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Henry Garnet

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For the African-American abolitionist, seeHenry Highland Garnet.

The Rev.
Henry Garnet
SJ
A portrait of Garnet pointing to the bloodstained straw husk saved from the scene of his execution and said to bear his image
BornJuly 1555
Heanor, Derbyshire, England
Died3 May 1606 (aged 50)
St Paul's, London
Cause of deathExecution
OccupationJesuit superior in England
Parent(s)Brian Garnett, Alice Jay
Conviction(s)Treason
Criminal penaltyHanged, drawn and quartered
Date apprehended
27 January 1606

Henry GarnetSJ(July 1555 – 3 May 1606), sometimesHenry Garnett,was an EnglishJesuitpriest executed forhigh treason,based solely on having had advanced knowledge of the 1605Gunpowder Plotand having refused to violate the Seal of the Confessional by notifying the authorities. Born inHeanor,Derbyshire, he was educated inNottinghamand later atWinchester Collegebefore he moved to London in 1571 to work for a publisher. There he professed an interest in legal studies and in 1575, he travelled to the continent and joined theSociety of Jesus.He was ordained in Rome some time around 1582.

In 1586 Garnet returned to England as part of the Jesuit mission, soon succeeding FatherWilliam Westonas Jesuitsuperior,following the latter's capture by the English authorities. Garnet established a secret press, which lasted until late 1588, and in 1594 he interceded in theWisbech Stirs,a dispute betweensecularandregular clergy.Fr. Garnet preferrednonviolent resistanceto thereligious persecutionCatholics faced in England. He accordingly approved of the disclosure by Catholic priests of the existence of the 1603Bye Plot,and repeatedly exhorted English Catholics not to plot violentregime change.

In summer 1605 Garnet met withRobert Catesby,a member of theEnglish nobilitywho, unknown to him, planned to assassinate the ProtestantKing James I.The existence of Catesby's Gunpowder Plot was revealed to Fr. Garnet by FatherOswald Tesimondon 24 July 1605, but as the information was received under theseal of the confessional,canon law prevented Frs. Garnet and Tesimond from telling the authorities under penalty of immediate excommunication. Instead, Fr. Garnet pleaded with Catesby to cancel what he was plotting. Fr. Garnet also wrote to his superiors in Rome, urging them to order English Catholics not to use violence.

When the plot failed Garnet went into hiding, but he was eventually arrested on 27 January 1606. He was taken to London and interrogated by thePrivy Council,whose members includedJohn Popham,Edward CokeandRobert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury.Imprisoned in theTower of London,his conversations with fellow prisonerEdward Oldcornewere monitored by eavesdroppers, and his letters to friends such asAnne Vauxwere intercepted. His conviction, announced at the end of his trial on 28 March 1606, was a foregone conclusion. Criticised for his use ofequivocation,which Coke called "open and broad lying and forswearing", and condemned for not warning the authorities of what Catesby planned, he was sentenced to behanged, drawn and quartered.He was executed on 3 May 1606.

Early life[edit]

Henry Garnet (or Garnett) was born some time around July 1555 atHeanorin Derbyshire, son of Brian Garnet (or Garnett) and Alice (née Jay). He had at least five siblings: two brothers, Richard and John, and three sisters, Margaret, Eleanor and Anne,[1]all of whom became nuns atLouvain.[2]He was uncle toSaint Thomas GarnetSJ. Henry studied at thegrammar school in Nottinghamwhere, from 1565, his father was master. Following his election as a scholar on 24 August 1567, in 1568 he enteredWinchester College,where he apparently excelled.[1]His love of music and "rare and delightful" voice were complemented by an ability to perform songs without preparation, and he was reportedly also skilled with thelute.[2]Father Thomas Stanney wrote that Garnet was "the prime scholar of Winchester College, very skilful in music and in playing upon the instruments, very modest in his countenance and in all his actions, so much that the schoolmasters and wardens offered him very great friendship, to be placed by their means in New College, Oxford."[1]

Rome[edit]

Garnet's superior in Rome,Claudio Acquaviva

Garnet did not enterNew College;instead, late in 1571, he left Winchester for London.[1]There he worked for a legal publisher,Richard Tottell,as a proof-reader and corrector.[2]He often dined with SirJohn Popham,who asLord Chief Justicewas to preside over the trial of the Gunpowder Plotters, men whose association with Garnet would eventually prove so fateful. Although Garnet professed to Popham an interest in legal studies, in 1575 he sailed forPortugalwithGiles Gallop,to enter theSociety of Jesus.[1]

The two men travelled to Rome and on 11 September 1575 were accepted into the church atSant'Andrea della Valle.[1]Garnet studied under the theologian FatherRobert Bellarmine.[3]Two of his professors,Christopher ClaviusandRobert Bellarmine,praised his abilities. He was ordained sometime around 1582 and stayed in Rome as a Professor of Hebrew,[2]lecturing also on metaphysics and mathematics. He was also an English confessor at St Peter's, but in May 1584 his academic career was curtailed when, perhaps as a consequence of a petition from the Jesuitsuperiorfor EnglandWilliam Weston,[4]FatherRobert Personsasked that he be sent to England. TheSuperior GeneralClaudio Acquaviva,who saw Garnet as his successor, refused this request. He thought Garnet more suited to "the quiet life" than that which awaited him in England, but on 2 May 1586 he relented and allowed him to leave. Appointed superior for the journey, Garnet travelled withRobert Southwell,leaving forCalaison 8 May. He landed nearFolkestoneearly in July 1586.[1]

England[edit]

After meeting the Jesuit superior for EnglandWilliam Westonat a London inn, Garnet, Southwell and Weston travelled toHarlesford,nearMarlow, Buckinghamshire.Spending just over a week at the home of Richard Bold, they engaged in prayer and masses, and also took confessions. They discussed theirmissionin England, deciding to meet each year in February and August (later changed to Easter and autumn). Weston also gave the two men details of Catholic houses that would shelter them.[5][6]

Acquaviva had instructed that should anything happen to Weston, Garnet was to succeed him assuperiorin England, which he did when only days after leaving Harlesford, Weston was captureden routeto London.[nb 1]Acquaviva had also given Garnet permission to print pro-Catholic literature, and so early the next year he met Southwell in London to discuss the establishment of a secret press, which was probably located somewhere around a formerAugustinianhospital nearSpitalfields.It lasted until late 1588 and was responsible forA Consolatory Letter to All the Afflicted Catholikes in England,author unknown, andAn Epistle of Comfort,by Southwell.[1]From a friend's window inLudgate Hill,Garnet witnessed the November 1588 procession to a thanksgiving service atOld St Paul's Cathedral,celebrating the failedSpanish invasion.Spain's actions gave Garnet much cause for concern, "For when we thought that there was an end to these disasters by which we are already nearly destroyed, our hope was suddenly turned to sorrow, and now with redoubled effort the overseers are pressing upon us".[8]People were allowed to spectate from windows only if their loyalty toQueen Elizabeth Iwas guaranteed by the householder. In a letter to Acquaviva, Garnet said that many of his supporters thought that he was more concerned for the Queen than herCalvinistministers. In light of the Armada's destruction, he also wrote to the general to ask for advice on two versions of a proposed oath to allow Roman Catholics to swear their allegiance to the Queen. The government's version required that Catholics reject the pope's authority over Elizabeth, whereas the Catholic version proposed that they recognise her authority and "would wish with every effort to struggle to thwart and to fight to the death all those who will in any way endanger the life of her Highness". The Privy Council rejected the latter.[9]

In 1591 Garnet was almost caught atBaddesley Clinton

Garnet's first few years in England were spent meeting new priests in London, includingJohn GerardandEdward Oldcorne.[10]Jesuits had been banished from England since 1585, and if discovered they risked being charged withhigh treason.[nb 2]Avoiding pursuers was therefore a recurrent problem, and Garnet was almost caught on several occasions.[1]As a result of an almost disastrous meeting atBaddesley Clintonin 1591, when he and many others were almost captured together while renewing their vows, he reorganised the mission into eleven smaller groups, each assigned two weeks annually.[11]Following Southwell's capture in June 1592, and the search ofAnne VauxandEleanor Brooksby's rented house inWarwickshire,he wrote to Acquaviva to ask for an assistant who could succeed him as superior.Henry Walpolewas thus dispatched, but was captured on his arrival in December 1593, and executed in York in April 1595.[1]Garnet believed that it was his duty to observe (in disguise) the executions of his fellow priests, so as to secretly administer thelast rites,[12]and he may have been present at Southwell's execution at Tyburn in 1595.[1]The latter's death was a significant blow for Garnet, who later wrote of the "intolerable burden of loneliness" he carried while in England.[13]

In November 1593 Garnet travelled to the decrepit and decayedWisbech Castle,requisitioned by the government in 1579 for the internment of Catholic priests.[14]William Weston was held there. The castle's inhabitants were supported by Catholicalmsand lived a relatively comfortable existence; Garnet was complimentary about Wisbech, calling it a "college of venerable confessors". The following year he mediated in a dispute there betweensecularandregular clergy(the latter represented by the Jesuits), which became known as theWisbech Stirs.The argument was settled by the end of the year, but Garnet was concerned that reports of discontent at the Jesuit-administeredEnglish College in Romeand tension between some Catholic English exiles in Brussels might undermine his efforts to stabilise the situation.[1][nb 3]

Gunpowder Plot[edit]

Introduction to Catesby[edit]

Garnet spent much of 1604 on the move, although few details of his travels exist. At Easter he reportedly gave a Mass atTwigmoor Hall,the house ofJohn Wright.In November he was withAnne Vaux(whose family he had been introduced to in summer 1586)[1]at White Webbs near Enfield, renewing the vows given on theFeast of the Presentation of Our Lady.[17]On 9 June 1605, he was to be found in a room on Thames Street in London, withRobert Catesby.In the midst of what Garnet later recalled was a seemingly casual conversation, Catesby asked the priest about the morality of "killing innocents". Garnet replied according to Catholic theology, that often, during war, innocents were killed alongside the enemy. According toAntonia Fraser,Garnet may have thought that Catesby's request was to do with him possibly raising a regiment in Flanders.[18]

Garnet was not at all like Catesby, described by Fraser as possessing the mentality "of the crusader who does not hesitate to employ the sword in the cause of values which he considers are spiritual".[19]Catesby was also described as "exceedingly tangled in debts and barely able to subsist"[20]In contrast, Garnet believed that "things were best settled by submission to the will of God."[12]He was ebullient over KingJames I's succession to the English throne and hoped that there would be no foreign interference.[21]Of the 1603Bye Plot,revealed (with his blessing) to thePrivy Councilby two Catholic priests, he wrote that it was "a piece of impudent folly, for we know that it is by peaceful means that his Holiness and other princes are prepared to help us."[22]He exhorted thatPope Clement VIIIinstruct all English Catholics not to engage in violent rebellion, "quiete et pacifice". It was a message echoed byArchpriestGeorge Blackwell,who commanded his priests never to attempt any such thing,[23]but it proved controversial; early in summer 1605 Garnet reported to Rome that English Catholics had reached "a stage of desperation".[24]

The two met again in July at Fremland inEssex.Garnet told Catesby that he "wished him to look what he did if he intended anything. That he must first look to the lawfulness of the act itself, and then he must not have so little regard of Innocents that he spare not friends and necessary persons for the Commonwealth." When Catesby offered to tell the priest more, Garnet declined: "I told him what charge we all had of quietness and to procure the like in others." Garnet also spoke withWilliam Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle,asking him "if Catholics were able to make their part good by arms against the King", but Monteagle's reply was vague. Author Alan Haynes suggests that Garnet may at that point have become marginalised.[25]

Seal of the confessional[edit]

Garnet later claimed to have been ignorant ofCatesby's designsuntil 24 July, when he was approached by FatherOswald Tesimond."An intelligent and thoughtful man", Tesimond wanted his superior's advice as Catesby had recently told him of his plan.[18]As Garnet viewed Tesimond's information as having been imparted under theseal of the confessional,he later claimed to have felt unable to warn anyone of Catesby's plan.[26]According to his own account, the two had a third meeting around 24 July. He read to Catesby a letter he had received from Persons, urging him to speak to the Pope before attempting any scheme, but fearful of being discovered, Catesby declined.[27]So Garnet wrote to Aquaviva, claiming to have prevented several outbreaks of violence, and of his suspicion that there was "a risk that some private endeavour may commit treason or use force against the King".[28]As he had done following the failed Bye Plot, he urged the pope to publicly warn against the use of force, attempting to hide his knowledge of the plot by suggesting that the warning be aimed at recusants in Wales. He also sentSir Edmund Baynhamto deliver the same message, and when Parliament was prorogued on 28 July, Garnet satisfied himself that the danger had been averted.[26]

On 24 August he was at White Webbs near Enfield, with Anne Vaux, her sisterEleanor Brooksby,her nephewWilliam Brooksbyand his wife Dorothy. A few days later the group set out on a pilgrimage toSt Winefride's WellatHolywellin Wales. They travelled toJohn Grant's home atNorbrook,thenHuddington CourtnearWorcester,throughShrewsbury,and finally to Wales. About 30 people made the journey west, includingEverard Digbyand his wife, and their secret chaplainEdward Oldcorne,andNicholas Owen.[29]On his return from Wales, Garnet travelled with Anne Vaux toRushton Hall,home of the recently deceasedThomas Tresham(father toFrancis Tresham). From there they travelled to Digby's home atGayhurst Housein Buckinghamshire. Vaux was suspicious that so many horses were being collected at the homes of her friends and family, and confessed to Garnet her fear that "these wild heads had something in hand". She asked him to speak with Catesby, but Garnet reassured her that Catesby was instead seeking a commission in Flanders. Garnet wrote a letter of recommendation for Catesby for that very purpose.[30]When in October Vaux raised the issue once more, claiming that several women had asked her where they should retreat to once "the brunt was passed in the beginning of Parliament", Garnet again mentioned Flanders, although Fraser suggests that Vaux's questioning must have concerned him deeply.[31][32]

Arrest and imprisonment[edit]

Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury,was part of the Privy Council that interrogated Garnet.

Garnet was atCoughton Courton 6 November whenThomas Batesbrought news of the plot's failure. Catesby wanted him to help raise support in Wales, where it was thought Catholic support would be more likely, but Garnet was horrified. In a letter to Catesby and Digby, he urged them to abandon their "wicked actions" and follow the pope's advice.[33]He spent weeks on the run but was eventually arrested on 27 January 1606, atHindlip Hall.There, for eight days, he and Fr.Edward Oldcorne(later beatified as the Blessed Edward Oldcorne) had secreted themselves in a small, cramped space, unable even to stand or stretch their legs. They received sustenance from their protectors through a small drinking straw hidden within the building's structure, but with nocommodeor drainage they were eventually forced by "customs of nature which must of necessity be done" to emerge from hiding, and were immediately captured.[34]They were taken first toHolt Castlein Worcestershire, and a few days later to London. Garnet was still weak from his ordeal, and Salisbury therefore ordered that he be given a good mount; his supplies were paid for by the king. The group was accompanied by a Puritan minister who "ranted at length without interruption", but Garnet's replies remained erudite, brief and clear—much to the minister's disappointment. On his arrival in London he was taken to theGatehouse PrisoninWestminster,which was already home to many Catholic prisoners, including his nephew, FatherThomas Garnet.[35]

Garnet first appeared in front of the Privy Council on 13 February 1606. Present wereJohn Popham,Edward Coke,SirWilliam Waad,and the Earls ofWorcester,Northampton,NottinghamandSalisbury.Superficially, they treated him with respect, removing their hats and addressing him as "Mr Garnet", although they made fun of his relationship with Anne Vaux, claiming he was her lover, not her confessor.[36]During his questioning he admitted some of his movements, and that he had received Catesby's letter on 6 November, but he denied being involved in the plot, whose members he did not name. Garnet was convinced that his captors were interested only in the failed scheme and believed he might be able to clear his name, but the councillors also asked him about thedoctrine of equivocation.His own treatise on this topic, one of the "heretical, treasonable and damnable books" found amongst Francis Tresham's possessions, was laid on the council table before him.[nb 4]Although it condemned lying, Garnet's treatise supported the notion that when questioned, for instance, on the presence of a priest in his house, a Catholic might "securely in conscience" answer "No" if he had a "secret meaning reserved in his mind". The occasions on which a Catholic might legitimately use equivocation, he supposed, were limited, but such replies could be taken as an example of insincerity or deviousness—especially to the king's council, who may not have wanted to see Garnet prove his case. The council's view of equivocation was very different from Garnet's. In their eyes, it was simple deceit.[38]

The next day, Garnet was moved to theTower of London,into what he described as "a very fine chamber". He was affordedclaretwith his meals, though it took him some time to get bedding and coal for the fireplace. He claimed that Lieutenant of the Tower William Waad treated him well, although on the subject of religion his speeches became "violent and impotent".[39]

Garnet's recent interrogation was only the first of many. Generally, his answers were carefully considered and demonstrated a passive resistance to his questioners; the use of therackwas a distinct possibility, one which he answered with "Minare ista pueris[Such threats are only for children] ".[nb 5]What information he did give up was of limited interest only.[40]His jailer, a man named Carey, was employed by Waad to gain the priest's trust, offering to relay letters to his nephew in the Gatehouse Prison. Carey then placed Garnet into a cell containing a hole through which he was able to converse with Oldcorne, who was in a neighbouring cell. From "a place which was made for this precise purpose", two government eavesdroppers were therefore able to record details of conversations between the two priests. Their communications were mostly innocent, although Garnet's admission that on one occasion he drank too much wine was later used against him, along with other incriminating evidence recorded during their stay. His communications with his nephew, and Anne Vaux, were also intercepted.[41]Most of these letters found their intended recipient, but not before they had first been read by Waad, who also kept Salisbury informed.[39]Although Garnet told Vaux that the Council's evidence constituted nothing but "presumptions", insufficient for a state trial, early in March he confessed, possibly as a result of torture.[41]Vaux too was arrested and interrogated twice, just as further questions were being asked of Garnet by the council and the king, the latter of whom was interested in his opinion on theological matters.[42]

Despite his claims to have been horrified by Catesby's plan, his declaration, which admitted that he had "dealt very reservedly with your Lordships in the case of the late powder action",[43]gave the government proof that he had prior knowledge of the plot, and in their view, he was therefore guilty ofmisprision of treason.[44]

Trial[edit]

SirEdward Cokeaccused Garnet of involvement in every treason since 1586.

Garnet's trial took place on Friday 28 March 1606. He was taken to theGuildhallby closed coach; an unusual method, considering prisoners were usually walked to trial, though the authorities may have had some concern about support from a sympathetic crowd.[45]The trial began at about 9:30 am and lasted all day. In attendance were King James (hidden from public view) and several courtiers includingLady Arbella StuartandCatherine Howard, Countess of Suffolk.Garnet was introduced with his various aliases, which included "Whalley, otherwise Darcy, otherwise Roberts, otherwise Farmer, otherwise Philips". He was accused of having conspired with Catesby on 9 June 1605 to kill the king, his son, and to "alter and subvert the government of the kingdom and the true worship of God established in England". He was also accused of having conspired with several others to blow up the House of Lords with gunpowder. He pleaded "not guilty".[46]

Speaking for the government,Edward Cokeaccused him of involvement in every treason since 1586, the year he returned to England. According to Coke, the provincial superior was involved in theMainandByePlots of 1603. He had sentEdmund Baynhamto Rome to gain papal approval for the 1605 plot, and while at Coughton in November, had prayed "for the success of the great action". Coke called Garnet "a doctor of five Ds, namely, of dissimulation, of deposing of princes, of disposing of kingdoms, of daunting and deterring of subjects, and of destruction". His supposed inappropriate relationship with Anne Vaux was mentioned, but his adherence to the doctrine of equivocation proved extremely damaging.Francis Tresham's deathbed letter, which claimed that Garnet had played no part in the so-called Spanish Treason,[nb 6]was read aloud. Tresham claimed not to have seen Garnet "for fifteen or sixteen years before", despite government evidence that the two had met more recently. Garnet had not seen the letter and did not know that it referred to events before 1602, not 1605. He was unable to explain it, except by saying "it may be, my Lord, that he meant to equivocate."[48]

Statements regarding Jesuit-encouraged plots againstQueen Elizabethwere read to the court, as well as some of the plotters' confessions. Garnet defended his use of equivocation with his own treatise on the doctrine. He had denied his conversation with Oldcorne as it was a secret, but said that in matters of faith, equivocation could never be lawful. When asked by Salisbury what he would do if the pope excommunicated King James, he "denied to answer".[49]His defence of equivocation was scorned by Coke, who called it "open and broad lying and forswearing". As for Tesimond's confession, the planned assassination had not at that point happened and so Salisbury said that Garnet could easily have alerted the government. Salisbury attacked the idea that it had ever been made under the seal of the confessional, and claimed anyway that Garnet could have warned the authorities after his more ordinary conversation with Catesby about the death of innocents; the priest replied by saying that at the time, he did not understand the relevance of Catesby's questions. The Earl of Northampton said, in Latin, "quod non-prohibet cum potest, jubet"(what a man does not forbid when he can, he orders). Garnet's defence, that he had forbidden Catesby from proceeding, was futile.[50]

The jury took fifteen minutes to decide that Garnet was guilty of treason. He was sentenced to behanged, drawn and quartered.[51]

Execution[edit]

The day after his trial Garnet made a new statement, which he hoped would clarify his dealings with Tresham. He also wrote to the king, reiterating his stance on violence against a rightful monarch. When the government lied and told him they had captured Tesimond, he wrote an apologetic letter to the priest regarding the nature of their conversation the previous year. He also wrote a final letter to Anne Vaux, on 21 April, relating his lack of fortune over the previous few months.[52]

After about three months spent in the Tower, on Saturday 3 May 1606 Garnet was strapped to a wooden hurdle and taken by three horses to thechurchyardofSt Paul's.He wore a black cloak over his clothes and hat, and spent much of the journey with his hands together and eyes closed. Present in the churchyard were theSheriff of London,Sir Henry Montague,George AbbotandJohn Overal.When asked if he had knowledge of any further treasons, Garnet replied that he had nothing to say. He rejected any entreatments to abandon his faith for Protestantism, and said that he had committed no offence against the king. The only thing he thought he might be condemned for was for abiding by the terms of the confessional, and if by that action he had offended the king or state, he asked for forgiveness. The recorder announced that this was an admission of guilt, but Garnet reiterated his not guilty plea and continued to argue the point.[53]

Garnet highlighted the date of his execution, 3 May, theFeast of the Cross,and reaffirmed his innocence. He defended Anne Vaux against claims that their relationship had been inappropriate. He then prayed at the base of the ladder, disrobed down to his long, sewn-up shirt, "that the wind might not blow it up", and mounted the ladder. He ignored a Protestant minister who came forward, replying to an objectionable member of the audience that he "ever meant to die a true but perfect Catholic". Bishop Overal protested that "we are all Catholics", although Garnet disagreed with this. He once again said his prayers, and was then thrown off the ladder. Before the executioner could cut him down alive, many in the crowd pulled on his legs, and as a result, Garnet did not suffer the remainder of his grim sentence.[nb 7]There was no applause when the executioner held Garnet's heart aloft and said the traditional words, "Behold the heart of a traitor".[55]His head was set on a pole on London Bridge, but crowds of onlookers fascinated by its fresh and unblemished appearance eventually forced the government to turn the head upward, so its face was no longer visible.[56]

The Face in the Straw, from Abbot's Anthologia, 1613. Also to be seen in Garnet's portrait.

A bloodstained straw husk saved from the scene of the execution and said to bear Garnet's image became an object of curiosity. It was smuggled out of the country into the possession of theSociety of Jesus,before being lost during theFrench Revolution.[57]

Writings[edit]

Garnet's writings includeAn Apology Against the Defence of Schisme(1593), an attack against churchpapistry[58]in which he scoldedThomas Bellfor supporting the occasional taking of Communion in theChurch of England.This was followed byA Treatise of Christian Renunciation(1593), which comprised a selection of quotations on what Catholics should be prepared to renounce for their faith, andThe Societie of the Rosary(1593–1594)[1]

His defence of the practice ofequivocationwas published inA Treatise against lying and fraudulent dissimulation(c. 1598), originally titledA Treatise of Equivocation.Equivocation was condemned by most of his Protestant contemporaries as outright lying. EvenWilliam Shakespearemay have alluded to Garnet inMacbethwith the following line: "who committed treason enough for God's sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven",[59]although Shakespeare's personal views on equivocation are unknown.

References[edit]

Notes

  1. ^Weston's capture came as a result of intensified persecution of Catholics, caused by theBabington Plot.[7]
  2. ^SeeJesuits, etc. Act 1584
  3. ^Jesuits preferred to hold to traditional Catholic values, risking death if captured, but some in Wisbech painted them as traitors.[15]Their opponents wanted a compromise with the English government, hoping for more toleration by practising a minority form of Catholicism. They wanted an end to the Jesuit administration of continental seminaries, the removal of the Jesuits from the Catholic mission and the restoration of ordinary episcopal governance in England.The type of episcopal governance the Appellants wanted involved English Catholic bishops being granted the traditional powers of consecration and confirmation, distancing them from Rome, and advancing their cause to have Catholicism in England accepted as a minority religion.[16]
  4. ^The Council may not have realised that the treatise was authored by Garnet.[37]
  5. ^Haynes (2005) appears to have misspelt this asMinute ista pueris.
  6. ^Perhaps thinking that the purpose behind his intended visit to Catholic Spain was to gain financial support for impoverished English Catholics, in 1602 Garnet had sentThomas Wintourto see Superior FatherJoseph Creswell,who made the introductions to the Spanish.[47]
  7. ^Haynes disagrees with Fraser and says that at the King's command, Garnet was left to hang until he died.[54]

Footnotes

  1. ^abcdefghijklmnMcCoog, Thomas (January 2008) [2004]."Garnett, Henry (1555–1606)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10389.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  2. ^abcdFraser 2005,p. 40
  3. ^Nicholls 1991,p. 63
  4. ^McCoog 1996,p. 173
  5. ^McCoog 1996,pp. 173–174
  6. ^Basset & Charles 2004,pp. 42–43
  7. ^McCoog 1996,pp. 233–234
  8. ^McCoog 1996,p. 256
  9. ^McCoog 1996,pp. 256–257
  10. ^Basset & Charles 2004,p. 49
  11. ^Basset & Charles 2004,p. 51
  12. ^abFraser 2005,p. 41
  13. ^Basset & Charles 2004,pp. 48–49
  14. ^Pollen 1916,pp. 7–8
  15. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 52–53
  16. ^Fraser 2005,p. 54
  17. ^Fraser 2005,p. 122
  18. ^abFraser 2005,p. 154
  19. ^Fraser 2005,p. 112
  20. ^Trevor-Roper 1957,p. 109
  21. ^Haynes 2005,p. 19
  22. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 77–78
  23. ^Fraser 2005,p. 78
  24. ^Fraser 2005,p. 153
  25. ^Haynes 2005,pp. 63–64
  26. ^abFraser 2005,pp. 158–160
  27. ^Haynes 2005,p. 66
  28. ^Fraser 2005,p. 158
  29. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 161–162
  30. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 167–170
  31. ^Fraser 2005,p. 177
  32. ^Haynes 2005,pp. 79–80
  33. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 218–219
  34. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 259–262
  35. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 283–284
  36. ^Bengsten 2005,p. 69
  37. ^Nicholls 1991,p. 72
  38. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 290–295
  39. ^abBengsten 2005,p. 70
  40. ^Haynes 2005,pp. 116–117
  41. ^abFraser 2005,pp. 295–303
  42. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 307–308
  43. ^Nicholls 1991,p. 65
  44. ^Fraser 2005,p. 304
  45. ^Bengsten 2005,p. 72
  46. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 308–309
  47. ^Haynes 2005,p. 50
  48. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 310–312
  49. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 312–313
  50. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 313–314
  51. ^Fraser 2005,p. 315
  52. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 317–318
  53. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 319–322
  54. ^Haynes 2005,p. 122
  55. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 322–323
  56. ^Fraser 2005,p. 326
  57. ^Fraser 2005,pp. 325–327
  58. ^Miola 2007,p. 81
  59. ^Miola 2007,p. 82

Bibliography

Further reading[edit]

  • For a fuller biography of Garnet, seeCaraman, Philip (1964),Henry Garnet, 1555–1606 and the Gunpowder Plot,Longmans

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toHenry Garnet.
Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Garnet, Henry".
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Vice-Prefect of the English Mission
of theSociety of Jesus
residing in England
1587–1606 		Succeeded by
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