Hindbrain
| Hindbrain | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Scheme of the roof of the fourth ventricle. | |
| Identifiers | |
| MeSH | D012249 |
| NeuroNames | 540 |
| NeuroLexID | birnlex_942 |
| TA98 | A14.1.03.002 |
| FMA | 67687 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |
Thehindbrain,rhombencephalon(shaped like arhombus) orlower brain[1]is adevelopmentalcategorization of portions of thecentral nervous systeminvertebrates.It includes themedulla,pons,andcerebellum.Together they support vital bodily processes.[2]
Metencephalon
[edit]RhombomeresRh3-Rh1 form themetencephalon.
The metencephalon is composed of theponsand thecerebellum;it contains:
- a portion of the fourth (IV) ventricle,
- thetrigeminal nerve(CN V),
- abducens nerve(CN VI),
- facial nerve(CN VII),
- and a portion of thevestibulocochlear nerve(CN VIII).
Myelencephalon
[edit]Rhombomeres Rh8-Rh4 form themyelencephalon.
The myelencephalon forms themedulla oblongatain the adult brain; it contains:
- a portion of thefourth ventricle,
- theglossopharyngeal nerve(CN IX),
- vagus nerve(CN X),
- accessory nerve(CN XI),
- hypoglossal nerve(CN XII),
- and a portion of thevestibulocochlear nerve(CN VIII).
Evolution
[edit]The hindbrain is homologous to a part of thearthropod brainknown as the sub-oesophageal ganglion, in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord.[3]It has been suggested that the hindbrain first evolved in theurbilaterian—the last common ancestor of chordates and arthropods—between 570 and 555 million years ago.[3][4]
Hindbrain diseases
[edit]A rare brain disease of thecerebellumisrhombencephalosynapsischaracterized by an absent or partially formedvermis.Symptoms can includetruncal ataxia.The disorder is a main feature ofGomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome.
References
[edit]- ^"Brain: Parts & functions (Fore, mid & hind)".Khan Academy.Retrieved5 September2022.
- ^"Brain atlas - Hindbrain".Brain explorer.Lundbeck Institute.Archivedfrom the original on April 10, 2015.RetrievedJune 8,2015.
- ^abGhysen, Alain (1 December 2003)."The origin and evolution of the nervous system".International Journal of Developmental Biology.47(7–8): 555–562.PMID14756331.
- ^Haycock, Daniel E. (2011).Being and Perceiving.Manupod Press. p. 41.ISBN978-0-9569621-0-2.
Further reading
[edit]- Ishak, Gisele E.; Dempsey, Jennifer C.; Shaw, Dennis W. W.; Tully, Hannah; Adam, Margaret P.; Sanchez-Lara, Pedro A.; Glass, Ian; Rue, Tessa C.; Millen, Kathleen J.; Dobyns, William B.; Doherty, Dan (May 2012)."Rhombencephalosynapsis: a hindbrain malformation associated with incomplete separation of midbrain and forebrain, hydrocephalus and a broad spectrum of severity".Brain.135(5): 1370–1386.doi:10.1093/brain/aws065.PMC3338925.PMID22451504.
- Tully, Hannah M.; Dempsey, Jennifer C.; Ishak, Gisele E.; Adam, Margaret P.; Mink, Jonathan W.; Dobyns, William B.; Gospe, Sidney M.; Weiss, Avery; Phillips, James O.; Doherty, Dan (December 2013)."Persistent figure-eight and side-to-side head shaking is a marker for rhombencephalosynapsis: Persistent Head Shaking".Movement Disorders.28(14): 2019–2023.doi:10.1002/mds.25634.PMC5510988.PMID24105968.
- Poretti, Andrea; Alber, Fabienne Dietrich; Bürki, Sarah; Toelle, Sandra P.; Boltshauser, Eugen (January 2009). "Cognitive outcome in children with rhombencephalosynapsis".European Journal of Paediatric Neurology.13(1): 28–33.doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.02.005.PMID18407532.
- Bell, B; Stanko, H; Levine, R (July 2005)."Normal IQ in a 55-year-old with newly diagnosed rhombencephalosynapsis".Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.20(5): 613–621.doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.003.PMID15905069.
- Paprocka, Justyna; Jamroz, Ewa; Ścieszka, Ewa; Kluczewska, Ewa (2012)."Isolated rhomboencephalosynapsis – a rare cerebellar anomaly".Polish Journal of Radiology.77(1): 47–49.doi:10.12659/PJR.882587.PMC3389961.PMID22802865.
