Web colors
| HTML |
|---|
| Comparisons |
Web colorsarecolorsused indisplaying web pageson theWorld Wide Web;they can be described by way of three methods: a color may be specified as anRGBtriplet, inhexadecimalformat (ahex triplet) or according to its common English name in some cases. Acolor toolor othergraphics softwareis often used to generate color values. In some uses,hexadecimal colorcodes are specified with notation using a leadingnumber sign(#).[1][2]A color is specified according to the intensity of its red, green and blue components, each represented by eightbits.Thus, there are 24 bits used to specify a web color within thesRGBgamut, and 16,777,216 colors that may be so specified.
Colors outside the sRGB gamut can be specified inCascading Style Sheetsby making one or more of the red, green and blue components negative or greater than 100%, so the color space is theoretically an unbounded extrapolation of sRGB similar toscRGB.[3]Specifying a non-sRGB color this way requires theRGB()function call. It is impossible with the hexadecimal syntax (and thus impossible in legacyHTMLdocuments that do not use CSS).
The first versions ofMosaicandNetscape Navigatorused theX11 color namesas the basis for their color lists, as both started asX Window Systemapplications. Web colors have an unambiguous colorimetric definition,sRGB,which relates thechromaticitiesof a particularphosphorset, a given transfer curve, adaptive whitepoint, and viewing conditions.[4]These have been chosen to be similar to many real-worldmonitorsand viewing conditions, to allow rendering to be fairly close to the specified values even withoutcolor management.User agentsvary in the fidelity with which they represent the specified colors. More advanced user agents use color management to provide better color fidelity; this is particularly important forWeb-to-printapplications.
Hex triplet
[edit]Ahex tripletis a six-digit (or eight-digit), three-byte(or four-byte)hexadecimalnumber used inHTML,CSS,SVG,and other computing applications to represent colors. The bytes represent the red, green, and blue components of the color. The optional fourth byte refers toAlpha channel.One byte represents a number in the range 00 to FF (in hexadecimal notation), or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each of the color components. Thus web colors specify colors in the24-bit RGB color scheme.The hex triplet is formed byconcatenatingthree bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order:
- Byte 1: red value (color type red)
- Byte 2: green value (color type green)
- Byte 3: blue value (color type blue)
- Byte 4 (optional): Alpha value
For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=123, green=58, blue=30 (a hardwood brown color). The decimal numbers 123, 58, and 30 are equivalent to the hexadecimal numbers 7B, 3A, and 1E, respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by concatenating the six hexadecimal digits together, 7B3A1E in this example.
If any one of the three color values is less than 10 hex (16 decimal), it must be represented with a leading zero so that the triplet always has exactly six digits. For example, the decimal triplet 4, 8, 16 would be represented by the hex digits 04, 08, 10, forming the hex triplet 040810.
The number of colors that can be represented by this system is 2563,166,or 224= 16,777,216.
Shorthand hexadecimal form
[edit]An abbreviated, three (hexadecimal)-digit or four-digit form can be used,[5]but can cause errors if software or maintenance scripts are only expecting the long form. Expanding this form to the six-digit form is as simple as repeating each digit: 09C becomes 0099CC as presented on the followingCSSexample:
.threedigit{color:#09C;}
.sixdigit{color:#0099CC;}/* same color as above */
This shorthand form reduces the palette to 4,096 colors, equivalent of 12-bit color as opposed to 24-bit color using the whole six-digit form (16,777,216 colors). This limitation is sufficient for many text-based documents.
Converting RGB to hexadecimal
[edit]RGB values are usually given in the 0–255 range; if they are in the 0–1 range, the values are multiplied by 255 before conversion. This number divided by sixteen (integer division; ignoring any remainder) gives the first hexadecimal digit (between 0 and F, where the letters A to F represent the numbers 10 to 15. Seehexadecimalfor more details). The remainder gives the second hexadecimal digit. For instance, the RGB value 58 (as shown in the previous example of hex triplets) divides into 3 groups of 16, thus the first digit is 3. A remainder of ten gives the hexadecimal number 3A. Likewise, the RGB value 201 divides into 12 groups of 16, thus the first digit is C. A remainder of nine gives the hexadecimal number C9. This process is repeated for each of the three color values.
Conversion between number bases is a common feature of calculators, including both hand-held models and the software calculators bundled with most modernoperating systems.Web-based tools specifically for converting color values are also available.
HTML color names
[edit]RecentW3Cspecifications of color names distinguishes betweenbasicandextendedcolors.[6]In HTML and XHTML, colors can be used for text, background color, frame borders, tables, and individual table cells.[7]
Basic colors
[edit]The basic colors are 16 colors defined in theHTML4.01 specification, ratified in 1999,[8]as follows (names are defined in this context to be case-insensitive):
| Name | Hex (RGB) |
Red (RGB) |
Green (RGB) |
Blue (RGB) |
Hue (HSL/HSV) |
Satur. (HSL) |
Light (HSL) |
Satur. (HSV) |
Value (HSV) |
CGA number(name); alias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | #FFFFFF | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0° | 0% | 100% | 0% | 100% | 15 (white) |
| Silver | #C0C0C0 | 75% | 75% | 75% | 0° | 0% | 75% | 0% | 75% | 07 (light gray) |
| Gray | #808080 | 50% | 50% | 50% | 0° | 0% | 50% | 0% | 50% | 08 (dark gray) |
| Black | #000000 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0° | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 00 (black) |
| Red | #FF0000 | 100% | 0% | 0% | 0° | 100% | 50% | 100% | 100% | 12 (high red) |
| Maroon | #800000 | 50% | 0% | 0% | 0° | 100% | 25% | 100% | 50% | 04 (low red) |
| Yellow | #FFFF00 | 100% | 100% | 0% | 60° | 100% | 50% | 100% | 100% | 14 (yellow) |
| Olive | #808000 | 50% | 50% | 0% | 60° | 100% | 25% | 100% | 50% | 06 (brown) |
| Lime | #00FF00 | 0% | 100% | 0% | 120° | 100% | 50% | 100% | 100% | 10 (high green); green |
| Green | #008000 | 0% | 50% | 0% | 120° | 100% | 25% | 100% | 50% | 02 (low green) |
| Aqua | #00FFFF | 0% | 100% | 100% | 180° | 100% | 50% | 100% | 100% | 11 (high cyan); cyan |
| Teal | #008080 | 0% | 50% | 50% | 180° | 100% | 25% | 100% | 50% | 03 (low cyan) |
| Blue | #0000FF | 0% | 0% | 100% | 240° | 100% | 50% | 100% | 100% | 09 (high blue) |
| Navy | #000080 | 0% | 0% | 50% | 240° | 100% | 25% | 100% | 50% | 01 (low blue) |
| Fuchsia | #FF00FF | 100% | 0% | 100% | 300° | 100% | 50% | 100% | 100% | 13 (high magenta); magenta |
| Purple | #800080 | 50% | 0% | 50% | 300° | 100% | 25% | 100% | 50% | 05 (low magenta) |
These 16 were labelled as sRGB and included in the HTML 3.0 specification, which noted they were "the standard 16 colors supported with the WindowsVGApalette. "[9]
Extended colors
[edit]
Extended colors are the result of merging specifications from HTML 4.01, CSS 2.0, SVG 1.0 and CSS3 User Interfaces (CSS3 UI).[6]
Several colors are defined byweb browsers.A particular browser may not recognize all of these colors, but as of 2005, all modern, general-use, graphical browsers support the full list of colors. Many of these colors are from the list ofX11 color namesdistributed with theX Window System.These colors were standardized bySVG 1.0,and are accepted bySVG Fulluser agents. They are not part ofSVG Tiny.
The list of colors shipped with the X11 product varies between implementations and clashes with certain of the HTML names such as green. X11 colors are defined as simpleRGB(hence, no particular color space), rather thansRGB.This means that the list of colors found in X11 (e.g., in /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt) should not directly be used to choose colors for the web.[10]
The list of web "X11 colors" from the CSS3 specification, along with their hexadecimal and decimal equivalents, is shown below. Compare the Alpha betical lists in the W3C standards. This includes the common synonyms: aqua (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) andcyan(common sRGB name), fuchsia (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) andmagenta(common sRGB name), gray (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) and grey.[11][12]
| HTMLname | R G B | |
|---|---|---|
| Hex | Decimal | |
| Pink colors | ||
| MediumVioletRed | C71585 | 199, 21, 133 |
| DeepPink | FF1493 | 255, 20, 147 |
| PaleVioletRed | DB7093 | 219, 112, 147 |
| HotPink | FF69B4 | 255, 105, 180 |
| LightPink | FFB6C1 | 255, 182, 193 |
| Pink | FFC0CB | 255, 192, 203 |
| Red colors | ||
| DarkRed | 8B0000 | 139, 0, 0 |
| Red | FF0000 | 255, 0, 0 |
| Firebrick | B22222 | 178, 34, 34 |
| Crimson | DC143C | 220, 20, 60 |
| IndianRed | CD5C5C | 205, 92, 92 |
| LightCoral | F08080 | 240, 128, 128 |
| Salmon | FA8072 | 250, 128, 114 |
| DarkSalmon | E9967A | 233, 150, 122 |
| LightSalmon | FFA07A | 255, 160, 122 |
| Orange colors | ||
| OrangeRed | FF4500 | 255, 69, 0 |
| Tomato | FF6347 | 255, 99, 71 |
| DarkOrange | FF8C00 | 255, 140, 0 |
| Coral | FF7F50 | 255, 127, 80 |
| Orange | FFA500 | 255, 165, 0 |
| Yellow colors | ||
| DarkKhaki | BDB76B | 189, 183, 107 |
| Gold | FFD700 | 255, 215, 0 |
| Khaki | F0E68C | 240, 230, 140 |
| PeachPuff | FFDAB9 | 255, 218, 185 |
| Yellow | FFFF00 | 255, 255, 0 |
| PaleGoldenrod | EEE8AA | 238, 232, 170 |
| Moccasin | FFE4B5 | 255, 228, 181 |
| PapayaWhip | FFEFD5 | 255, 239, 213 |
| LightGoldenrodYellow | FAFAD2 | 250, 250, 210 |
| LemonChiffon | FFFACD | 255, 250, 205 |
| LightYellow | FFFFE0 | 255, 255, 224 |
| Brown colors | ||
| Maroon | 800000 | 128, 0, 0 |
| Brown | A52A2A | 165, 42, 42 |
| SaddleBrown | 8B4513 | 139, 69, 19 |
| Sienna | A0522D | 160, 82, 45 |
| Chocolate | D2691E | 210, 105, 30 |
| DarkGoldenrod | B8860B | 184, 134, 11 |
| Peru | CD853F | 205, 133, 63 |
| RosyBrown | BC8F8F | 188, 143, 143 |
| Goldenrod | DAA520 | 218, 165, 32 |
| SandyBrown | F4A460 | 244, 164, 96 |
| Tan | D2B48C | 210, 180, 140 |
| Burlywood | DEB887 | 222, 184, 135 |
| Wheat | F5DEB3 | 245, 222, 179 |
| NavajoWhite | FFDEAD | 255, 222, 173 |
| Bisque | FFE4C4 | 255, 228, 196 |
| BlanchedAlmond | FFEBCD | 255, 235, 205 |
| Cornsilk | FFF8DC | 255, 248, 220 |
| HTMLname | R G B | |
|---|---|---|
| Hex | Decimal | |
| Purple, violet, and magenta colors | ||
| Indigo | 4B0082 | 75, 0, 130 |
| Purple | 800080 | 128, 0, 128 |
| DarkMagenta | 8B008B | 139, 0, 139 |
| DarkViolet | 9400D3 | 148, 0, 211 |
| DarkSlateBlue | 483D8B | 72, 61, 139 |
| BlueViolet | 8A2BE2 | 138, 43, 226 |
| DarkOrchid | 9932CC | 153, 50, 204 |
| Fuchsia | FF00FF | 255, 0, 255 |
| Magenta | FF00FF | 255, 0, 255 |
| SlateBlue | 6A5ACD | 106, 90, 205 |
| MediumSlateBlue | 7B68EE | 123, 104, 238 |
| MediumOrchid | BA55D3 | 186, 85, 211 |
| MediumPurple | 9370DB | 147, 112, 219 |
| Orchid | DA70D6 | 218, 112, 214 |
| Violet | EE82EE | 238, 130, 238 |
| Plum | DDA0DD | 221, 160, 221 |
| Thistle | D8BFD8 | 216, 191, 216 |
| Lavender | E6E6FA | 230, 230, 250 |
| Blue colors | ||
| MidnightBlue | 191970 | 25, 25, 112 |
| Navy | 000080 | 0, 0, 128 |
| DarkBlue | 00008B | 0, 0, 139 |
| MediumBlue | 0000CD | 0, 0, 205 |
| Blue | 0000FF | 0, 0, 255 |
| RoyalBlue | 4169E1 | 65, 105, 225 |
| SteelBlue | 4682B4 | 70, 130, 180 |
| DodgerBlue | 1E90FF | 30, 144, 255 |
| DeepSkyBlue | 00BFFF | 0, 191, 255 |
| CornflowerBlue | 6495ED | 100, 149, 237 |
| SkyBlue | 87CEEB | 135, 206, 235 |
| LightSkyBlue | 87CEFA | 135, 206, 250 |
| LightSteelBlue | B0C4DE | 176, 196, 222 |
| LightBlue | ADD8E6 | 173, 216, 230 |
| PowderBlue | B0E0E6 | 176, 224, 230 |
| Cyan colors | ||
| Teal | 008080 | 0, 128, 128 |
| DarkCyan | 008B8B | 0, 139, 139 |
| LightSeaGreen | 20B2AA | 32, 178, 170 |
| CadetBlue | 5F9EA0 | 95, 158, 160 |
| DarkTurquoise | 00CED1 | 0, 206, 209 |
| MediumTurquoise | 48D1CC | 72, 209, 204 |
| Turquoise | 40E0D0 | 64, 224, 208 |
| Aqua | 00FFFF | 0, 255, 255 |
| Cyan | 00FFFF | 0, 255, 255 |
| Aquamarine | 7FFFD4 | 127, 255, 212 |
| PaleTurquoise | AFEEEE | 175, 238, 238 |
| LightCyan | E0FFFF | 224, 255, 255 |
| HTMLname | R G B | |
|---|---|---|
| Hex | Decimal | |
| Green colors | ||
| DarkGreen | 006400 | 0, 100, 0 |
| Green | 008000 | 0, 128, 0 |
| DarkOliveGreen | 556B2F | 85, 107, 47 |
| ForestGreen | 228B22 | 34, 139, 34 |
| SeaGreen | 2E8B57 | 46, 139, 87 |
| Olive | 808000 | 128, 128, 0 |
| OliveDrab | 6B8E23 | 107, 142, 35 |
| MediumSeaGreen | 3CB371 | 60, 179, 113 |
| LimeGreen | 32CD32 | 50, 205, 50 |
| Lime | 00FF00 | 0, 255, 0 |
| SpringGreen | 00FF7F | 0, 255, 127 |
| MediumSpringGreen | 00FA9A | 0, 250, 154 |
| DarkSeaGreen | 8FBC8F | 143, 188, 143 |
| MediumAquamarine | 66CDAA | 102, 205, 170 |
| YellowGreen | 9ACD32 | 154, 205, 50 |
| LawnGreen | 7CFC00 | 124, 252, 0 |
| Chartreuse | 7FFF00 | 127, 255, 0 |
| LightGreen | 90EE90 | 144, 238, 144 |
| GreenYellow | ADFF2F | 173, 255, 47 |
| PaleGreen | 98FB98 | 152, 251, 152 |
| White colors | ||
| MistyRose | FFE4E1 | 255, 228, 225 |
| AntiqueWhite | FAEBD7 | 250, 235, 215 |
| Linen | FAF0E6 | 250, 240, 230 |
| Beige | F5F5DC | 245, 245, 220 |
| WhiteSmoke | F5F5F5 | 245, 245, 245 |
| LavenderBlush | FFF0F5 | 255, 240, 245 |
| OldLace | FDF5E6 | 253, 245, 230 |
| AliceBlue | F0F8FF | 240, 248, 255 |
| Seashell | FFF5EE | 255, 245, 238 |
| GhostWhite | F8F8FF | 248, 248, 255 |
| Honeydew | F0FFF0 | 240, 255, 240 |
| FloralWhite | FFFAF0 | 255, 250, 240 |
| Azure | F0FFFF | 240, 255, 255 |
| MintCream | F5FFFA | 245, 255, 250 |
| Snow | FFFAFA | 255, 250, 250 |
| Ivory | FFFFF0 | 255, 255, 240 |
| White | FFFFFF | 255, 255, 255 |
| Gray and black colors | ||
| Black | 000000 | 0, 0, 0 |
| DarkSlateGray | 2F4F4F | 47, 79, 79 |
| DimGray | 696969 | 105, 105, 105 |
| SlateGray | 708090 | 112, 128, 144 |
| Gray | 808080 | 128, 128, 128 |
| LightSlateGray | 778899 | 119, 136, 153 |
| DarkGray | A9A9A9 | 169, 169, 169 |
| Silver | C0C0C0 | 192, 192, 192 |
| LightGray | D3D3D3 | 211, 211, 211 |
| Gainsboro | DCDCDC | 220, 220, 220 |
CSS colors
[edit]TheCascading Style Sheetsspecification defines the same number of named colors as the HTML 4 spec, namely the 16HTML colors,and 124 colors from the NetscapeX11 color listfor a total of 140 names that were recognized by Internet Explorer (IE) 3.0 and Netscape Navigator 3.0.[13]Blooberry notes that Opera 2.1 and Safari 1 also included Netscape's expanded list of 140 color names, but later discovered 14 names not included with Opera 3.5 on Windows 98.[14]
In CSS 2.1, the color 'orange' (one of the 140) was added to the section with the 16 HTML4 colors as a 17th color.[15]The CSS3.0 specification did not includeorangein the "HTML4 color keywords" section, which was renamed as "Basic color keywords".[16]In the same reference, the "SVG color keywords" section, was renamed "Extended color keywords", after starting out as "X11 color keywords" in an earlier working draft.[17]The working draft for the level 4 color module combines the Basic and Extended sections together in a simple "Named Colors" section.[18]
| Name | Hex (RGB) |
Red (RGB) |
Green (RGB) |
Blue (RGB) |
Hue (HSL/HSV) |
Satur. (HSL) |
Light (HSL) |
Satur. (HSV) |
Value (HSV) |
Alias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orange | #FFA500 | 100% | 65% | 0% | 39° | 100% | 50% | 100% | 100% |
CSS 2,SVGand CSS 2.1 allow web authors to usesystem colors,which are color names whose values are taken from theoperating system,picking the operating system's highlighted text color, or the background color for tooltip controls. This enables web authors to style their content in line with the operating system of the user agent.[19]TheCSS3color module hasdeprecatedthe use of system colors in favor of CSS3 UI System Appearance property,[20][21]which itself was subsequently dropped from CSS3.[22]
| Appearance | Keyword |
|---|---|
| linkText | |
| visitedText | |
| activeText | |
| highlight | |
| mark |
The CSS3 specification also introducesHSL color spacevalues to style sheets:[23]
/* RGB model */
p{color:#F00}/* #rgb */
p{color:#FF0000}/* #rrggbb */
p{color:rgb(255,0,0)}/* integer range 0 - 255 */
p{color:rgb(100%,0%,0%)}/* float range 0.0% - 100.0% */
/* RGB with Alpha channel, added to CSS3 */
p{color:rgba(255,0,0,0.5)}/* 0.5 opacity, semi-transparent */
/* HSL model, added to CSS3 */
p{color:hsl(0,100%,50%)}/* red */
p{color:hsl(120,100%,50%)}/* green */
p{color:hsl(120,100%,25%)}/* dark green */
p{color:hsl(120,100%,75%)}/* light green */
p{color:hsl(120,50%,50%)}/* pastel green */
/* HSL model with Alpha channel */
p{color:hsla(120,100%,50%,1)}/* green */
p{color:hsla(120,100%,50%,0.5)}/* semi-transparent green */
p{color:hsla(120,100%,50%,0.1)}/* very transparent green */
CSS also supports the special colortransparent,which represents an Alpha value of zero; by default,transparentis rendered as an invisible nominal black:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0).It was introduced in CSS1 but its scope of use has expanded over the versions.[23]
CSS Color 4
[edit]Level 4 of the CSS Color specification introduced several new CSS color formats.[24]
Besides new ways to write colors, it also introduces the concept of mi xing colors in a non-sRGB color space, a first step towards fi xinga well-known issue in color gradients.Some sections explaining color theory and common operations likegamut mappingare also added to aid implementation.[24]
Device independent color
[edit]CSS Color 4 introduces several different formats fordevice independent colorthat can display the entirety of visible color (in a capable screen), including:[25]
- Lab and LCH
- OKLab and OKLCH(preferred over Lab/LCH)[24]: §§9.2–3
- XYZ(D50 or D65 [default])
Predefined color spaces
[edit]A number ofRGBspaces withgamutsthat are wider thansRGBare also introduced through the newcolor()function:[25]
A linearized variant of sRGB is also defined for color mi xing.[24]
Other formats
[edit]On 21 June 2014, theCSS WGadded the color RebeccaPurple to the Editor's Draft of the Colors module level 4, to commemorateEric Meyer's daughter Rebecca, who died on 7 June 2014, her sixth birthday.[26]
| Name | Hex (RGB) |
Red (RGB) |
Green (RGB) |
Blue (RGB) |
Hue (HSL/HSV) |
Satur. (HSL) |
Light (HSL) |
Satur. (HSV) |
Value (HSV) |
Alias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RebeccaPurple | #663399 | 40% | 20% | 60% | 270° | 50% | 40% | 67% | 60% |
CSS4 also introduces theHWB color modelas an alternative to HSL/HSV.[18]
CSS Color 5
[edit]The draft CSS Color 5[27]specification introduces syntax for mi xing and manipulating existing colors, including:
- A
color-mix()function for mi xing colors - Relative color syntax for manipulating components of an existing color
Custom color spaces are also supported viaICC profiles.This allows the use ofCMYKon web pages.[27]
Web-safe colors
[edit]| Color depth |
|---|
| Related |
In the mid-1990s, many displays were only capable of displaying 256 colors,[28]dictated by the hardware or changeable by a "color table". When a color was found (e.g., in an image) that was not available, a different one had to be used. This was done by either using the closest color or by usingdithering.
There were various attempts to make a "standard" color palette. A set of colors was needed that could be shown without dithering on 256-color displays; the number 216 was chosen partly because computer operating systems customarily reserved sixteen to twenty colors for their own use; it was also selected because it allowed exactly six equally spaced shades of red, green, and blue (6 × 6 × 6 = 216), each from 00 to FF (including both limits).
The list of colors was presented as if it had special properties that render it immune to dithering, but on 256-color displays applications could actually set a palette of any selection of colors that they chose, dithering the rest. These colors were chosen specifically because they matched the palettes selected by various browser applications. There were not very different palettes in use in different browsers.[citation needed]
"Web-safe" colors had a flaw in that, on systems such asX11where the palette is shared between applications, smaller color cubes (5×5×5 or 4×4×4) were allocated by browsers—the "web-safe" colors would dither on such systems. Different results were obtained by providing an image with a larger range of colors and allowing the browser toquantizethe color space if needed, rather than suffer the quality loss of a double quantization.
Through the 2000s, use of 256-color displays in personal computers dropped sharply in favour of 24-bit (TrueColor) displays,[29]and the use of "web-safe" colors has fallen into practical disuse.
The "web-safe" colors do not all have standard names, but each can be specified by anRGBtriplet: each component (red, green, and blue) takes one of the six values from the following table (out of the 256 possible values available for each component in full 24-bit color).
| Key | Hex | Decimal | Fraction |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 00 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | 33 | 51 | 0.2 |
| 6 | 66 | 102 | 0.4 |
| 9 | 99 | 153 | 0.6 |
| C (12) | CC | 204 | 0.8 |
| F (15) | FF | 255 | 1 |
The following table shows all of the "web-safe" colors. One shortcoming of the web-safe palette is its small range of light colors for webpage backgrounds, whereas the intensities at the low end of the range, such as the two darkest, are similar to each other, making them hard to distinguish. Values flanked by "*" (asterisk) are part of the "really safe palette;" seeSafest web colors,below.
Color table
[edit]| *000* | 300 | 600 | 900 | C00 | *F00* |
| *003* | 303 | 603 | 903 | C03 | *F03* |
| 006 | 306 | 606 | 906 | C06 | F06 |
| 009 | 309 | 609 | 909 | C09 | F09 |
| 00C | 30C | 60C | 90C | C0C | F0C |
| *00F* | 30F | 60F | 90F | C0F | *F0F* |
| 030 | 330 | 630 | 930 | C30 | F30 |
| 033 | 333 | 633 | 933 | C33 | F33 |
| 036 | 336 | 636 | 936 | C36 | F36 |
| 039 | 339 | 639 | 939 | C39 | F39 |
| 03C | 33C | 63C | 93C | C3C | F3C |
| 03F | 33F | 63F | 93F | C3F | F3F |
| 060 | 360 | 660 | 960 | C60 | F60 |
| 063 | 363 | 663 | 963 | C63 | F63 |
| 066 | 366 | 666 | 966 | C66 | F66 |
| 069 | 369 | 669 | 969 | C69 | F69 |
| 06C | 36C | 66C | 96C | C6C | F6C |
| 06F | 36F | 66F | 96F | C6F | F6F |
| 090 | 390 | 690 | 990 | C90 | F90 |
| 093 | 393 | 693 | 993 | C93 | F93 |
| 096 | 396 | 696 | 996 | C96 | F96 |
| 099 | 399 | 699 | 999 | C99 | F99 |
| 09C | 39C | 69C | 99C | C9C | F9C |
| 09F | 39F | 69F | 99F | C9F | F9F |
| 0C0 | 3C0 | 6C0 | 9C0 | CC0 | FC0 |
| 0C3 | 3C3 | 6C3 | 9C3 | CC3 | FC3 |
| 0C6 | 3C6 | 6C6 | 9C6 | CC6 | FC6 |
| 0C9 | 3C9 | 6C9 | 9C9 | CC9 | FC9 |
| 0CC | 3CC | 6CC | 9CC | CCC | FCC |
| 0CF | 3CF | 6CF | 9CF | CCF | FCF |
| *0F0* | 3F0 | *6F0* | 9F0 | CF0 | *FF0* |
| 0F3 | *3F3* | *6F3* | 9F3 | CF3 | *FF3* |
| *0F6* | *3F6* | 6F6 | 9F6 | *CF6* | *FF6* |
| 0F9 | 3F9 | 6F9 | 9F9 | CF9 | FF9 |
| *0FC* | *3FC* | 6FC | 9FC | CFC | FFC |
| *0FF* | *3FF* | *6FF* | 9FF | CFF | *FFF* |
Each color code listed is a shorthand for the RGB value. For example, code 609 is equivalent to RGB code 102-0-153 or HEX code #660099.
Safest web colors
[edit]Designers were encouraged[by whom?]to stick to these 216 "web-safe" colors in their websites because there were a lot of 8-bit color displays when the 216-color palette was developed. David Lehn and Hadley Stern discovered that only 22 of the 216 colors in the web-safe palette are reliably displayed without inconsistent remapping on16-bit computer displays.They called these 22 colors "the really safe palette"; it consists largely of shades of green, yellow, and cyan.[30][31]
R-- -GB
|
0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | C | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 00 | *000* | *F00* | ||||
| 03 | *003* | *F03* | ||||
| 06 | ||||||
| 09 | ||||||
| 0C | ||||||
| 0F | *00F* | *F0F* | ||||
| ⋮ | ⋮ | |||||
| F0 | *0F0* | *6F0* | *FF0* | |||
| F3 | *3F3* | *6F3* | *FF3* | |||
| F6 | *0F6* | *3F6* | *CF6* | *FF6* | ||
| F9 | ||||||
| FC | *0FC* | *3FC* | ||||
| FF | *0FF* | *3FF* | *6FF* | *FFF* | ||
Accessibility
[edit]Color selection
[edit]Somebrowsersand devices do not support colors. For these displays or blind and colorblind users, Web content depending on colors can be unusable or difficult to use.
Either no colors should be specified (to invoke the browser's default colors), or both the background and all foreground colors (such as the colors of plain text, unvisited links, hovered links, active links, and visited links) should be specified to avoidblack on blackorwhite on whiteeffects.[32]
Color contrast
[edit]TheWeb Content Accessibility Guidelinesrecommend a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 between therelative luminanceof text and its background color[33]or at least 3:1 for large text. Enhanced accessibility requires contrast ratios greater than 7:1.
However, addressing accessibility concerns is not simply a matter of increasing the contrast ratio. As a report to theWeb Accessibility Initiativeindicates,[34]dyslexicreaders are better served by contrast ratios below the maximum. The recommendations they refer to of off-black (#0A0A0A) on off-white (#FFFFE5) and black (#000000) on creme (#FAFAC8) have contrast ratios of 11.7:1 and 20.3:1 respectively. Among their other color pairs, brown (#282800) on dark green (#A0A000) has a contrast ratio of 3.24:1, which is less than theWCAGrecommendation, dark brown (#1E1E00) on light green (#B9B900) has a contrast ratio of 4.54:1 and blue (#00007D) on yellow (#FFFF00) has a contrast ratio of 11.4:1. The colors named in the report use different color values than the web colors of the same name.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Niederst Robbins, Jennifer (February 2006). "Appendix D: Specifying Color".Web Design in a Nutshell.O'Reilly. p. 830.ISBN978-0-596-00987-8.
- ^York, Richard.Beginning CSS,pp. 71–72.
- ^Pemberton, Steven; Pettit, Brad (7 June 2011). Çelik, Tantek; Lilley, Chris; Baron, L. David (eds.)."CSS Color Module Level 3".W3C. section 4.2.1. RGB color values.
- ^Sharma, Gaurav; Bala, Raja (19 December 2017).Digital Color Imaging Handbook.CRC Press.ISBN978-1-4200-4148-4.
- ^Pemberton, Steven; Pettit, Brad (7 June 2011). Çelik, Tantek; Lilley, Chris; Baron, L. David (eds.)."4.2.1. RGB color values".CSS Color Module Level 3.W3C.Retrieved19 March2013.
- ^ab"CSS Color Module Level 3".W3c.Retrieved19 July2020.
- ^Powell, Thomas A. (2010).HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference, Fifth Edition.New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 765.ISBN9780071741705.
- ^"HTML 4.01 Specification | Basic HTML data types | Colors".W3C.Retrieved8 July2013.
- ^Raggett, Dave."HTML 3.2 Reference Specification | The BODY element".W3C.Retrieved8 July2013.
- ^Lilley, Chris (24 April 2002)."Re: color names in SVG-1.0 conflict with /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt".W3C Public mailing list archives.Retrieved8 July2013.
- ^Pemberton, Steven; Pettit, Brad (7 June 2011). Çelik, Tantek; Lilley, Chris; Baron, L. David (eds.)."4.3. Extended color keywords".CSS Color Module Level 3.W3C.Retrieved19 March2013.
- ^"Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 (Second Edition) | Basic Data Types and Interfaces | Recognized color keyword names".W3C. 16 August 2011.Retrieved1 February2019.
- ^"The X11 Color Set".Computing and Networking in HSEAS.Archived fromthe originalon 14 July 2014.Retrieved6 July2014.
- ^Brian Wilson."Colors in HTML and CSS".blooberry.Retrieved6 July2014.
- ^"CSS 2.1 Specification: Syntax and basic data types: Colors".W3C.8 September 2009.Retrieved21 December2009.
- ^"CSS Color Module Level 3 – Proposed Recommendation - 11. Changes".W3C.28 October 2010.Retrieved6 July2014.
- ^"CSS3 module: Color | Working Draft".W3C.18 April 2002.Retrieved6 July2014.
- ^ab"CSS Color Module Level 4 – Named Colors".
- ^"User interface – System colors".W3C.Retrieved8 July2013.
- ^Pemberton, Steven; Pettit, Brad (7 June 2011). Çelik, Tantek; Lilley, Chris; Baron, L. David (eds.)."4.5.1. CSS2 system colors".CSS Color Module Level 3.W3C.Retrieved19 March2013.
- ^"CSS3 Basic User Interface Module | System Appearance".W3C.Retrieved8 July2013.
- ^Çelik, Tantek, ed. (17 January 2012)."List of substantial changes".CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3.W3C.Retrieved19 March2013.
System Appearance has been dropped, including appearance values & property, and system fonts / extension of the 'font' property shorthand.
- ^abPemberton, Steven; Pettit, Brad (7 June 2011). Çelik, Tantek; Lilley, Chris; Baron, L. David (eds.)."4.2.4. HSL color values".CSS Color Module Level 3.W3C.Retrieved19 March2013.
- ^abcd"CSS Color Module Level 4".W3C.Retrieved14 March2022.
- ^ab"CSS Color Module Level 4: Overview".W3C.Retrieved11 January2022.
- ^Glazman, Daniel (21 June 2014)."Re: [CfC] adding 'rebeccapurple' to CSS Color Level 4".Post to www-style mailing list.W3C.Retrieved24 June2014.
- ^abCSS Color Module Level 5
- ^Jenkins, Sue (27 December 2012).Web Design All-in-One For Dummies.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN9781118404119.
- ^"Browser Display Statistics".W3Schools.Retrieved8 July2013.
- ^Lehn, David; Stern, Hadley."Death of the Websafe Color Palette?".asc.ohio-state.edu. Archived fromthe originalon 3 March 2021.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^Piperoglou, Stephanos (13 December 2000)."Web Color Reference - HTML with Style | 4".WebReference.Archived fromthe originalon 23 November 2016.Retrieved5 January2016.
- ^"If You Pick One Color, Pick Them All".W3C.Retrieved8 July2013.
- ^WCAG 2.0 guideline 1.4
- ^Optimal Colors to Improve Readability for People with Dyslexia
External links
[edit]
Colortopics | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Color science |
|  | ||||||||
| Color philosophy |
| |||||||||
| Color terms |
| |||||||||
| Color organizations | ||||||||||
| Names |
| |||||||||
| Related | ||||||||||
