Central Indo-Aryan languages
| Central Indo-Aryan | |
|---|---|
| Hindi languages | |
| Geographic distribution | South Asia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None west2812(Western Hindi) east2726(Eastern Hindi) |
 | |
 |
| Part ofa serieson the |
| Hindustani language |
|---|
| History |
| Grammar |
| Linguistic history |
TheCentral Indo-Aryan languagesorHindi languagesare a group ofIndo-Aryan languagesspoken acrossNorthernandCentral India.These language varieties form the central part of theIndo-Aryan languagefamily, itself a part of theIndo-European languagefamily. They historically form adialect continuumthat descends from the MiddlePrakrits.Located in theHindi Belt,the Central Zone includes theDehlavi(Delhi) dialect (one of several called 'Khariboli') of theHindustani language,thelingua francaof Northern India that is the basis of theModern Standard HindiandModern Standard Urduliterary standards. In regards to the Indo-Aryan language family, the coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi languages will be considered.
Languages[edit]
If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects:WesternandEastern Hindi.[1]Western Hindievolved from theApabhraṃśaform ofShauraseni Prakrit,Eastern HindifromArdhamagadhi Prakrit.[2]
Eastern Hindilanguages. From top to bottom: Awadhi, Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi.
- Western Hindi[3]
- Braj(1.6 m), spoken in westernUttar Pradeshand adjacent districts ofRajasthanandHaryana.
- Bundeli(3 m), spoken in south-westernUttar Pradeshand west-centralMadhya Pradesh.
- Haryanvi(8 m), spoken inChandigarh,Haryana,and as a minority inPunjabandDelhi.
- Hindustani(includingHindiandUrdu(373 m)), spoken in westernUttar Pradesh,Delhi,and after partition inPakistan.
- Kannauji(9.5 m), spoken in west-centralUttar Pradesh.
Parya(2,600), spoken inGissar ValleyinTajikistanandUzbekistan.
- Eastern Hindi[4]
- Awadhi(4.35 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as theCaribbean,Fiji,MauritiusandSouth Africa
- Caribbean Hindustani(300 k)(mostly based on Bhojpuri but has major Awadhi influence)
- Fiji Hindi(460 k)(mostly based on Awadhi with Bhojpuri influence)
- Bagheli(8 m), spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
- Chhattisgarhi(18 m), spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and centralChhattisgarh.
- Surgujia(1.7 m), spoken in Chhattisgarh
- Awadhi(4.35 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as theCaribbean,Fiji,MauritiusandSouth Africa
This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for mere political reasons, such asBihari,Rajasthani,andPahari.They are languages much older than Hindi.[4]
Seb Seliyer(or at least its ancestor) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to theMiddle EastandEuropeca. 500–1000 CE.
To Western HindiEthnologueaddsSansi(Sansiboli),Bagheli,Chamari (aspurious language),Bhaya,Gowari(not a separate language), andGhera.
Use in non-Hindi regions[edit]
- Andaman Creole Hindiis a trade language of theAndaman and Nicobar Islands.
- Arunachali Hindiis a trade language ofArunachal Pradesh
- Bihari Hindiis a dialect of Hindustani greatly influenced by Bihari languages such asBhojpuriandMagahi,spoken in urban areas inBihar.
- Bombay Hindi( "Bombay Baat" ), the dialect of the city ofMumbai(Bombay); it is based onHindustanibut heavily influenced byMarathi.Technically it is apidgin,i.e. neither is it a native language of any people nor is it used in formal settings by the educated and upper social strata. However, it is often used in the films of Hindi cinema (Bollywood) because Mumbai is the base of the Bollywood film industry.
- Caribbean Hindustaniis anBihari-Eastern Hindilingua-francathat developed amongIndo-Caribbeans.
- Dhakaiya Urdu,a dialect of Urdu spoken inDhaka,Bangladesh.It is based onHindustanibut heavily influenced byBengali.
- Deccani,includingHyderabadi Urdu,andBangalori Urdu,a dialect of Urdu spoken in the present areas of the erstwhileHyderabad State,and the historicalDeccan region.There is a small but distinct difference between Deccani and standardHindustani,which is bigger the further south it is spoken.
- Fiji Hindiis anEastern Hindi-Biharilingua-francathat developed amongIndo-Fi gian s.
- Haflong Hindiis a trade language of the areas adjacent toHaflonginAssam
- DomariandRomaniare both central Indo-Aryan languages, although deriving from separate origins within the family.[5]
Comparison[edit]
The Delhi Hindustani pronunciations[ɛː,ɔː]commonly havediphthongalrealizations, ranging from[əɪ]to[ɑɪ]and from[əu]to[ɑu],respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western Hindi varieties.[6]
Notes[edit]
- ^Not to be confused with theBihari languages,a group ofEastern Indo-Aryan languages.
References[edit]
- ^Shapiro (2003),p. 276.
- ^Shapiro (2003),p. 305.
- ^Grierson, George A.(1916)."Western Hindi"(PDF).Linguistic Survey of India.Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1,Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī.Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
- ^abShapiro (2003),p. 277.
- ^Herin, Bruno (2016)."Elements of Domari Dialectology".Mediterranean Language Review.23:33–73.doi:10.13173/medilangrevi.23.2016.0033.ISSN0724-7567.
- ^Shapiro (2003),p. 283.
Bibliography[edit]
- Shapiro, Michael C. (2003),"Hindi",in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),The Indo-Aryan Languages,Routledge, pp. 276–314,ISBN978-0-415-77294-5