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Help! (song)

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"Help!"
US picture sleeve
Singlebythe Beatles
from the albumHelp!
B-side"I'm Down"
Released19 July 1965(1965-07-19)
Recorded13 April 1965 (stereo version); 13 April and 24 May 1965 (mono version)
StudioEMI,London
GenreFolk rock[1]
Length2:18
Label
Songwriter(s)Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)George Martin
The BeatlesUK singles chronology
"Ticket to Ride"
(1965) 		"Help!"
(1965) 		"Day Tripper"/"We Can Work It Out"
(1965)
The BeatlesUS singles chronology
"Ticket to Ride"
(1965) 		"Help!"
(1965) 		"Yesterday"
(1965)
Promotional film
"Help!"onYouTube

"Help!"is a song by the English rock bandthe Beatlesthat served as the title song forthe 1965 filmand the band'saccompanying soundtrack album.It was released as a single in July 1965, and was number one for three weeks in the United States and the United Kingdom. Credited toLennon–McCartney,"Help!" was written byJohn Lennonwith some assistance fromPaul McCartney.During an interview withPlayboyin 1980, Lennon recounted: "The whole Beatles thing was just beyond comprehension. I was subconsciously crying out for help".

The song was ranked at number 29 onRolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Timein 2004 and 2010,[2]and then was re-ranked at number 447 in the 2021 list.[3]In 2008, the 1965Capitol Recordsrecording of "Help!" was inducted into theGrammy Hall of Fame.[4]

Composition

[edit]

The documentary seriesThe Beatles Anthologyrevealed that Lennon wrote the lyrics of the song to express his stress after the Beatles' quick rise to success. "I was fat and depressed and Iwascrying out for 'Help'",Lennon toldPlayboy.[5]WriterIan MacDonalddescribes the song as the first crack in the protective shell Lennon had built around his emotions during the Beatles' rise to fame, and an important milestone in his songwriting style.[6]

In the 1970Rolling Stone"Lennon Remembers" interviews, Lennon said that the song was one of his favourites among the Beatles songs he wrote. In these interviews, Lennon said he felt that "Help!" and "Strawberry Fields Forever"were his most honest, genuine Beatles songs and not just songs" written to order ". According to Lennon's cousin and boyhood friend Stanley Parkes," Help! "was written after Lennon" came in from the studio one night. 'God,' he said, 'they've changed the title of the film: it's going to be called 'Help!' now. So I've had to write a new song with the title called 'Help!'. "[7]

According to McCartney, he was called in "to complete it", providing the "countermelody"arrangement, on 4 April 1965 at Lennon's house inWeybridge.[8][9][10]

Recording

[edit]

The Beatles recorded "Help!" in 12 takes on 13 April 1965 usingfour-trackequipment. The first nine takes concentrated on the instrumental backing. The descending lead guitar riff that precedes each verse proved to be difficult, so by take 4 it was decided to postpone it for an overdub. To guide the later overdub byGeorge Harrison,Lennon thumped the beat on hisacoustic guitarbody, which can be heard in the finalstereomix. Lead and backing vocals were recorded twice onto take 9, along with atambourine.A reduction mix was applied to the two vocal tracks, taking three attempts (takes 10 to 12), freeing up a track for the lead guitar overdub.[11]This was the group's first use of two 4-track machines for"bouncing".[12]

The vocals were re-recorded for the film during a session on 24 May 1965 at CTS Studios, a facility specializing inpost-synchronisation.[13]In addition to attempting a better vocal performance, the session might have been done to eliminate the tambourine (which had been on the same track as the vocals) since no tambourine appeared in the film sequence.[14]With the new vocals, a mono mix was created at CTS Studios which was used for the film soundtrack. Mixes for record releases were prepared on 18 June. For the mono version, Martin decided to use a mix of the opening chorus of take 12 edited to the remainder of the CTS film mix.[13]Because all instruments were combined on a single track for the CTS session, it could not be used for a stereo mix, so the stereo mix was made from take 12.[14]

This film version of the song was only heard on the original VHS releases of the movie, later replaced by the stereo mixes. A true release was never issued. New mixes were created for releases of theHelp!CD (1987), theLovealbum (2006), and theHelp!DVD (2007).[11]

Releases

[edit]
Advertisement for "Help!"

"Help!" went to number 1 on both the UK and US singles charts in late summer 1965. It was the fourth of six number 1 singles in a row on the American charts: "I Feel Fine","Eight Days a Week","Ticket to Ride","Help! ","Yesterday"and"We Can Work It Out".[15]At the following year'sIvor Novello Awards,"Help!" was named as the second best-selling single of 1965, behind "We Can Work It Out".[16][17]"Help!" was nominated in four categories at the1966 Grammy Awardsbut failed to win in any of them.[18]

The song appears on theHelp!LP, the USHelp!soundtrack,1962–1966,theImagine: John Lennonsoundtrack,1,Love,andThe Capitol Albums, Volume 2.The mono version (with different vocals and no tambourine) was included on the Beatles'RaritiesLP and inThe Beatles in Monocollection. The American soundtrack album included a James Bond-type introduction to the song, followed by acaesurajust before the opening lyric. No such introduction appeared on the British soundtrack album, nor was it included in the released single in either country.

Although Lennon was proud of "Help!" and the honesty it conveyed, he expressed regret that the Beatles had recorded it at such a fasttempoin the interests of giving the track more commercial appeal.[6]Music criticDave Marshdisagreed, saying: "'Help!' isn't a compromise; it's bursting with vitality… [Lennon] sounds triumphant, because he's found a group of kindred spirits who are offering the very spiritual assistance and emotional support for which he's begging. Paul's echoing harmonies, Ringo's jaunty drums, the boom of George's guitar speak to the heart of Lennon's passion, and though they cannot cure the wound, at least they add a note of reassurance that he's not alone with his pain."[6]

Cash Boxdescribed "Help!" as a "hard-driving, rollicking ode about a poor lad who loses some of his independence after he becomes involved with a new gal" that is "sure of garnering instantaneous sales acceptance."[19]Upon the single release,Record Worldcorrectly predicted that it would go to #1.[20]

Promotional films

[edit]

The Beatles filmed the title performance for the movieHelp!on 22 April 1965. The same footage (without the darts and credits seen in the film sequence) was used as a clip to promote the release of the single. It was shown starting in July 1965 on programmes such asTop of the PopsandThank Your Lucky Stars.[21]They made another promotional clip of "Help!" on 23 November 1965 for inclusion in the year-end recap special ofTop of the Pops.Directed byJoseph McGrath,the black-and-white clip shows the group miming to the song while sitting astride a workbench. Starr holds an umbrella overhead throughout the song, which becomes useful as fake snow falls during the final verse.[22]The November 1965 promo was included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation1.[23]

Live performances

[edit]

The Beatles performed "Help!" live on the 1 August 1965 broadcast ofBlackpool Night Out,which was included in theAnthology 2album and shown duringThe Beatles Anthologydocumentary.[24]On 14 August, the group recorded a live performance of "Help!" and five other songs forThe Ed Sullivan Show,broadcast the following month;[25]the show is available on the DVDThe 4 Complete Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Beatles.

"Help!" was included in theset listforThe Beatles' 1965 US tour.The 15 August performance atShea Stadiumwas seen in the 1966 documentaryThe Beatles at Shea Stadium,although the audio for the song was re-recorded prior to release.[26]The group's 29 August performance at theHollywood Bowlwas chosen for the 1977 albumThe Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl.[27]The final live concert performances of "Help!" took place onThe Beatles' 1965 UK tourin December.

Personnel

[edit]

According toIan MacDonald:[8]

Charts

[edit]

Certifications and sales

[edit]
Certifications and sales for "Help!"
Region Certification Certified units/sales
France — 100,000[56]
Italy (FIMI)[57] Gold 50,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[58] Gold 30,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[60] Platinum 987,769[59]
United States (RIAA)[61] Gold 1,000,000^

^Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Bananarama version

[edit]
"Help!"
SinglebyBananarama&Lananeeneenoonoo
from the albumGreatest Hits Collection
B-side
  • "Help!" (Straight version) (7-inch)
  • "Love in a Factory" (12-inch)
Released13 February 1989(1989-02-13)[62]
RecordedJanuary 1989
StudioPWL, London
Genre
Length
  • 2:58(single version)
  • 6:31(extended version)
LabelLondon
Songwriter(s)Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)Stock Aitken Waterman
Bananaramasingles chronology
"Nathan Jones"
(1988) 		"Help!"
(1989) 		"Cruel Summer '89"
(1989)

British girl groupBananaramacovered the song with comediansFrench & SaundersandKathy Burke,who were credited asLananeeneenoonoo,which is a spoof of the Bananarama name.[63]The song was released in February 1989 as theRed Nose Daysingle to raise money forComic Relief.It was then included on the 1989 re-release of Bananarama'sGreatest Hits Collectionalbum. The single peaked at number three on theUK Singles Chartand was a Top-10 hit in several countries.[64]

Background and release

[edit]

In December 1988, comedy duo French and Saunders did a Christmas special sketch that poked fun at Bananarama, withDawn Frenchplaying a character based onKeren WoodwardandJennifer SaundersplayingSara Dallin.Guest comedian Kathy Burke played a character based onJacquie O'Sullivan.The sketch featured the trio recording music, being interviewed and making a video.[65]

French said she and Saunders were fans of Bananarama, and researched the sketch by watching interviews and talking to sources close to the band.[63]Bananarama said they "saw [the sketch] before it was even on television" and "everyone thought we would be furious... but we really laughed. It was hilarious". O'Sullivan described the sketch, which depicted a sometimes hostile dynamic towards her often drunk character, as accurate.[63]

After the sketch, Comic Relief decided to get in touch with French and Saunders to ask if they would do a single with Bananarama, so long as the latter would agree to it, which they did "without hesitation".[66]

The single was then released in February for the second Red Nose Day. Two-thirds of money from the sales of the single went to relief work in Africa, with the other third going to fight homelessness and drug and alcohol abuse in the UK and Ireland.[66][62]With the huge popular success of Red Nose Day, the single was also a hit, peaking at number 3 in the UK on the week of Red Nose Day (10 March) and staying at that position the following week.[67][64]This meant it became Bananarama's joint highest-charting song, along with "Robert De Niro's Waiting"and"Love in the First Degree".[67]

"Help!" was released with a B-side different version of the song, entitled as the bracketed "Straight Version" which removed the comedic parts by Lananeeneenoonoo. The 12-inch single featured another collaboration with Lananeeneenoonoo, "Love In The Factory", which was an improvised conversation sketch comedy featuring the two groups meeting in the studio.

For the 7-inch single release in Europe (outside of the UK) and Japan, the sides were switched, with the "Straight Version" of the song on the A-side.[68][69]This was due to the fact the three comedians were not so well known outside of the UK.

Music video

[edit]

The comedic music video was directed byAndy Morahan[70]and features the members of Bananarama and Lananeeneenoonoo all dressed in matching outfits. Their choreographed performance of the song is interspersed with scenes of the two groups attempting to ski and ride kick scooters around the film studio. Several shirtless male backup dancers — credited as Bassie, Norman, and Paul — accompany them as they perform the song.[70]Lananeeneenoonoo are featured with dialogue in the recording studio, and the production team look on in despair at their attempts at backing vocals.

Track listings

[edit]

7-inch: London / LON 222 (UK)[71]

  1. "Help!" – 2:58
  2. "Help" (Straight Version) – 2:22

7-inch: London / 886 492-7 / SOOP 1111 (Europe & Japan)[68][better source needed][69][better source needed]

  1. "Help!" (Straight version) – 2:22
  2. "Help!" (Comedy version) – 2:58

12-inch: London / LONX 222 (UK)[71]

  1. "Help!" (Extended version) – 6:31
  2. "Love In The Factory" (Extended version) – 4:17

CD: London / LONCD 222 (UK)[71]

  1. "Help!" – 2:58
  2. "Help" (Straight version) – 2:22
  3. "Love In The Factory" (Extended version) – 4:17

CD Mini: London / 886 598-3 / P00L 40008 (Germany & Japan)[71]

  1. "Help" (Straight Version) – 2:22
  2. "Help!" – 2:58

Personnel

[edit]

Musicians

Technical[70]

  • Karen Hewitt, Yoyo – engineering
  • Pete Hammond – mi xing
  • Chris McDonnell, Gordon Dennis, Jason Barron,Pete Day,Steve Davies – assistant mi xing
  • Terry O'Neill– photography

Charts

[edit]

Certifications

[edit]
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Sweden (GLF)[92] Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[93] Silver 200,000^

^Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Other cover versions

[edit]
  • Deep Purplereleased a ballad version on their debut albumShades of Deep Purplein 1968. According to the liner notes in the Deep Purple box setShades 1968–1998,"Lennon and McCartney were reportedly so knocked out by Purple's treatment, they wished they’d done it like that themselves”.
  • John Farnhamreleased a much-slower tempo, piano-basedballadversion of the song in 1980. His version peaked at No. 8 on the AustralianKent Music Reportsingles chart.[94]
  • Tina Turnerrecorded a version of Farnham's arrangement of the song. This was recorded prior to, and then included on, her 1984 albumPrivate Dancer.Her version was a top forty hit in several countries, including Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK.[95][96]
  • The singerHowie Dayrecorded the song for thesoundtrackof the 2001 filmI Am Sam.
  • Punk rock band TheDamnedcovered it as the b-side of their debut singleNew Rose.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Unterberger, Richie."1960s-Folk-Rock Overview".richieunterberger. Archived fromthe originalon 9 November 2013.Retrieved9 October2013.
  2. ^"500 Greatest Songs of All Time".Rolling Stone.11 December 2003.
  3. ^"Help! ranked #447 on Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs List".Rolling Stone.15 September 2021.Retrieved24 September2021.
  4. ^"GRAMMY Hall Of Fame | Hall of Fame Artists | GRAMMY".grammy.
  5. ^Spitz 2005,p. 555.
  6. ^abcSullivan, Steve (2013).Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings.Scarecrow Press. p. 224.ISBN978-0-8108-8296-6.
  7. ^Lennon.net 2004,p. 5.
  8. ^abMacDonald 2005,p. 153.
  9. ^Miles 1998,p. 199.
  10. ^Beatles Interview Database 1984,p. 2.
  11. ^abWinn 2008,pp. 314–316.
  12. ^Help! stereo remaster 2009 inlay card, "Recording notes".
  13. ^abWinn 2008,p. 320.
  14. ^abRyan & Kehew 2006,p. 392.
  15. ^Wallgren 1982,pp. 38–45.
  16. ^Miles 2001,p. 236.
  17. ^KRLA Beat staff (13 August 1966). "Lennon and McCartney Win Three Composer's Awards".KRLA Beat.p. 3.
  18. ^Miles 2001,p. 226.
  19. ^"CashBox Record Reviews"(PDF).Cash Box.24 July 1965. p. 12.Retrieved12 January2022.
  20. ^"Single Pick of the Week"(PDF).Record World.24 July 1965. p. 1.Retrieved21 July2023.
  21. ^Lewisohn 2000,p. 190.
  22. ^Lewisohn 2000,pp. 206–208.
  23. ^Rowe, Matt (18 September 2015)."The Beatles 1 To Be Reissued With New Audio Remixes... And Videos".The Morton Report.Archived fromthe originalon 29 December 2015.Retrieved9 January2016.
  24. ^Winn 2008,pp. 337–338.
  25. ^Lewisohn 2000,pp. 198–199.
  26. ^Lewisohn 2000,p. 215.
  27. ^Winn 2008,p. 354.
  28. ^Kent, David (2005).Australian Chart Book (1940–1969).Australian Chart Book.ISBN0-646-44439-5.
  29. ^"The Beatles – Help! "(in German).Ö3 Austria Top 40.Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  30. ^"The Beatles – Help! "(in Dutch).Ultratop 50.Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  31. ^"The Beatles – Help! "(in French).Ultratop 50.Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  32. ^"Top RPM Singles: Issue 5644."RPM.Library and Archives Canada.Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  33. ^abNyman, Jake (2005).Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja(in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi.ISBN951-31-2503-3.
  34. ^"Billboard Magazine, August 28, 1965".Billboard.28 August 1965.
  35. ^"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Help! ".Irish Singles Chart.Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  36. ^abSpinetoli, John Joseph.Artisti In Classifica: I Singoli: 1960-1999.Milano: Musica e dischi, 2000
  37. ^"Nederlandse Top 40 – week 32, 1965"(in Dutch).Dutch Top 40.Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  38. ^"The Beatles – Help! "(in Dutch).Single Top 100.Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  39. ^"Flavour of New Zealand – Search Lever Hit Parades".16 September 1965. Archived fromthe originalon 24 February 2021.Retrieved8 November2020.
  40. ^"The Beatles – Help! ".VG-lista.Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  41. ^"SA Charts 1965–March 1989".Retrieved1 September2018.
  42. ^abSalaverri, Fernando (September 2005).Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002(1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE.ISBN84-8048-639-2.
  43. ^Hallberg, Eric (1993).Eric Hallberg presenterar Kvällstoppen i P 3: Sveriges radios topplista över veckans 20 mest sålda skivor 10. 7. 1962 - 19. 8. 1975.Drift Musik. p. 130.ISBN9163021404.
  44. ^Hallberg, Eric; Henningsson, Ulf (1998).Eric Hallberg, Ulf Henningsson presenterar Tio i topp med de utslagna på försök: 1961 - 74.Premium Publishing. p. 53.ISBN919727125X.
  45. ^"Official Singles Chart Top 100".Official Charts Company.Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  46. ^"The Beatles Chart History (Hot 100)".Billboard.Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  47. ^Hoffmann, Frank (1983).The Cash Box Singles Charts, 1950-1981.Metuchen, NJ & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 32–34.
  48. ^"Offiziellecharts.de – The Beatles – Help! "(in German).GfK Entertainment charts.Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  49. ^"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Help! ".Irish Singles Chart.Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  50. ^"Official Singles Chart Top 100".Official Charts Company.Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  51. ^"Hits of the World".Billboard.18 September 1965. p. 30.Retrieved30 March2011.
  52. ^"Hits of the World".Billboard.25 September 1965. p. 34.Retrieved30 March2011.
  53. ^"Top 20 Hit Singles of 1965".Retrieved2 September2018.
  54. ^"Top Singles of 1965"(PDF).Billboard.25 December 1965. p. 22.Retrieved8 November2020.
  55. ^"Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 25, 1965".Archived fromthe originalon 10 May 2017.Retrieved16 February2018.
  56. ^Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique(SNEP). Fabrice Ferment (ed.)."TOP – 1965".40 ans de tubes: 1960–2000: les meilleures ventes de 45 tours & CD singles(in French).OCLC469523661.Archived fromthe originalon 30 May 2022.Retrieved6 May2023– via Top-France.fr.
  57. ^"Italian single certifications – The Beatles – Help!"(in Italian).Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana.Retrieved1 October2024.
  58. ^"Spanish single certifications – The Beatles – Help!".El portal de Música.Productores de Música de España.Retrieved16 January2024.
  59. ^Copsey, Rob (19 September 2017)."The UK's Official Chart 'millionaires' revealed".Official Charts Company.Retrieved2 August2014.
  60. ^"British single certifications – Beatles – Help".British Phonographic Industry.Retrieved21 December2021.
  61. ^"American single certifications – The Beatles – Help".Recording Industry Association of America.Retrieved14 May2016.
  62. ^ab"News"(PDF).Record Mirror:4. 4 February 1989.Retrieved26 October2020.
  63. ^abc"A Journey Through Stock Aitken Waterman: Ep 43: Help! (and Pop Life) on Apple Podcasts".Apple Podcasts.Retrieved12 January2023.
  64. ^abc"Bananarama: Artist Chart History".Official Charts Company.
  65. ^Davearama (5 May 2017)."Poptastic Confessions!: Revisiting Lananeeneenoonoo".Poptastic Confessions!.Retrieved24 October2020.
  66. ^ab"Bananarama! With French and Saunders!? Whatisgoing on??? ".Smash Hits.8–21 February 1989. p. 22.Retrieved26 October2020– via sites.google.
  67. ^abMasterton, James.Chart Watch UK – Hits of 1989.James Masterton.ISBN978-0-463-13857-1.
  68. ^ab"Bananarama – Lananeeneenoonoo – Help!".Discogs.1989.Retrieved24 October2020.
  69. ^ab"Bananarama – Help".Discogs.1989.Retrieved24 October2020.
  70. ^abcdBananarama; Lananeeneenoonoo (1989).Help! 7 "single(liner).London Records.
  71. ^abcd"Bananarama detailed discography – Help!".bananarama.co.uk.Retrieved24 October2020.
  72. ^"Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help ".ARIA Top 50 Singles.
  73. ^"Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help "(in Dutch).Ultratop 50.
  74. ^"B.T.".B.T.5 May 1989.
  75. ^"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles"(PDF).Music & Media.Vol. 6, no. 12. 25 March 1989. pp. 24–25.Retrieved27 October2020.
  76. ^"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles"(PDF).Music & Media.Vol. 6, no. 13. 1 April 1989. p. 29.Retrieved27 October2020.
  77. ^"Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help "(in French).Les classement single.
  78. ^"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Help ".Irish Singles Chart.
  79. ^"Nederlandse Top 40 – Bananarama & Lananeeneenoonoo "(in Dutch).Dutch Top 40.
  80. ^"Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help "(in Dutch).Single Top 100.
  81. ^"Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help ".Top 40 Singles.
  82. ^"Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help ".VG-lista.
  83. ^"Top 3 Singles in Europe"(PDF).Music & Media.Vol. 6, no. 21. 27 May 1989. p. 22.Retrieved25 September2020.
  84. ^"Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help ".Singles Top 100.
  85. ^"Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help ".Swiss Singles Chart.
  86. ^"Offiziellecharts.de – Bananarama / Lananeeneenoonoo – Help "(in German).GfK Entertainment charts.
  87. ^"Jaaroverzichten 1989"(in Dutch).Ultratop.Retrieved9 February2021.
  88. ^"Eurochart Hot 100 1989"(PDF).Music & Media.Vol. 6, no. 51. 23 December 1989. p. 6.Retrieved9 February2021.
  89. ^"Year End Singles".Record Mirror.27 January 1990. p. 44.
  90. ^Copsey, Rob (7 May 2021)."Official Top 40 best-selling songs of 1989".Official Charts.Retrieved25 October2023.
  91. ^"Top 100 Singles–Jahrescharts 1989"(in German).GfK Entertainment.Retrieved9 February2021.
  92. ^"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998"(PDF)(in Swedish).IFPI Sweden.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 17 May 2011.Retrieved9 February2021.
  93. ^"British single certifications – Bananarama & Lananeenoonoo – Help".British Phonographic Industry.Retrieved9 February2021.
  94. ^Kent, David(1993).Australian Chart Book 1970–1992.St Ives, NSW:Australian Chart Book.ISBN0-646-11917-6.
  95. ^"ultratop.be – Tina Turner – Help".Ultratop.Retrieved11 November2020.
  96. ^"Official Charts > Tina Turner".Official Charts Company.Retrieved28 May2019.
[edit]

References

[edit]
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