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Henry V of England

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Henry V
Miniaturein theRegement of PrincesbyThomas Hoccleve,c.1411–1413
King of England
(more...)
Reign21 March 1413 – 31 August 1422
Coronation9 April 1413
PredecessorHenry IV
SuccessorHenry VI
Regent of France
Regency21 May 1420 – 31 August 1422
MonarchCharles VI
Born16 September 1386
Monmouth Castle,Wales
Died31 August 1422 (aged 35)
Château de Vincennes,Kingdom of France
Burial7 November 1422
Westminster Abbey,London
Spouse
​
(m.1420)​
IssueHenry VI
HouseLancaster
FatherHenry IV of England
MotherMary de Bohun
SignatureHenry V's signature

Henry V(16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also calledHenry of Monmouth,wasKing of Englandfrom 1413 until his death in 1422. Despite his relatively short reign, Henry's outstanding military successes in theHundred Years' WaragainstFrancemadeEnglandone of the strongest military powers inEurope.Immortalised inShakespeare's "Henriad"plays, Henry is known and celebrated as one of the greatest warrior-kings ofmedieval England.

During the reign of his father,Henry IV,the young Prince Henry gained military experience fighting the Welsh during therevoltofOwain Glyndŵr,and against the powerfulPercy familyofNorthumberland,playing a central part at theBattle of Shrewsbury,despite being just sixteen years of age. As he entered adulthood, Henry played an increasingly central role inEngland's government,due to the declining health of his father, but disagreements between king and heir led to political conflict between the two. After his father's death in March 1413, Henry ascended to thethrone of Englandand assumed complete control of the country, also reviving the historicEnglish claim to the French throne.

In 1415, Henry followed in the wake of his great-grandfather,Edward III,by renewing the Hundred Years' War withFrance,beginning theLancastrian phase of the conflict (1415–1453).His first military campaign included capturing the port ofHarfleurand a famous victory at theBattle of Agincourt,which inspired aproto-nationalisticfervour in England. During his second campaign (1417–20), his armies capturedParisand conquered most of northern France, including the formerly English-heldDuchy of Normandy.Taking advantage ofpolitical divisions within France,Henry put unparalleled pressure onKing Charles VI of France ( "the Mad" ),resulting in the largest holding of French territory by an English king since theAngevin Empire.TheTreaty of Troyes (1420)recognised Henry V asregentof France andheir apparentto the French throne, disinheriting Charles's own son, theDauphinCharles.[1]Henry was subsequently married to Charles VI's daughter,Catherine of Valois.The treaty ratified the unprecedented formation of aunion between the kingdoms of England and France,in the personof Henry, upon the death of the ailing Charles. However, Henry died in August 1422, less than two months before his father-in-law, and was succeeded by his only son and heir, the infantHenry VI.

Analyses of Henry's reign are varied. According toCharles Ross,he was widely praised for his personalpiety,bravery, and military genius; Henry was admired even by contemporary French chroniclers. However, his occasionally cruel temperament and lack of focus regarding domestic affairs have made him the subject of criticism. Nonetheless,Adrian Hastingsbelieves his militaristic pursuits during the Hundred Years' War fostered a strong sense ofEnglish nationalismand set the stage for the rise of England (laterBritain) to prominence as a dominantglobal power.

Early life[edit]

Birth and family[edit]

Henry was born in the tower above the gatehouse ofMonmouth CastleinMounmouthshire,and for that reason was sometimes called Henry of Monmouth.[2]He was the son ofHenry of Bolingbroke(later Henry IV of England) andMary de Bohun.His father's cousin was the reigning English monarch, KingRichard II.Henry's paternal grandfather was the influentialJohn of Gaunt,a son of KingEdward III.As he was not close to the line of succession to the throne, Henry's date of birth was not officially documented, and for many years it was disputed whether he was born in 1386 or 1387.[3]However, records indicate that his younger brotherThomaswas born in the autumn of 1387 and that his parents were at Monmouth in 1386 but not in 1387.[4]It is now accepted that he was born on 16 September 1386.[5][6][7][11]

Upon the exile of Henry's father in 1398, Richard II took the boy into his own charge and treated him kindly.[12]The young Henry accompanied Richard to Ireland. While in the royal service, he visitedTrim CastleinCounty Meath,the ancient meeting place of theParliament of Ireland.

Henry's father,Henry IV

In 1399, John of Gaunt died. In the same year, King Richard II was overthrown by theLancastrianusurpation that brought Henry's father to the throne, and Henry was recalled from Ireland into prominence asheir apparentto theKingdom of England.He was createdPrince of Walesat his father's coronation andDuke of Lancasteron 10 November 1399, the third person to hold the title that year. His other titles wereDuke of Cornwall,Earl of ChesterandDuke of Aquitaine.A contemporary record notes that in 1399, Henry spent time atThe Queen's College, Oxford,under the care of his uncleHenry Beaufort,the chancellor of the university.[13]During this time, due to taking a liking to both literature and music, he learned to read and write in thevernacular;this made him the first English King that was educated in this regard.[14]He even went on to grant pensions to composers due to such love for music.

Early military career and role in Government[edit]

From 1400 to 1404, he carried out the duties ofHigh Sheriff of Cornwall.During that time, Henry was also in command of part of the English forces. He led his own army into Wales againstOwain Glyndŵrand joined forces with his father to fightHenry "Hotspur" Percyat theBattle of Shrewsburyin 1403.[15]It was there that the 16-year-old prince was almost killed by an arrow in his left cheekbone. An ordinary soldier might have died from such a wound, but Henry had the benefit of the best possible care. Over a period of several days,John Bradmore,the royal physician, treated the wound withhoneyto act as anantiseptic,crafted a tool to screw into the embedded arrowhead (bodkin point) and thus extract it without doing further damage, and flushed the wound with alcohol.[16]The operation was successful, but it left Henry with permanent scars - evidence of his experience in battle.[17]Bradmore recorded this account in Latin, in his manuscript titledPhilomena.Henry's treatment also appeared in an anonymous Middle English surgical treatise dated to 1446, that has since been attributed toThomas Morstede.

TheWelsh revolt of Owain Glyndŵrabsorbed Henry's energies until 1408. Then, as a result of the king's ill health, Henry began to take a wider share in politics. From January 1410, helped by his uncles Henry andThomas Beaufort,legitimised sons of John of Gaunt, he had practical control of the government.[12]Both in foreign and domestic policy he differed from the king, who discharged his son from the council in November 1411. The quarrel between father and son was political only, though it is probable that the Beauforts had discussed the abdication of Henry IV. Their opponents certainly endeavoured to defame Prince Henry.[12]

A goldnoblecoin of Henry V

It may be that the tradition of Henry's riotous youth, immortalised byShakespeare,is partly due to political enmity. Henry's record of involvement in war and politics, even in his youth, disproves this tradition. The most famous incident, his quarrel with the chief justice, has no contemporary authority and was first related by SirThomas Elyotin 1531.[12][18]

The story ofFalstafforiginated in Henry's early friendship with SirJohn Oldcastle,a supporter of theLollards.Shakespeare's Falstaff was originally named "Oldcastle", following his main source,The Famous Victories of Henry V.Oldcastle's descendants objected, and the name was changed (the character became a composite of several real persons, including SirJohn Fastolf). That friendship, and the prince's political opposition toThomas Arundel,Archbishop of Canterbury,perhaps encouraged Lollard hopes. If so, their disappointment may account for the statements of ecclesiastical writers likeThomas Walsinghamthat Henry, on becoming king, was suddenly changed into a new man.[12][19]

Reign (1413–1422)[edit]

Accession[edit]

Later portrait of Henry, late 16th or early 17th century

After Henry IV died on 20 March 1413, Henry V succeeded him and was crowned on 9 April 1413 atWestminster Abbey.The ceremony was marked by a terrible snowstorm, but the common people were undecided as to whether it was a good or bad omen.[20]Henry was described as having been "very tall (6 feet 3 inches), slim, with dark hair cropped in a ring above the ears, and clean-shaven". His complexion was ruddy, his face lean with a prominent and pointed nose. Depending on his mood, his eyes "flashed from the mildness of a dove's to the brilliance of a lion's".[21]

Domestic affairs[edit]

Henry tackled all of the domestic policies together and gradually built on them a wider policy. From the first, he made it clear that he would rule England as the head of a united nation. He let past differences be forgotten—the late Richard II was honourably re-interred; the youngEdmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March,was taken into favour; the heirs of those who had suffered under the last reign were restored gradually to their titles and estates. Yet, where Henry saw a grave domestic danger, he acted firmly and ruthlessly, such as during theLollard discontentin January 1414 and including the execution by burning of Henry's old friend, Sir John Oldcastle, in 1417 to "nip the movement in the bud" and make his own position as ruler secure.[12]

Englishchancery hand.Facsimile of a letter from Henry, 1418.

Henry's reign was generally free from serious trouble at home. The exception was theSouthampton Plotin favour of Mortimer,[12]involvingHenry, Baron Scrope,andRichard, Earl of Cambridge(grandfather of the futureKing Edward IV), in July 1415. Mortimer himself remained loyal to the King.

Starting in August 1417, Henry promoted the use of the English language in government[22]and his reign marks the appearance ofChancery StandardEnglish as well as the adoption of English as the language of record within government. He was the first king to use English in his personal correspondence since theNorman Conquest350 years earlier.[23][24]

War in France[edit]

Dispute with France[edit]

Henry could now turn his attention to foreign affairs. A writer of the next generation was the first to allege that Henry was encouraged by ecclesiastical statesmen to enter into the French war as a means of diverting attention from home troubles. This story seems to have no foundation. Old commercial disputes and the support the French had lent toOwain Glyndŵrwere used as an excuse for war, while the disordered state of France afforded no security for peace.[12]KingCharles VI of Francewas prone tomental illness;at times he thought he was made of glass, and his eldest surviving son,Louis, Duke of Guyenne,was an unpromising prospect. However, it was theold dynastic claim to the throne of France,first pursued byEdward III of England,that justified war with France in English opinion.

Henry may have regarded the assertion of his own claims as part of his royal duty, but a permanent settlement of the national debate was essential to the success of his foreign policy. Following the instability back in England during the reign of KingRichard II,thewar in Francecame to a halt, as during most of his reign relations between England and France were largely peaceful and so they were during his father's reign as well. But in 1415, hostilities were renewed between the two nations, and though Henry had a claim to the French throne, through his great–grandfather King Edward III byhis mother'sside, the French ultimately rejected this claim as its nobles pointed out that under theSalic lawof theFranks,women were forbidden from inheriting the throne. Thus the throne went to a distant male relative of a cadet branch of theHouse of Capet,Philip VI of France,resulting in the Hundred Years' War beginning in 1337. Wanting to claim theFrench thronefor himself, Henry resumed the war against France in 1415. This would lead to one of England's most successful military campaigns during the whole conflict and would result in one of the most decisive victories for an English army during this period.[12]

1415 campaign[edit]

Main articles:Siege of HarfleurandBattle of Agincourt
The ratification of theTreaty of Troyesbetween Henry and Charles VI of France,Archives Nationales (France)

On 12 August 1415, Henry sailed for France, where his forcesbesieged the fortressatHarfleur,capturing it on 22 September. Afterwards, he decided to march with his army across the French countryside towardCalaisagainst the warnings of his council.[25]On 25 October, on the plains near the village ofAgincourt,a French army intercepted his route. Despite his men-at-arms' being exhausted, outnumbered and malnourished, Henry led his men into battle, decisively defeating the French, who suffered severe losses. The French men-at-arms were bogged down in the muddy battlefield, soaked from the previous night of heavy rain, thus hindering the French advance and making them sitting targets for the flanking English archers.[25]Most were simply hacked to death while completely stuck in the deep mud. It was Henry's greatest military victory, ranking alongside theBattle of Crécy(1346) and theBattle of Poitiers(1356) as the greatest English victories of the Hundred Years' War. This victory both solidified and strengthened Henry V's own rule in England and also legitimized his claim to the French throne more than ever.[26]

During the battle,[27]Henry ordered that the French prisoners taken during the battle be put to death, including some of the most illustrious who could have been held forransom.Cambridge historian Brett Tingley suggests that Henry ordered them killed out of concern that the prisoners might turn on their captors when the English were busy repelling a third wave of enemy troops, thus jeopardising a hard-fought victory.[citation needed]

The victorious conclusion of Agincourt, from the English viewpoint, was only the first step in the campaign to recover the French possessions that Henry felt belonged to the English crown. Agincourt also held out the promise that Henry's pretensions to the French throne might be realized. After the victory, Henry marched to Calais and besieged the city until it fell soon afterwards, and the king returned in triumph to England in November and received a hero's welcome. The brewing nationalistic sentiment among the English people was so great that contemporary writers describe firsthand how Henry was welcomed with triumphal pageantry into London upon his return. These accounts also describe how Henry was greeted by elaborate displays and with choirs following his passage toSt.Paul's Cathedral.[26]

TheBattle of Agincourtas depicted in the 15th century 'St Albans Chronicle' byThomas Walsingham.

Most importantly, the victory at Agincourt inspired and boosted the English morale, while it caused a heavy blow to the French as it further aided the English in their conquest ofNormandyand much of northern France by 1419. The French, especially the nobility, who by this stage were weakened and exhausted by the disaster, began quarrelling and fighting among themselves. This quarrelling also led to a division in the French aristocracy and caused a rift in theFrench royal family,leading to infighting. By 1420, a treaty was signed between Henry V and Charles VI of France, known as theTreaty of Troyes,which acknowledged Henry as regent and heir to theFrench throneand also married Henry to Charles's daughterCatherine of Valois.[26]

Diplomacy[edit]

Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor

Following theBattle of Agincourt,King Sigismund of Hungary(laterHoly Roman Emperor) made a visit to Henry in hopes of making peace between England and France. His goal was to persuade Henry to modify his demands against the French. Henry lavishly entertained him and even had him enrolled in theOrder of the Garter.Sigismund, in turn, inducted Henry into theOrder of the Dragon.[28]Henry had intended tocrusadefor the order after uniting the English and French thrones, but he died before fulfilling his plans.[29][30][31]Sigismund left England several months later, having signed theTreaty of Canterburyacknowledging English claims to France.

Command of the sea was secured by driving theGenoeseallies of the French out of theEnglish Channel.[12]While Henry was occupied with peace negotiations in 1416, a French and Genoese fleet surrounded the harbour at the English-garrisoned Harfleur. A French land force also besieged the town. In March 1416 a raiding force of soldiers under the Earl of Dorset, Thomas Beaufort, was attacked and narrowly escaped defeat at theBattle of Valmontafter a counterattack by the garrison of Harfleur. To relieve the town, Henry sent his brother,John, Duke of Bedford,who raised a fleet and set sail fromBeachy Headon 14 August. The Franco-Genoese fleet was defeated the following day after the gruelling seven-hour Battle of the Seine[32]and Harfleur was relieved. Diplomacy successfully detached Emperor Sigismund from supporting France, and the Treaty of Canterbury — also signed in August 1416 — confirmed a short-lived alliance between England and the Holy Roman Empire.

1417–1421 campaigns[edit]

Late-15th century depiction of Henry's marriage toCatherine of Valois.British Library,London

With those two potential enemies gone, and after two years of patient preparation following the Battle of Agincourt, Henry renewed the war on a larger scale in 1417. Aftertaking Caen,he quickly conquered Lower Normandy andRouenwas cut off from Paris and besieged.This siegehas cast an even darker shadow on the reputation of the king adding to the loss of honor following his order to slay the French prisoners at Agincourt. The leaders of Rouen, who were unable to support and feed the women and children of the town, forced them out through the gates believing that Henry would allow them to pass through his army unmolested. However, Henry refused to allow this, and the expelled women and children died of starvation in the ditches surrounding the town. The French were paralysed by thedisputesbetween theBurgundiansand theArmagnacs.Henry skilfully played one against the other without rela xing his warlike approach.[12]

In January 1419, Rouen fell.[12]Those Norman French who had resisted were severely punished:Alain Blanchard,who had hanged English prisoners from the walls of Rouen, was summarily executed; Robert de Livet,Canon of Rouen,who hadexcommunicatedthe English king, was packed off to England and imprisoned for five years.[33]

By August, the English were outside the walls of Paris. The intrigues of the French parties culminated in theassassination of John the Fearless,Duke of Burgundy,by theDauphinCharles's partisans atMontereau-Fault-Yonneon 10 September.Philip the Good,the new duke, and the French court threw themselves into Henry's arms. After six months of negotiation, theTreaty of Troyesrecognised Henry as the heir and regent of France.[12]On 2 June 1420 atTroyes Cathedral,Henry married Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. They had only one son,Henry,born on 6 December 1421 atWindsor Castle.From June to July 1420, Henry V's army besieged and took the military fortress castle at Montereau-Fault-Yonne close to Paris. He besieged and capturedMelunin November 1420, returning to England shortly thereafter. In 1428, Charles VII retook Montereau, only to see the English once again take it over within a short time. Finally, on 10 October 1437, Charles VII was victorious in regainingMontereau-Fault-Yonne.

While Henry was in England, his brother Thomas, Duke of Clarence, led the English forces in France. On 22 March 1421, Thomas led the English to a disastrous defeat at theBattle of Baugéagainst a Franco-Scottish army. The duke was killed in the battle. On 10 June, Henry sailed back to France to retrieve the situation. It was to be his last military campaign. From July to August, Henry's forces besieged and capturedDreux,thus relieving allied forces atChartres.On 6 October, his forceslaid siegetoMeaux,capturing it on 11 May 1422.

Death[edit]

Henry V died on 31 August 1422 at theChâteau de Vincennesto the east of Paris.[34]The commonly held view is that Henry V contracteddysenteryin the period just after the Siege of Meaux, which ended on 9 May 1422. However, the symptoms and severity of dysentery present themselves fairly quickly and he seems to have been healthy in the weeks following the siege. At the time, speculative causes of his illness also includedsmallpox,the bacterial infectionerysipelasand evenleprosy.But there is no doubt he had contracted a serious illness sometime between May and June. Recovering at the castle of Vincennes, by the end of June it seems he was well enough to lead his forces with the intent of engaging the Dauphinist forces atCosne-sur-Loire.At the outset, he would have been riding in full armour, probably in blistering heat, as the summer of 1422 was extremely hot. He was struck down again, with a debilitating fever, possiblyheatstrokeor a relapse of his previous illness. Whatever the cause or causes, he would not recover from this final bout of illness. For a few short weeks he was carried around in a litter, and his enemies having retreated, he decided to return to Paris. One story has him trying, one last time, to mount a horse atCharentonand failing. He was taken back to Vincennes, around 10 August, where he died some weeks later. He was 35 years old and had reigned for nine years. Shortly before his death, Henry V named his brother,John, Duke of Bedford,regent of France in the name of his son, Henry VI of England, then only a few months old. Henry V did not live to be crowned King of France himself, as he might confidently have expected after the Treaty of Troyes, because Charles VI, to whom he had been named heir, survived him by two months.

Henry's comrade-in-arms andLord Steward,John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley,brought Henry's body back to England and bore theroyal standardat his funeral.[35]Henry V was buried in Westminster Abbey on 7 November 1422.[34]

Legacy[edit]

Political[edit]

A statue of Henry V on the interior of theCanterbury Cathedral

Henry V's death at thirty-five years of age was a political and dynastic turning point for both the kingdoms of England and France. TheLancastrianruler had been set to rule both realms afterCharles VI's death, which occurred in October 1422, less than two months after Henry's own premature death. This caused his infant son, also called Henry, to ascend the throne asKing Henry VI of England,at the age of nine months. Due to the new king'sage,aregency governmentwas formed by Henry's surviving brothers,John, Duke of Bedford,andHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester.This acted as the sole governing force of England and its possessions in France until Henry VI came of age in 1437. Although for a time this largely proved to be a success, with England achieving their greatest territorial extent in France under the command of Bedford,[36][37]the later reign of Henry VI saw the majority of the territories held by the English lost or returned to the French, through reconquest or diplomatic secession;[38][39]English military power in the region eventually ceased to exist.[40][41]This marked the end of England's sustained military success in theHundred Years' War,with all theirhistoric possessionsand land in France being lost, with the exception of thePale of Calais,which remained England's only foothold in the continent until it waslost in 1558.[42]The loss of land in France was a major contributing factor in causing Henry V's heirs and relatives to descend into civil strife and quarrel over the succession of the English crown in ensuing decades, culminating in theWars of the Roses(1455-1487) between Henry V's descendants, theHouse of Lancaster,and its rival, theHouse of York.[43]

Reputation[edit]

Despite this, Henry V is remembered by both his countrymen and his foes as a capable military commander during the war against France and is one of the most renowned monarchs in English and British history. He is largely seen as a symbol of English military might and power, which inspired laterkings and queens of England.His effect onEnglish history,culture,and the military is profound. His victory at Agincourt significantly impacted the war against the French and led to the English capturing most of northern France. This led to the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, in which Charles VI of France appointed Henry his successor, although Henry died two months before Charles in October 1422. Henry's victories created a national sensation and caused a patriotic fervour among theEnglish peoplethat would go on to influence both the medievalEnglish armyand theBritish armyfor centuries to come. His continuous victories against the French during 1417–1422 led to many romanticized depictions of Henry V as a figure ofnationalismand patriotism, both in literature and in the renowned works ofShakespeareand in the film industry in modern times.[44]

Henry V is not only remembered for his military prowess but also for his architectural patronage. He commissioned the building of King's College Chapel andEton College Chapel,and although some of his building works were discontinued after his death, others were continued by his son and successor Henry VI. He also contributed to the founding of the monastery of theSyon Abbey,completed by Henry VI during his lifetime. In the 16th century the monastery was demolished as a result of the growing movement of theEnglish Reformationduring the reign of KingHenry VIII.Henry V further contributed to the church, as he was forced to put down an anti-church uprising in the form of the Lollard uprising led by the EnglishLollardleaderJohn Oldcastlein 1414, who had been a friend of Henry V before his rebellion. Henry also faced a coup orchestrated by a relative and prominent noble, Edmund Mortimer, in the Southampton Plot, and in 1415 dealt with a Yorkist conspiracy to overthrow him. After this, during the remainder of his reign, Henry was able to rule without any opposition against him.

In popular culture[edit]

Main article:Cultural depictions of Henry V of England

In literature[edit]

Lewis Walleras Henry V in playHenry VbyWilliam Shakespeare

Henry V was often a figure of literary imagination and romantic interpretations, often used as a traditional character of a morally great king in the works of many writers, playwrights and dramatists. This is notably so in his depiction inHenry V,a play largely based on the life of Henry V by William Shakespeare. This and other plays about Richard II, Henry V's father Henry IV and son Henry VI are known as theHenriadin Shakespearean scholarship. It depicts the king as a pious but cunning ruler who ventured on a campaign to France to become heir to the French throne. This largely acquainted audiences and the wider population with the king's reign and his character as a whole.[45]

In the other depictions of Henry V in literature, he is a character inWilliam Kenrick's sequel to Shakespeare'sHenry IV, Part 2,known asFalstaff's Wedding.In the play, Henry plays a minor role. InGeorgette Heyer'sSimon the ColdheartHenry also appears as a minor character. In other works, Henry V is the main character such as inGood King HarrybyDenise Giardina.He is also a minor character inAzincourtbyBernard Cornwell.

In film and television[edit]

Henry V has been depicted in many historical films and operas such asLaurence Olivier's 1944 filmHenry Vplayed by Olivier himself, for which he was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actor.[46]Henry also appears in the 1935 filmRoyal Cavalcade,in which he was played by actorMatheson Lang.Henry is played byKenneth Branaghin the 1989 filmHenry V,for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor,Best Director,and theBAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.[47]Henry V appears as a major character played byKeith BaxterinOrson Welles's 1966 filmChimes at Midnight.He is also played byTimothée Chalametin 2019NetflixfilmThe Kingdirected byDavid Michôd.He is portrayed byTom Hiddlestonin theBBCtelevision seriesThe Hollow Crown.

In comics and video games[edit]

Henry V is a character in the comic seriesThe Hammer Manin the BBC comic stripThe Victorfeaturing him as the commander of the hero, Chell Paddock. King Henry V is a character in the video gameBladestorm: The Hundred Years' Warand also in theAge of Empires II: The Conquerorsin which he was featured as apaladin.

Arms[edit]

Henry'sarms as Prince of Waleswerethose of the kingdom,differencedby alabelargentof three points.[48]Upon his accession, he inherited the use of the arms of the kingdom undifferenced.

  • Henry's achievement as Prince of Wales
    Henry'sachievementas Prince of Wales
  • Royal achievement as king
    Royal achievement as king

Marriage[edit]

After his father became king, Henry was created Prince of Wales. It was suggested that Henry should marry the widow of Richard II,Isabella of Valois,but this had been refused. After this, negotiations took place for his marriage toCatherine of Pomeraniabetween 1401 and 1404, but ultimately failed.[49]

During the following years, marriage had apparently assumed a lower priority until the conclusion of the Treaty of Troyes in 1420 when Henry V was named heir to Charles VI of France and provided in marriage to Charles's daughter Catherine of Valois, younger sister of Isabella of Valois.[34]Her dowry, upon the agreement between the two kingdoms, was 600,000crowns.[50]Together the couple had one child, Henry, born in late 1421.[34]Upon Henry V's death in 1422, the infant prince became King Henry VI of England.[34]

Ancestry and family[edit]

Descent[edit]

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

  1. ^Cartwright, Mark."Hundred Years' War".World History Encyclopedia.Retrieved23 April2024.
  2. ^Allmand, Christopher(23 September 2010)."Henry V (1386–1422)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12952.Archived fromthe originalon 10 August 2018.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  3. ^Allmand, Christopher(1992).Henry V.English Monarchs series(new ed.). Yale University Press (published 1997).ISBN978-0-3000-7369-0.pp. 7–8
  4. ^Mortimer, Ian(2007).The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King.London: Jonathan Cape.ISBN978-0-2240-7300-4.pp. 371–372.
  5. ^Curry, A.(2013). "The Making of a Prince: The Finances of" the young lord Henry ", 1386–1400". In Gwilym Dodd (ed.).Henry V: New Interpretations.York Medieval Press. p. 11.ISBN978-1-9031-5346-8.
  6. ^Mortimer 2007,p.371.
  7. ^Allmand 2010.
  8. ^Richardson, R.(2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.).Plantagenet Ancestry.Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. p. 364 n. 231.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^Allmand 1992,pp. 7–8.
  10. ^Mortimer 2007,p. 371.
  11. ^Several combinations of 9 August 16 September, and the years 1386 and 1387 frequently feature as birth dates. 16 September appears in Henry V's birth record found inPrologus in Cronica Regina(printed byHearne), which states that he was born in the feast ofSt. Edith.Another document, located atJohn Rylands Library(French MS 54), gives the specific date of 16 September 1386. The only early authority which places his birth in August isMemorials of Henry V(ed. Cole, p. 64: "natus in Augusto fueras"); the date 9 August is first given byPaolo Giovio,but seems to be a misprint for his coronation date (9 April). The only other evidence for a birth in August would be a statement that he was in his 36th year (aged 35) when he died.[8]This would place Henry V's birth in September 1386 or August 1387.[9]Since Henry's household was at Monmouth in 1386 but not in 1387, and a specific date is given for 1386, the date of 16 September 1386 is now regarded as the correct one.[10]
  12. ^abcdefghijklmOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge(1911). "Henry V.".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–285.
  13. ^Salter, H. E.; Lobe, Mary D. (1954). "The University of Oxford".A History of the County of Oxford.Victoria County History.Vol. 3. pp. 132–143.
  14. ^"Henry V | Biography, Facts, Wife, & Significance | Britannica".britannica.Retrieved29 June2023.
  15. ^Harriss, Gerald Leslie(2005).Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461.Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 532.ISBN0-1982-2816-3.
  16. ^Henry V arrowhead removal | Medieval Surgery.Retrieved6 April2024– via youtube.
  17. ^Lang, S. J. (1992), "John Bradmore and His Book Philomena",Social History of Medicine,5(1): 121–130,doi:10.1093/shm/5.1.121,PMID11612773.
  18. ^Weis, René (1998). "Introduction".Henry IV, part 2.Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 27.ISBN0-19-283143-7.
  19. ^Patterson, Annabel (1996). "Sir John Oldcastle and Reformation histiography". In Hamilton, Donna; Strier, Richard (eds.).Religion, literature, and politics in post-Reformation England, 1540–1688.Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp.8–12.ISBN0-521-47456-6.
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Henry V of England
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Henry V of England
Cadet branch of theHouse of Plantagenet
Born:16 September 1386Died:31 August 1422
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of England
Lord of Ireland
1413–1422 		Succeeded by
Duke of Aquitaine
1400–1422
Peerage of England
Vacant
Title last held by
Richard of Bordeaux 		Prince of Wales
1399–1413 		Vacant
Title next held by
Edward of Westminster
Duke of Cornwall
1399–1413 		Vacant
Title next held by
Henry of Windsor
Preceded by Duke of Lancaster
1399–1413 		Merged in Crown
Honorary titles
Preceded by Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
1409–1412 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_V_of_England&oldid=1230749513"