Herculine Barbin
Herculine Adélaïde Barbin | |
|---|---|
| Born | November 8, 1838 Saint-Jean-d'Angély,France |
| Died | February, 1868 (aged 29) Paris,France |
| Cause of death | Suicide(gas asphyxiation) |
| Other names |
|
| Notable work | Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite |
Herculine Adélaïde Barbin,later known asAbel Barbin(November 8, 1838 – February 1868),[1]was aFrenchintersexperson who wasassigned female at birthand raised in a convent, but was later reclassified as male by a court of law, after an affair and physical examination. She is known for her memoir,Herculine Barbin,which was studied byMichel Foucault.Her birthday is marked asIntersex Day of Remembrance.
Early life
[edit]Most of what is known about Barbin comes from her later memoirs. Barbin was born inSaint-Jean-d'Angélyin France in 1838. She wasassignedas female and raised as a girl; her family named her Alexina. Her family was poor but she gained a charity scholarship to study in the school of anUrsulineconvent.
According to her account, she was enamoured of an aristocratic female friend in school. She regarded herself as unattractive but sometimes slipped into her friend's room at night and was sometimes punished for it. Her studies were successful and in 1856, at the age of 17, she was sent to Le Château to study to become a teacher. There, she fell in love with one of her teachers.
Puberty
[edit]Although Barbin was in puberty, she had not begun tomenstruateand remained flat chested. The hairs on her cheeks and upper lip were noticeable.[2]
In 1857, Barbin received a position as an assistant teacher in a girls' school. She fell in love with another teacher named Sara. Sara's ministrations turned into caresses and they became lovers. Eventually, rumors about their affair began to circulate.
Although in poor health her whole life, Barbin began to suffer excruciating pains. When a doctor examined her, he was shocked and asked that she should be sent away from the school, but she stayed.
Eventually, the devoutly Catholic Barbin confessed toJean-François-Anne Landriot,theBishop of La Rochelle.He asked Barbin's permission to break the confessional silence in order to send for a doctor to examine her. When Dr. Chesnet did so in 1860, he discovered that although Barbin had a smallvagina,she had a masculine body type, a very small penis, and testicles inside her body. In 20th-century medical terms, she hadmale pseudohermaphroditism.
Reassignment as male
[edit]A later legal decision declared officially that Barbin was male. She left her lover and her job, changed her name to Abel Barbin and was briefly mentioned in the press. She moved to Paris where she lived in poverty and wrote her memoirs, reputedly as a part of therapy. In these memoirs, Barbin would use female pronouns when writing about her life prior to sexual redesignation and male pronouns following the declaration. Nevertheless, Barbin clearly regarded herself as punished, and "disinherited", subject to a "ridiculous inquisition".
In his commentary to Barbin's memoirs,Michel Foucaultpresented Barbin as an example of the "happy limbo of a non-identity", but whose masculinity marked her from her contemporaries.[3]Morgan Holmesstates that Barbin's own writings showed that she saw herself as an "exceptional female", but female nonetheless.[3]
Death
[edit]In February 1868, theconciergeof Barbin's house in rue de l'École-de-Médecine found her dead in her home. She had died by suicide by inhaling gas from hercoal gasstove.The memoirs were found beside her bed.
Publication of memoirs
[edit]
Dr. Regnier reported the death, recovered the memoirs and performed an autopsy. Later he gave the memoirs toAuguste Ambroise Tardieu,who published excerpts as "Histoire et souvenirs d'Alexina B." ( "The Story and Memoirs of Alexina B." ) in his bookQuestion médico-légale de l'identité dans ses rapport avec les vices de conformation des organes sexuels, contenant les souvenirs et impressions d'un individu dont le sexe avait été méconnu( "Forensics of Identity Involving Deformities of the Sexual Organs, along with the Memoirs and Impressions of an Individual whose Sex was Misidentified" ) (Paris: J.-B. Ballière et Fils, 1872). The excerpts were translated into English in 1980.
Michel Foucaultdiscovered the memoirs in the 1970s while conducting research at the French Department of Public Hygiene. He had the journals republished asHerculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite.In his edition, Foucault also included a set of medical reports, legal documents, and newspaper articles, as well as a short story adaptation by Oscar Panizza.
Modern commentaries and references
[edit]According toMorgan Holmes,the anthropologist Gilbert Herdt has identified Barbin as providing a crisis for "modern ideology" through an identification as neither male nor female,[4]but Barbin's own writings describe a self-identification as female, albeit an exceptional female.[3]
Barbin's memoirs inspired the French filmThe Mystery of Alexina.Jeffrey Eugenidesin his bookMiddlesextreats concurrent themes, as doesVirginia Woolfin her book,Orlando: A Biography.Judith Butlerrefers to Foucault's commentary on Barbin at various points in their 1990Gender Trouble,including their chapter "Foucault, Herculine, and the Politics of Sexual Discontinuity." There is also evidence to suggest Prince'sCamillecharacter and album were based on Barbin.[5]
Barbin appears as a character in the playA Mouthful of BirdsbyCaryl ChurchillandDavid Lan.Barbin also appears as a character in the playHidden: A GenderbyKate Bornstein.Herculine,a full-length play based on the memoirs of Barbin, is by Garrett Heater. Kira Obolensky also wrote a two-act stage adaptation entitledThe Adventures of Herculina.
In 2014, a manuscript entitledDear Herculineby Aaron Apps won the 2014 Sawtooth Poetry Prize from Ahsahta Press.[6]
In 2023, the opera "Alexina B."by composerRaquel García-Tomás,inspired by the memoirs of Herculine Barbin, premiered at theGran Teatre del Liceuin Barcelona. With the premiere García-Tomás became the first female composer to premiere an opera at the Liceu in the 21st century and the second in the history of the theater.[7]
Commemoration
[edit]The birthday of Herculine Barbin on 8 November is marked asIntersex Day of Remembrance.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Foucault, Michel (2013-01-30).Herculine Barbin.ISBN9780307833099.
- ^Foucault, Michel (1980).Herculine Barbin.Pantheon.ISBN9780394738628.
- ^abcHolmes, Morgan(July 2004)."Locating Third Sexes"(PDF).Transformations Journal.Regions of Sexuality (8).ISSN1444-3775.
- ^Herdt, Gilbert (1994).Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History.New York: Zone.
- ^Maloney, Liam; Masterson, Alex."The artist formerly known as Camille – Prince's lost album 'comes out'".The Conversation.The Conversation.Retrieved17 July2024.
- ^Apps, Aaron (2015).Intersex: A Memoir.Tarpaulin Sky Press.ISBN978-1-939460-04-2.
- ^Senz, Javier Pérez (2023-03-19)."BARCELONA / Raquel García-Tomás triunfa en el Liceu con el lirismo cautivador de 'Alexina B.'".Scherzo(in Spanish).Retrieved2024-01-05.
Further reading
[edit]- Barbin, Herculine (1980).Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite.introd.Michel Foucault,trans. Richard McDougall. New York: Pantheon Books.ISBN978-0-394-50821-4.
- Dreger, Alice Domurat(Spring 1995). "Doubtful Sex: The Fate of the Hermaphrodite in Victorian Medicine".Victorian Studies.38(3): 335–370.ISSN0042-5222.PMID11609024.
- Holmes, Morgan(July 2004)."Locating Third Sexes"(PDF).Transformations Journal.Regions of Sexuality (8).ISSN1444-3775.
- Lafrance, Mélisse (2002). "Uncertain Erotic: A Foucauldian Reading of Herculine Barbin dite Alexina B".SITES: The Journal of Contemporary French Studies.6(1): 119–131.doi:10.1080/10260210290021815.ISSN1026-0218.S2CID144220593.
- Leroi, Armand Marie(2003).Mutants: On Genetic Variety and the Human Body.New York: Viking. pp.217–222.ISBN978-0-670-03110-8.
- Tardieu, Ambroise (1872).Question médico-légale de l'identité dans ses rapport avec les vices de conformation des organes sexuels, contenant les souvenirs et impressions d'un individu dont le sexe avait été méconnu(in French). Paris: J.-B. Ballière et Fils. pp. 48–159.
