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Okonomiyaki

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Okonomiyaki
Okonomiyaki
CourseMain course
Place of originJapan
Region or stateHiroshima,Osaka
Serving temperatureHot
Main ingredientsWheat flour batter, cabbage
VariationsRegional

Okonomiyaki(Japanese:お hảo み thiêu き,listenⓘ)is a Japaneseteppanyaki,savorypancakedish consisting ofwheat flourbatter and other ingredients (mixed, or as toppings) cooked on ateppan(flat griddle). Common additions include cabbage, meat, and seafood, and toppings includeokonomiyakisauce (made withWorcestershire sauce),aonori(dried seaweed flakes),katsuobushi(bonito flakes), Japanesemayonnaise,andpickled ginger.

Okonomiyakiis mainly associated with two distinct variants fromHiroshimaor theKansai regionof Japan, but is widely available throughout the country, with toppings and batters varying by area. The name is derived from the wordokonomi,meaning "how you like" or "what you like", andyaki,meaning "grilled". It is an example ofkonamono(konamonin theKansai dialect), orflour-basedJapanese cuisine.

It is also called by an abbreviated name, "okonomi", where theOis apoliteness prefixandkonomimeans ‘favorite’.

A liquid-basedokonomiyaki,popular inTokyo,is calledmonjayaki(also written asmonja yaki) and abbreviated as "monja". Outside of Japan, it can also be found served inManila,Taipei,Bangkok,andJakartaby street vendors.

History

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A thincrêpe-like confection calledfunoyaki[ja]may be an early precursor tookonomiyaki.[1][2]Records of the wordfunoyakiappear as far back as the 16th century, as written about by tea masterSen no Rikyū,[3]and though the dish's ingredients are unclear, it may have includedfu(wheat gluten).[1]By the lateEdo period(1603–1867),[4]funoyakireferred to a thin crêpe baked on a cooking pot, withmisobasted on one side.[1][3]This confection is the ancestor of the modern confectionskintsuba(Kim つば),which is also calledgintsuba(Bạc つば)inKyotoandOsaka,[1]andtaiko-yaki(also known asimagawayaki), which both usenerian(Luyện り nhân),asweet bean paste.[5]

In theMeiji era(1868–1912),monjiyaki(Văn tự thiêu き),a related confection, was popular with children atdagashiya(Đà quả tử phòng),shops selling cheap sweets.[6]This was made by drawing letters (monji) or pictures with flour batter on ateppan(iron griddle) and adding ingredients of choice. The confectionary was also calleddondonyaki(どんどん thiêu き),from theonomatopoeiaof the stall sellers beating drums to attract customers.[5]

The first appearance of the word "okonomiyaki" was at a shop in Osaka in the 1930s.[2][7][8]After the1923 Great Kantō earthquakewhen people lacked amenities, it became a pastime to cook these crêpes,[1]and afterWorld War II(when there was a short supply ofrice)[6]okonomiyakiemerged as an inexpensive and filling dish for all ages, often with savory toppings, such as meat, seafood, and vegetables.[1][5][9]This "okonomiyakiboom "saw household equipment and ingredients for the dish become commercially available.[5]Monjiyakialso developed into the related modern dishmonjayaki(モンジャ thiêu き),which has a more runny batter due to more added water, resulting in a different cooked consistency.[5]

Theissen yōshoku[ja](cheapWestern-style cuisine) of Kyoto, which developed in theTaishōperiod (1912–1926), may have produced an early form of modern savoryokonomiyakiin the form of a pancake withWorcestershire sauceand choppedscallion.[10]

Variations by region

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Kansaiokonomiyakion an iron griddle
Two Kansaiokonomiyaki

The dish is known for two distinct main variants, one in Kansai and Osaka and one in Hiroshima.[11]Another variety ishirayachi,a thin and simple type made in Okinawa.[12][13]

Kansai area

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Okonomiyakiin theKansaior Osaka style is the predominant version of the dish, found throughout most of Japan. The batter is made of flour, gratednagaimo(a long type ofyam),dashior water, eggs, shreddedcabbage,and usually contains other ingredients such as green onion, meat (usually thinly sliced pork belly or American bacon), octopus, squid, shrimp, vegetables,konjac,mochi,or cheese.[1][8][14]

It is sometimes compared to anomeletteor apancakeand is sometimes referred to as a "Japanesepizza"or" Osakasoul food".[14][9][15][16]The dish can be prepared in advance, allowing customers to use ateppanor special hotplates to fry after mi xing the ingredients. They may also have a diner-style counter where the cook prepares the dish in front of the customers.[17]

It is prepared much like a pancake. The batter and other ingredients are pan-fried on both sides on a teppan using metal spatulas that are later used to cut the dish when it has finished cooking. Cookedokonomiyakiis topped with ingredients that includeokonomiyakisauce (made with Worcestershire sauce),aonori(seaweed flakes),katsuobushi(bonito flakes),Japanese mayonnaise,and pickled ginger (beni shōga).[8]

When served with a layer of fried noodles (eitheryakisobaorudon), the resulting dish is calledmodan-yaki(モダン thiêu き),the name of which may be derived from the English word "modern" or as a contraction ofmori dakusan(Thịnh りだくさん),meaning "a lot" or "piled high" signifying the volume of food from having both noodles andokonomiyaki.Negiyaki(ねぎ thiêu き)is a thinner variation ofokonomiyakimade with a great deal of scallions, comparable to Koreanpajeonand Chinesegreen onion pancakes.[18]

A variation calledkashimin-yakiis made of chicken and tallow instead of pork inKishiwada,Osaka.[19]InHamamatsu,takuan(pickleddaikon) is mixed in okonomiyaki.[20]Stewed sweetkintoki-mameis mixed in okonomiyaki inTokushima Prefecture.[21]

Hiroshima area

[edit]
Hiroshima-styleokonomiyaki
Hiroshima-styleokonomiyaki

In the city ofHiroshima,there are over 2000 okonomiyaki restaurants, and theprefecturehas more of those restaurants per capita than any other place in Japan.[9]Issen yōshoku(Một 銭 dương thực,lit. "one-coin Western food" ),a thin pancake topped with green onions and bonito flakes or shrimp, became popular in Hiroshima prior to World War II. After theatomic bombingof the city in August 1945,issen yōshokubecame a cheap way for the surviving residents to have food to eat.[9]Because the original ingredients were not always easy to obtain, many of the street vendors and shops began making it "cooked how you like it"(お hảo み thiêu き,okonomiyaki),using whatever ingredients were available.[9]

A chef preparingokonomiyakiin a restaurant in Hiroshima

The ingredients are layered rather than mixed.[8][9]The layers are typically batter, cabbage, pork, and yakisoba. Optional items such as squid, octopus, dried bonito flakes, and other seafood, as well asnoriflakes or powder,mung bean sprouts,egg, chicken, cheese, and other ingredients, depending on the preferences of the cook and the customer.[9]Noodles (yakisoba,udon) are also used as a topping with fried egg and a generous amount ofokonomiyakisauce.[22]

The amount of cabbage used is usually three to four times the amount used in the Osaka style.[2][18][8]It starts out piled very high and is pushed down as the cabbage cooks.[8]The order of the layers may vary slightly depending on the chef's style and preference, and ingredients vary depending on the preference of the customer. This style is also calledHiroshima-yakiorHiroshima-okonomi.[17]

In and around the Hiroshima area, there are a number of variations on the style.Fuchuyaki(Trong phủ thiêu き,fuchūyaki)is made with ground meat instead of pork belly inFuchū, Hiroshima.[23]Oysters (kaki) are mixed in okonomiyaki to makekaki-okoinHinase, Okayama.[24]On the island ofInnoshima,a variety calledInnoshima okonomiyaki(Nhân đảo お hảo み thiêu き)(orin'oko(いんおこ)for short) includesudon,bonito flakes, Worcestershire sauce, and vegetables fried with uncooked batter.[25]Together with "Onomichiyaki", in'oko is considered a B-class gourmet food along theShimanami Kaidō.[26]There is a restaurant in Hiroshima where customers can order jalapeños, tortilla chips, chorizo, and other Latin American items either in—or as a side dish to—okonomiyaki.[8]

Otafuku, one of the most popular brands of okonomiyaki sauce, is based in Hiroshima and has an okonomiyaki museum and a cooking studio there.[9]Okonomi-mura,inNaka-kuin Hiroshima, was the topfood theme parkdestination for families in Japan according to an April 2004 poll.[27][28]

Okinawa

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Hirayachi(Okinawan:ヒラヤーチーhirayaachii) is a thin, very simpleOkinawanpancake-like dish similar tobuchimgae.It is basically "a savory Okinawan crepe with leeks",[29]and is sometimes called "Okinawan style okonomiyaki". The name means "fry flat" in the Okinawan language.[30]

People cook it at home, so there are fewokonomiyakirestaurants in Okinawa, with none of them serving hirayachi.[31]The ingredients consist ofeggs,flour,salt,black pepperand green onions, fried with a little oil in a pan.[30]

Other areas

[edit]

TheTsukishimadistrict of Tokyo is popular for bothokonomiyakiandmonjayaki(the district's main street is named "Monja Street" ).[32]In some areas of Kyoto city, an old-styleokonomiyakicalledbetayaki(べた thiêu き) is served. The dish is prepared in layers of thin batter, shredded cabbage and meat, with a fried egg and noodles.[33]

Okonomiyakiis popular streetfare in cities includingManila,Taipei,Bangkok,andJakarta.[34]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefgHeibonsha 1964encyclopedia vol. 3, p. 445, article onokonomiyakiby Tekishū Motoyama bổn sơn địch thuyền (1881–1958)
  2. ^abc"Okonomiyaki History".Okonomiyaki World.Archivedfrom the original on 23 July 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  3. ^abKumakura 2007,p.168
  4. ^InHeibonsha 1964funoyakiis (mistakenly) said to be a late Edo-period confection
  5. ^abcdeTrạch, sử sinh (1985)."お hảo み thiêu き".Encyclopedia Nipponica,Volume 4(in Japanese).Shogakukan.p. 155.Archivedfrom the original on 7 August 2021.Retrieved28 August2021.
  6. ^ab"“Quan gió tây” の ルーツは Đông Kinh だった! Hoa liễu giới と thiết り ly せないお hảo み thiêu き の sáng sớm kỳ "[The roots of "Kansai style" were Tokyo! The dawn of okonomiyaki, which is inseparable from the Hanayanagi world].JBpress ( Nhật Bản ビジネスプレス ).16 August 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 6 August 2021.Retrieved6 August2021.
  7. ^Sibal, Angela (26 May 2021)."All About the Famous Japanese Pancake".Foodicles.Archivedfrom the original on 7 June 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  8. ^abcdefgBeser, Ari (4 August 2015)."Beyond the Bomb: Hiroshima's Beloved Okonomiyaki Pancake".National Geographic.Archived fromthe originalon 23 August 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  9. ^abcdefghPowell, Steve John; Cabello, Angeles Marin (13 April 2020)."Is Hiroshima the true home of okonomiyaki?".BBC.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  10. ^Ono, Fujiko ( tiểu dã cây mây ) (2009).おうちで làm る quê cha đất tổ ごはん.Duệ nhà xuất bản.ISBN9784777914449.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2017.Retrieved24 September2016.,p.95
  11. ^"Okonomiyaki, an Overview".Otajoy.Archived fromthe originalon 3 March 2017.Retrieved2 March2017.
  12. ^"Hirayachi".Story of Japanese Local Cuisine.Archivedfrom the original on 28 January 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  13. ^"Ivan Orkin's Savory Pancakes (Okonomiyaki) Recipe on Food52".Food52.Archivedfrom the original on 31 May 2021.Retrieved28 August2021.
  14. ^ab"How to make the perfect okonomiyaki – recipe | Felicity Cloake's The perfect…".The Guardian.12 May 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2021.Retrieved28 August2021.
  15. ^“Quảng đảo thiêu き” なんても の はない! と kháng nghị huyện dân の “お hảo み thiêu き ái” でＮＨＫ『サラメシ』がテロップ tu chỉnh[There is no such thing as "Hiroshima-yaki"! NHK "Lunch" corrects telop in "Okonomiyaki love" of the citizens of the prefecture].Sankei.8 November 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 25 April 2021.Retrieved6 August2021.
  16. ^"99japan".Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2020.Retrieved13 March2018.
  17. ^ab"How to eat Okonimiyaki in Japan".Savor Japan.5 June 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 24 August 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  18. ^abOkonomiyaki.Trafford. August 2012.ISBN9781466908147.Archivedfrom the original on 6 August 2021.Retrieved6 August2021.
  19. ^Trung tướng タカノリ (14 September 2020).Tuyệt phẩm ローカルお hảo み thiêu き! Ngạn hòa điền の “かしみん thiêu き” ご tồn biết ですか… Osaka phong “まぜ thiêu き” とは dị なる “の せ thiêu き”[Exquisite local okonomiyaki! Do you know about Kashiwada's "kashiminyaki"? Differences from Osaka "mazeyaki" and "noseyaki" ] (in Japanese).Archivedfrom the original on 16 September 2020.Retrieved23 August2021.
  20. ^Tân chiểu đại (2 July 2020).たくあん nhập れて mỏng く thiêu き thượng げる bang tùng の xa châu thiêu き[Takuan sprinkled and grilled: Hamamatsu's enshūyaki] (in Japanese).Nikkei Style.Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  21. ^Thượng nguyên cát bác (10 December 2014).お hảo み thiêu きに kim khi đậu đức đảo の “Đậu thiên ngọc”[Red kidney beans in Okonomiyaki: Tokushima's mameamadama] (in Japanese).Nikkei Style.Archivedfrom the original on 24 August 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  22. ^"Hiroshima Okonomiyaki Recipe".Japan Centre.Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2021.Retrieved6 August2021.
  23. ^Quảng đảo huyện ・ trong phủ thị trong phủ thiêu き cửa hàng trưởng は nguyên lực sĩ[Hiroshima Prefecture - Fuchū City Fuchūyaki shop managers are the foundation of sumo wrestler] (in Japanese).Asahi Shimbun Digital.10 December 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  24. ^Kanno, Miyuki (14 February 2019).Cửa cốc mạt phi đồ ăn さん “Quyết định nháy mắt dúm る!” そ の khi カキオコは[Ms. Mahina Taniguchi "Recording the crucial moment!" of that kakioko time] (in Japanese).Asahi Shimbun Digital.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  25. ^いんおこ hành hương[In'oko Pilgrimage].IJ (Inoshima Japan)(in Japanese). Sanwadock. 29 August 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 5 June 2013.Retrieved23 August2021.
  26. ^Cửa chùa sung; quảng tân hưng một (21 October 2010).Thiêu heo ngọc tử cơm, いんおこ…しまなみ hải nói, Ｂ cấp グルメで sống khí(in Japanese).Asahi Shimbun Digital.Archived fromthe originalon 1 November 2016.Retrieved23 August2021.
  27. ^“お hảo み thôn” が gia tộc で hành ってみたいフードテーマパークで1 vị に![ "Okonomi-mura" the #1 food theme park families want to visit!] (in Japanese).Hiroshima Home Television.3 May 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2011.
  28. ^Ngưu điền thái chính (Yasumasa Uchida) (Spring 2007).Quan quang mà における ngành ăn uống[The food and drink industry in sightseeing areas](PDF)(in Japanese). p. 50. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 July 2011.Retrieved11 December2010.
  29. ^Marty (4 April 2007)."Goya Champuru & Hiraya-chi".Okinawa.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  30. ^ab"Hirayachi: ヒラヤーチー".Ono Okinawa. 3 June 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2021.Retrieved23 August2021.
  31. ^"Okinawan well-known emergency food called Hiraya-ch".Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2015.Retrieved22 September2014.
  32. ^Beddall, Michael."Food for Thought - Okonomiyaki - Monjayaki - Tsukishima".mikesblender.Archivedfrom the original on 14 July 2011.Retrieved6 August2021.
  33. ^"Donguri Okonomiyaki Dining in Kyoto, Japan: Okonomiyaki vs Betayaki vs Negiyaki".The Poor Traveller. 20 August 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 28 November 2020.Retrieved7 November2020.
  34. ^"Okonomiyaki Merambah Kaki Lima"(in Indonesian). Kompas Cyber Media. 10 February 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 15 September 2018.Retrieved15 September2018.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Heibonsha (1964).Thế giới bách khoa sự điển (Sekai hyakka jiten).(World Encyclopedia, in Japanese).
  • Kumakura, Isao ( hùng thương công phu ) (2007).Nihon ryori no rekishi ( Nhật Bản liệu lý の lịch sử ).Yoshikawa Kobunkan ( cát xuyên hoằng văn quán ).
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