd Loureiro, João de(1790). "Helicia:Helicia cochinchinensis".Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes.Vol. 1. Typis, et expensis academicis. p. 83.Retrieved21 Apr2013– via biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy"Helicia".Australian Plant Name Index(APNI).Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research,Australian Government.Retrieved15 Mar2023.
- ^"Helicia Lour. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".Plants of the World Online.Retrieved3 Feb2020.
- ^abcdefghijk Foreman, Don B. (1995a)."Helicia".In McCarthy, Patrick (ed.).Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1.Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 393–399.ISBN978-0-643-05692-3.
- ^
Helicia formosanaflowers closeup by mingiweng 3 July 2007onFlickr
Helicia formosanaflowers closeup by Foggy Forest 17 July 2012onFlickr
Helicia formosanaflowers closeup by mingiweng 12 June 2007onFlickr - ^ Wallich, Nathaniel(1831)."no. 2702Helicia robusta".Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the East India Company which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the [company's] botanic garden at Calcutta.London (published 1828–1849).Retrieved21 Apr2013– via biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ^ab Roxburgh, William; Carey, William (1814)."Roupala robustaRoxb. ".Hortus Bengalensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Growing in the Hounourable East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta. (Hort. Bengal.).Serampore: Mission Press. p. 83.Retrieved21 Apr2013– via wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/.
- ^ab Mueller, Ferdinand von (1857)."Nova genera et species aliquot rariores in Plagis Australiae Intratropicis nuperrime detecta: Helicia australasica".Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany.9:22.Retrieved21 Apr2013.
- ^ab
Mueller, Ferdinand von (Aug 1860)."Helicia glabriflora".XIII(fascicle). Vol. 2. Auctoritate Gubern. Coloniæ Victoriæ, Ex Officina Joannis Ferres. p. 91.Retrieved7 Dec2014– via biodiversitylibrary.org.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ab
Mueller, Ferdinand von (May 1862)."Helicia ferruginea".XVIII(fascicle). Vol. 3. Auctoritate Gubern. Coloniæ Victoriæ, Ex Officina Joannis Ferres. p. 37.Retrieved7 Dec2014– via biodiversitylibrary.org.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ab Bailey, F.M., (1899) Contributions to the Flora of Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal 5(4)
- ^ab Bailey, F.M., (1901) The Queensland Flora 4
- ^abcde Bailey, F.M., (1913) Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrs Sleumer, Hermann O. (1939). "Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Proteaceen Papuasiens".Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik.70(1).
- ^ Sleumer, Hermann O. (1955). "Studies in old world Proteaceae, 5, A revision of the genusHeliciaLour ".Blumea.8:7–79.
- ^abcSleumer (1956),pp. 164–190.
- ^abcdefghi Foreman, Don B. (1984). "A review of the genusHeliciaLour. (Proteaceae) in Australia ".Brunonia.6(1): 59.doi:10.1071/bru9830059.
- ^abcdefgh Foreman, Don B. (1985)."Seven new species ofHeliciaLour. (Proteaceae) from Papua New Guinea ".Muelleria.6(2): 79–92.doi:10.5962/p.184061.S2CID251004331.
- ^ab Foreman, Don B. (1986). "A new species ofHelicia,new combinations and lectotypification inTriunia(Proteaceae) from Australia ".Muelleria.6(3). pp. 193–96, fig. 1.
- ^abcdefg Foreman, Don B. (1988). "New species ofHeliciaLour. (Proteaceae) from the Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya ".Kew Bulletin.53(3): 669–681.doi:10.2307/4110485.JSTOR4110485.
- ^abcdForeman (1995),pp. 221–270.
- ^abcdefghijklm Chung, Richard C. K. (2001)."Taxonomic notes on the BorneanHeliciaandHeliciopsis(Proteaceae) "(PDF).Journal of Tropical Forest Science.13(3): 534–547.Retrieved24 Apr2013.
- ^abc Chung, Richard C. K. (1998)."New species ofHeliciaLour. andHeliciopsisSleumer (Proteaceae) from Borneo ".The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore.50:151–160.Retrieved29 Jan2014– via biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ^abcd Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006)."A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera".Telopea.11(3): 314–344.doi:10.7751/telopea20065733.
- ^
Stevens, Peter F. (Sep 2013) [2001 onwards]."Angiosperm Phylogeny Website – Proteaceae".Version 13, 28 Sep 2013 with updates.Retrieved7 Dec2014.
Helicia(100)
- ^
Mabberley, David J. (May 2008).Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classifications, and Uses(3rd, revised, illustrated ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 396.ISBN9780521820714.
HeliciaLour. Proteaceae (V 1). c. 100 Indomal., Pac.
- ^ Johnson, Lawrie A. S.;Briggs, Barbara G.(1975). "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany.70(2): 83–182.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.
- ^abc Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991).Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas.Sydney: Angus & Robertson. pp. 414–16.ISBN978-0-207-17277-9.
- ^ab Oi, Jisaburo (1965) [1953]."Proteaceae:Helicia".In Meyer, Frederick G.; Walker, Egbert H. (eds.).Flora of Japan (in English): combined, much revised and extended translation by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957).Tokyo, Japan: National Science Museum. pp. 394–5.
- ^ab Harden, Gwen J. (2001)."Helicia glabriflora– New South Wales Flora Online ".PlantNET – The Plant Information Network System.2.0. Sydney, Australia: The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust.Retrieved25 Apr2013.
- ^ab
Bofeldt, Anders (2011)."Table 1:Helicia glabriflora"(PDF).Plants at Risk in the Illawarra: Introduction to Table 1(PDF)(Technical report). Online via LandcareIllawarra.org.au. NSW.Retrieved25 Apr2013.
- "Tribute to Anders".Landcare Illawarra.Archived fromthe originalon 19 Jul 2012.
- ^ Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1992).Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 4: Eu-Go.Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 285.ISBN978-0-85091-213-5.
- ^abForeman (1995),p. 240.
- ^ Martínez Richart, A.I. (2020)."Helicia acutifolia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T32945A123130541.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32945A123130541.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 240–241.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia albiflora".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T32940A9743886.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32940A9743886.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 241–242.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia amplifolia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T32931A9743214.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32931A9743214.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 242.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 242–243.
- ^ "Helicia australasica".Retrieved22 Mar2021.inZich et al. (2020)
- ^ Benwell, A.; Ford, A.; Forster, P.; Griffith, S. (2020)."Helicia australasica".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T38142A123114975.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T38142A123114975.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^ "Helicia blakei".Retrieved22 Mar2021.inZich et al. (2020)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 243.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 243–245.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia calocoma".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T37605A10065406.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37605A10065406.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 245.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 245–246.
- ^ Dassanayake, M. D.; Fosberg, F. R., eds. (1980).A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon.Vol. 2. New Delhi: Amerind Publ. Co. p. 484.
- ^ "Helicia clivicola".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia cochinchinensis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 246.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 246–248.
- ^ "Helicia dong xing ensis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia falcata".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 248.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 248–249.
- ^ "Helicia formosana".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia graciliflora".Archived fromthe originalon 28 Dec 2013.Retrieved23 Apr2013.inLaFrankie (2011)
- ^
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998)."Helicia grandifolia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T35958A9964266.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35958A9964266.en.Retrieved15 Nov2021.In:IUCN 2012."IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2".Archived fromthe originalon 27 Jun 2014.Retrieved23 Apr2013.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998)."Helicia grandifolia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T35958A9964266.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35958A9964266.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^ "Helicia grandis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia grayi".Retrieved22 Mar2021.inZich et al. (2020)
- ^ "Helicia hainanensis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 250.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 250–251.
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 251.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia insularis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T38143A10102333.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38143A10102333.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^ "Helicia kwangtungensis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 251–253.
- ^ "Helicia lamingtoniana".Retrieved22 Mar2021.inZich et al. (2020)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 253.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia latifolia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T38144A10102386.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38144A10102386.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 253–254.
- ^abForeman (1995),p. 254.
- ^ "Helicia lewisensis".Retrieved22 Mar2021.inZich et al. (2020)
- ^ "Helicia longipetiolata".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia loranthoides".Archived fromthe originalon 28 Dec 2013.Retrieved23 Apr2013.inLaFrankie (2011)
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 254–255.
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 255.
- ^abForeman (1995),p. 256.
- ^Sleumer (1956),p. 181.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia neglecta".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T38145A10102446.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38145A10102446.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^ "Helicia nilagirica".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia nortoniana".Retrieved22 Mar2021.inZich et al. (2020)
- ^ "Helicia obovatifolia".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia obovatifoliavar.mixta".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia obovatifoliavar.obovatifolia".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 257.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 257–258.
- ^abForeman (1995),p. 258.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 258–259.
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 259.
- ^ "Helicia paucinervia".Archived fromthe originalon 28 Dec 2013.Retrieved23 Apr2013.inLaFrankie (2011)
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 259–260.
- ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998)."Helicia peekelii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T37610A10065914.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37610A10065914.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 260.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia peltata".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T32936A9743538.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32936A9743538.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 260–261.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia polyosmoides".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T37609A10065785.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37609A10065785.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^ "Helicia pyrrhobotrya".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia rengetiensis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^abForeman (1995),p. 262.
- ^ "Helicia reticulata".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998)."Helicia retusa".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T37608A10065677.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37608A10065677.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^ "Helicia robusta".Archived fromthe originalon 28 Dec 2013.Retrieved23 Apr2013.inLaFrankie (2011)
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 262–263.
- ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998)."Helicia rostrata".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T37606A10065491.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37606A10065491.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^abForeman (1995),p. 263.
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 264.
- ^Sleumer (1956),p. 169.
- ^Foreman (1995),pp. 264–265.
- ^ "Helicia shweliensis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ Martínez Richart, A.I. (2020)."Helicia shweliensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T32409A139922029.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32409A139922029.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^ "Helicia silvicola".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^abForeman (1995),p. 265.
- ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998)."Helicia subcordata".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.1998:e.T37614A10066305.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37614A10066305.en.Retrieved12 Nov2021.
- ^ Tsen, S.; Felix, E. C.; Julia, S.; Khoo, E.; Maycock, C.R.; Nilus, R.; Sugau, J. & Pereira, J.T. (2022)."Helicia symplocoides".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2022:e.T138790767A168341546.Retrieved17 Feb2024.
- ^ "Helicia tibetensis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 265–267.
- ^ "Helicia tsaii".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 267.
- ^ "Helicia vestita".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia vestitavar.longipes".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^ "Helicia vestitavar.vestita".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
- ^Foreman (1995),p. 267–268.
- ^ "Helicia yangchunensis".Retrieved21 Apr2013.inQiu & Weston (2004)
Cited works[edit]
- Foreman, Don B. (1995). "Proteaceae". In Conn, Barry J. (ed.).Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea.Vol. 3. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 221–270.Retrieved22 Mar2013– via pngplants.org.
- LaFrankie, J. V. (2011)."Helicia".Flora of the Philippines: Proteaceae [draft].Flora of the Philippines online, updated 3 Sept 2012. University of the Philippines. Archived fromthe originalon 29 Dec 2013.Retrieved23 Apr2013– via philippineflora.info.
- Qiu, Hua xing; Weston, Peter H. (2004).HeliciaLour.Online version. Beijing and St. Louis, MO: Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press.Retrieved21 Apr2013.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Sleumer, Hermann O.(1956)."Helicia".Flora Malesiana Vol. 5: Proteaceae.Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering Plants. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University. pp. 164–190.Retrieved21 Apr2013.
- Zich, F.A.; Hyland, B.P.M; Whiffen, T.; Kerrigan, R.A. (2020)."Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Home".Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants,Edition 8.Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO).Retrieved22 Mar2021.