Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic
 | This is thepronunciation keyforIPAtranscriptions of Scottish Gaelic on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Scottish Gaelic in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensuson thetalk pagefirst. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.For the distinction between[ ],/ /and ⟨⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)representsScottish Gaelicpronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPAandWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
SeeScottish Gaelic phonologyandScottish Gaelic orthographyfor a more thorough look at the sounds of Scottish Gaelic.
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Varying IPA conventions
[edit]Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly those used inCeltic Studies.The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered. If an IPA symbol is not in the table below, the source uses the same symbol as above.
| Borgstrøm (1937)[5] (Barra) |
Borgstrøm (1940)[6] (Outer Hebrides) |
Oftedal (1956)[7] (Lewis) |
Ó Murchú (1989)[8] (East Perthshire) |
Cox (2002)[9] (Lewis) |
Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10] (over-regional) |
Black (2006)[11] (over-regional) |
Klevenhaus (2009)[12] Bauer (2011)[13] (both over-regional) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ç | ç | ç′ | ç | x′ | ç | ç | ç | ç |
| ʝ | j | j′ | ǰ | ɣ′ | ʝ | j | j | ʝ |
| k | g̊, k | g̬, k | g | ɡ | g | g | g,[14]k[15] | g |
| kʲ | g̊′, k′ | g̬′, k′ | ǵ | ɡ′ | g̭' | gʲ | gʲ,[14]kʲ[15] | gʲ |
| kʰ | kʽ | kʽ | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| kʲʰ | k′ʽ | k′ʽ | ḱ | k′ | k′ | kʲ | kʲ | kʲ |
| l̪ˠ | L | L | L | ɬ | L | ɫ̪ | L | L |
| ʎ | L′ | L′ | L′ | — | L′ | ʎ | Lʲ | Lʲ |
| l | l′ | l′ | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| n̪ˠ | N | N | N | — | N | ᵰ̪ | N | N |
| ɲ | N′ | N′ | N′ | — | N′ | ɲ | Nʲ | Nʲ |
| p | b̥, p | b̬, p | b | b | b | b | b,[14]p[15] | b |
| pʰ | pʽ | pʽ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| rˠ | R | R, Ṛ | R | — | R | ᵲ | R | R |
| ɾ | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r |
| ɾʲ | r′ | r′, ð′ | ð | — | ð | rʲ | rʲ | rʲ |
| s̪ | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | š | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ |
| t̪ | d̥, t | d̬, t | d | d | d | d̪ | d,[14]t[15] | d |
| tʲ | d̥′ž,d̥′, t′ | d̬′ž,d̬′, t′ | d′ | ǰ | d′ | dʲ | dʲ,[14]tʲ[15] | dʲ |
| t̪ʰ | tʽ | tʽ | t | t | t | t̪ | t | t |
| tʲʰ | tʽ′ʃ,tʽ′ | tʽ′ʃ,tʽ′ | t′ | č | t′ | tʲ | tʲ | tʲ |
| ɯ | ʎ | ʎ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ʎ | ɯ |
| ɤ | ø | ø | ə | ɤ | ɤ | ɤ | ə | ɤ |
| ɛ | ɛ, æ | ɛ, æ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ |
| a | a | a | a | ɑ | a | a | a | a |
Notes
[edit]- ^Scottish Gaelic contrasts betweenvelarized( "broad" ) andpalatalized( "slender" ) consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩, are pronounced with the back of thetongueraised toward thevelum,which happens to the/l/in Englishpillin some accents likeRPandGeneral Americanand in all positions inScottish English.Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward thehard palate,in a manner similar to the articulation of the ⟨y⟩ sound inyes.InScottish Gaelic orthography,broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, while slender ones are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
- ^abcdefNeither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide/j/.
- ^abcdeIn initial position, theaspiratedstops/kʰ,kʲʰ,pʰ,t̪ʰ,tʲʰ/are postaspirated[kʰ,kʲʰ,pʰ,t̪ʰ,tʲʰ].In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they arepreaspirated[xk,çkʲ,hp,ht̪,htʲ].
- ^ab[ə]and[ɪ]are never long and they only ever occur in unstressed position, the latter before a slender consonant.
- ^Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1937). "The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides".Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap.8:71–242.
- ^Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1940).The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides.A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskapsuppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug.
- ^Oftedal, Magne (1956).The Gaelic of Leurbost.A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskapsuppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug.
- ^Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1989).East Perthshire Gaelic.Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.ISBN0-901282-93-6.
- ^Cox, Richard A. V. (2002).The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis.School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.ISBN1-85500-192-6.
- ^Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard (2008).Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks.Edinburgh: Birlinn.ISBN978-1-84158-643-4.
- ^Black, Ronald (2006).Cothrom Ionnsachaidh.Edinburgh.ISBN0906981336.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^Klevenhaus, Michael (2009).Lehrbuch der schottisch-gälischen Sprache.Hamburg: Buske.ISBN978-3-87548-520-2.
- ^Bauer, Michael (2011).Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation.Glasgow: Akerbeltz.ISBN978-1907165009.
- ^abcdeWord-initial.
- ^abcdeMedial or final.