Hispania Tarraconensis

Provincia Hispania Tarraconensis
Provinceof theRoman Empire
27 BC–459
Capital	Tarraco
Historical era	Antiquity
• Established	27 BC
• Visigothic conquest	459
Preceded by Succeeded by Hispania Citerior Visigothic Kingdom Kingdom of the Suebi
Today part of	Spain Portugal

Hispania Tarraconensiswas one of threeRoman provincesinHispania.It encompassed much of the northern, eastern and central territories of modernSpainalong with modernnorthern Portugal.Southern Spain, the region now calledAndalusia,was the province ofHispania Baetica.On the Atlantic west lay the province ofLusitania,partially coincident with modern-dayPortugal.

History

Hispania Tarraconensis in 27 BC

Establishment

ThePhoeniciansandCarthaginianscolonised theMediterraneancoast of Iberia in the 8th to 6th centuries BC. The Greeks later also established colonies along the coast. The Romans arrived in the 2nd century BC during theSecond Punic War.

The province Hispania Citerior Tarraconensis was established in the reign ofAugustusas the direct successor of theRoman Republicanprovince ofHispania Citerior( "nearer Hispania" ), which had been ruled by apropraetor.The roots of the Augustan reorganisation of Hispania are found inPompey the Great's division of Hispania between three of hislegatesat the end of the Republic, immediately beforehis civil warwithJulius Caesar.As a result of the agreements that led to the formation of theFirst Triumviratein 60 BC, Pompey had received the governorship of the Iberian provinces. Given that he preferred to remain inRome,where he could oversee affairs in the capital, he delegated the government of Hispania to three legates:

• Lucius Afraniusin Hispania Citerior, with three legions;
• Marcus Petreiusin the eastern part ofHispania Ulterior,with two legions;
• Marcus Terentius Varroin the western part of Hispania Ulterior, with two legions.

Augustus,wearing thetogaof aconsul,the role that he held in 27–6 BC when he foundedTarraco.

At the end of thecivil wars,Pompey's division was consolidated by Augustus in 27 BC, when he formally established the three provinces of Hispania Citerior Tarraconensis,Hispania Ulterior Lusitania(corresponding to modernPortugal,apart from the northern region of the modern country, plus SpanishExtremadura), andHispania Ulterior Baetica(corresponding to the southern part of Spain, i.e.Andalusia). Citerior and Lusitania wereImperial provinces,while Baetica was aSenatorial province.

The creation of these new provinces was achieved in order to facilitate the incorporation of the northwestern portion of the Iberian peninsula, inhabited by theGallaeci,Cantabri,andAstures,into the Roman empire. Tarraconensis thus served as a base for the annexation of these territories during theCantabrian Wars(27–19 BC). Augustus himself resided from 27 to 26 BCat Segisama (modernSasamón,Burgos),and at Tarraco,where he received an embassy fromIndia.During this period he was accompanied by his nephew and heir,Marcellus,and his stepson, the future emperorTiberius,both of whom served asmilitary tribunesin 25 BC in the conflict with the Cantabrians – the pair's first military commands.

The name of the province derives from its capital,Colonia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco.The provincial borders were modified in 12 BC, in order to incorporate the Galician and Asturian territories which had previously belonged to Lusitania, and perhaps to an ephemeralTransdurianaprovince before that,as well as the mining area aroundCastulothat had previously been part of Baetica. This reorganisation meant that all Roman troops stationed in Hispania were henceforth under the command of a single Roman legate based at Tarraconensis and that the main mining regions, which supplied precious metals to the Imperial treasury (gold in theGalician Massif,silver inSierra Morena), were under the direct control of the Imperial administration, with easy access by sea toItaliaand Rome, where the Imperial mints were located.

Pacification and Romanisation under the Julio-Claudians and Flavians

In addition to creating the province and setting its borders, Augustus followed the directions left by Julius Caesar in granting many communities in the province the privileged status ofcoloniaormunicipium(Roman orLatin), especially along theLevante coast,the part of Baetica transferred to the province in 12 BC, and theEbro Valley,along with some foundations on theMeseta Centraland in the northeast. He also regularised the status of the other political entities in the province, thecivitates stipendiaria(communities subject to tribute), whose affairs could be directly intervened in by the governor.

This policy was continued by Tiberius (AD 14–37), who increased the number ofmunicipiain the northern part of the Meseta Central.

DenariusofTiberius.The introduction ofRoman coinagethroughout Tarraconensis allowed its inhabitants to engage more closely with the commercial networks of the Mediterranean world.

Between the reigns of Augustus andNero,imperial interventions led to the regularisation of the old pre-Roman roads and their conversion intoRoman roads,which formed a framework for the provincial territory which brought the provincials into contact with Roman culture (Latinrapidly became thecommon languageof the province) and gave them access to highly developed economic networks and amonetary economy.Ceramics began to be imported in large quantities -Arretine warefrom Italy under Augustus and Tiberius andSamian warefromGaulbetween the reigns ofCaligulaandVespasian.

The province was effectively at peace except for an attempt at rebellion by the Astures underNerowhich was easily suppressed by aprimus pilusof theLegio VI Victrix.As a result, it was possible to progressively reduce the military garrison of the province. In AD 42-43,Claudiustransferred theLegio IV MacedonicatoGermaniaand in AD 63 Nero sent theLegio X GeminatoPannonia.

Epitaph ofL. Valerius Reburrinus,frumentariusof theLegio VII Gemina,who was an important member of the governor'sofficiumunderSeptimius Severus.

In AD 68,Galba,who had governed the province since AD 61, was invited byVindexto join his rebellion against Nero. When Galba received news that Nero had decided to have him killed, he accepted Vindex's offer, justifying the decision, according toSuetonius,by an oracle delivered by a young prophet two centuries earlier, which predicted that a new ruler of the world would arise inClunia.

Therefore, Galba proclaimed himself emperor at Clunia. After receiving the support of the governor of Lusitania, the future emperorOtho,he expanded the military forces of the province,which consisted of the Legio VI Victrix, two cavalryalae,and three infantrycohortes,by recruiting variousauxiliaries,at least three cohorts ofVascones,and theLegio VII Galbiana,and then he set out for Rome in order to seize power. After Galba was assassinated, the province was controlled in succession by partisans of Otho, thenVitelius,before finally coming under the control ofVespasian,the firstFlavianemperor.

Under Vespasian an edict seems to have been promulgated, perhaps in AD 74, which permitted many of the province's urban communities to becomemunicipiawithLatin rightsover the course of his reign and that of his successors,TitusandDomitian.Vespasian also decided to maintain a reduced military garrison in the province, consisting of theLegio VII Gemina Felixand its auxiliary units, which was focused mainly on supporting the work of the provincial governor, carrying out policing, and supervising mining work in the province.

Pliny the Elderserved as procurator in Tarraconensis in AD 73.

UnderDiocletian,in 293, Hispania Tarraconensis was divided in three smaller provinces:Gallaecia,Carthaginensisand Tarraconensis. TheImperial provinceof Hispania Tarraconensis lasted until the invasions of the 5th century, beginning in 409, whenSuebi,VandalsandAlanscrossed the Pyrenees, and ended with the establishment of aVisigothic kingdom.

The invasion resulted in widespread exploitation of metals, especiallygold,tinandsilver.The alluvialgold minesatLas Medulasshow thatRoman engineersworked the deposits on a very large scale using several aqueducts up to 30 miles (48 km) long to tap water in the surrounding mountains. By running fast water streams on the soft rocks, they were able to extract large quantities of gold byhydraulic miningmethods (Ruina montium). When the gold had been exhausted, they followed the auriferous seams underground by tunnels usingfire-settingto break up the much harder gold-bearing rocks.Pliny the Eldergives a good account of the methods used in Hispania, presumably based on his own observations.

Geography and political organisation

Plan of the city ofTarraco,capital of Tarraconensis

Borders and extent

At its greatest extent, the province Hispania Tarraconensis covered about two thirds of theIberian Peninsula.ThePyreneesmountains to the north formed the border withGaul.The border withLusitaniato the southwest ran from the Cale (modernOporto,Portugal) along theDouroriver and then theTormesriver. The border withBaeticaran fromCastulo(modernLinares), through Acci (Guadix), to the bay ofAlmería.

With a surface area of around 380,000 km2 and an estimated population of 3-3.5 million (giving an average population density of 8-9 people/km2), at the date of its creation, Tarraconensis was probably the largest province in the Roman empire.

Administrative organisation

UnderAugustus' division of the provinces in 27 BC, Tarraconensis was anImperial provincelike Lusitania, while Baetica was aSenatorial province.Tarraconensis was ofconsular rank,while the other two werepraetorian.The governor was entitledlegatus Augusti pro praetore,who was asenatorof consular rank. The capital of the province was thecoloniaofTarraco.In the time of Augustus andTiberius,according toStrabo,the province was garrisoned by threelegions– subsequently reduced to two byCaligula,and to one byNero.

Division of Hispania into provinces and conventus

Because of the scale of the province, at some point between the reigns of Tiberius andClaudius,the province was divided into sevenconventus iuridici(assize districts), each managed by alegatus iuridicus,who was appointed by the Emperor directly. These districts were:

• Tarraconensis,with its capital atColonia Tarraco(Tarragona).
• Carthaginensis,with its capital atColonia Carthago Nova(Cartagena).
• Caesaraugustanus,with its capital atColonia Caesar Augusta(Zaragoza).
• Cluniensis,with its capital atColonia Clunia Sulpicia(Coruña del Conde).
• Asturicensis,with its capital atMunicipium Asturica Augusta(Astorga).
• Lucensis,with its capital atLucus Augusti(Lugo).
• Bracarensis,with its capital atMunicipium Bracara Augusta(Braga).

TheArch of Medinaceli,which may have marked the boundary between the Conventus Cluniensis and Caesaraugustanus

CILII 2552, a votive inscription erected in honour ofJupiterby theLegio VII Geminafor the health of the emperorsMarcus AureliusandLucius Veruswhich includes among the dedicants, theprocurator metallorum,an imperial freedman calledHermes.

In each of the conventus capitals there was anImperial cultcentre, dedicated to theGenius Augustiand the deified emperors, with its own male and female priests, theflamen Augustiandflamenica Augusti,who were chosen by the elites of the privileged communities of the province (thecoloniaeandmunicipia). Each year, they chose one of their number to be theflamenandflamenica(they were not required to be married to one another) of the Imperial cult for the whole province, discharging their functions in the provincial forum in Tarraco.

The fiscal administration of Tarraconensis mostly fell to an Imperialprocurator(procurator Caesaris), appointed by the Emperor directly from among theequestrian order.This procurator was based in the provincial capital and managed the collection of taxes for the whole province. Nevertheless, from the late first century or early second century AD, the gold mines in the northwestern part of the province were managed by a separate procurator, theprocurator metallorum,who was usually and Imperialfreedmanand was based atAsturica Augusta.These procurators reported directly to the emperor, not to the provincial governor, although in practice both had to collaborate with the provincial administration.

Urban framework

The lowest level of administration in the province were the cities (Latin:civitates), organised politically in the Roman manner (coloniaeandmunicipia) or in a traditional mode retaining institutions that preceded the Roman conquest but operating under the direct supervision of the provincial governors. These communities - both Roman and indigenous - generally enjoyed a high level of autonomy, administering themselves without excessive intervention from the governors. Over time, the indigenous communities tended to adapt their institutions of self-government to match the model of the Romanmunicipiaandcoloniae.The principal difference between the two types of community was the application ofRoman lawto them. For citizens ofcoloniaeandmuncipiait was obligatory, while for non-Romans it was optional, except in interactions with the Imperial authorities and with individualRoman citizens,in which case Roman law over-ruled local legal systems.

First-century AD Romanlampfrom theMunicipium Urbs Victrix Osca(modernHuesca)

According to Strabo,Pliny the Elder(who served as procurator the province), andClaudius Ptolemy,there was a substantial number of cities in Tarraconensis, especially in the Ebro Valley and on the Mediterranean coast, but fewer in number in the north and northwest, along theCantabirancoast and inGalicia.

Excepting the communities on theBalearic Islands,Pliny states that:

Now, the whole province is divided into 7conventus:Carthaginiensis, Tarraconensis, Caesaraugustus, Clunienis, Asturus, Lucensis, and Bracarus... The province itself contains (aside from the 293 communities that are subordinate to others) 179 cities, among which there are 12coloniae,13 cities of Roman citizens, 18 of oldLatins,1 city offoederati,and 135 cities subject to tax.

— Pliny the Elder,Naturalis Historia3.18

Denariusof EmperorVespasian,who extendedLatin citizenshipto all communities of Hispania in the AD 70s

All free inhabitants of Romancoloniaeheld Roman citizenship. Thecoloniaein the province, established byJulius Caesar,theSecond Triumvirate,orAugustus,bothcoloniaeandmunicipiabelonged to theRoman tribeof Galeria, except for Caesaraugusta, which was in that of Aniensis. All free men who served as municipal magistrates (duovirioraediles) inmunicipiawould obtain Roman citizenship, being assigned to the tribe Quirina.

According to Pliny the Elder, the Emperor Vespasian extendedLatin citizenshipto all other inhabitants of Hispania, which meant that they were legally permitted to conduct business under Roman law (ius commercii) and marry Roman woman (ius conubii). The date of this grant is disputed, perhaps falling shortly after his accession to power in AD 69 or in AD 74.The concession of this right was used by many tributary and subordinate communities in Tarraconensis to transform themselves intomunicipia,e.g.Nova Augusta(Lara de los Infantes,Burgos),Bergidum Flavium(Torre del Bierzo,El Bierzo,León),Segovia,Duratón(Segovia), andAqua Flaviae(Chaves,Portugal).

Les Ferreres Aqueduct,built under Augustus to supply water to the provincial capital, Tarraco.

Roman Theater of Zaragoza,capital of aconventus iuridicus,built under Augustus and Tiberius.

Remains of a Roman house atVareia(Logroño).

Theatre of Clunia Sulpicia,built by Tiberius in the most important city of Duero basin, capital of the largestconventus iuridicusin Hispania.

AqueductofSegovia,built byDomitian.

Detail of the remains ofIuliobriga,the most important city in Roman Cantabria, showing the columns of thestoaswhich ran along thedecumanus maximus.

Tower of Hercules,a Romanlighthousebuilt in the second century AD at theMunicipium Flavium BrigantiuminA Coruña.

Roman Bridge of Chavesat Aqua Flaviae. Thecadrao dos pobosinscription indicates that its construction was funded by ten local communities with the aid of theLegio VII Gemina.

The main cities in the province were:

Conventus Tarraconensis
Name	Modern name	Status	Established by
Tarraco	Tarragona	Colonia	Julius Caesar and Augustus
Barcino	Barcelona	Colonia	Julius Caesar and Augustus
Iesso	Guissona,Lleida	Municipium	Flavian dynasty
Aeso	Isona i Conca Dellà,Lleida	Municipium	Flavian dynasty
Iulia Libica	Llívia,Girona	Municipium	Julius Caesar
Ausa	Vic,Barcelona	Municipium	Augustus
Baetulo	Badalona,Barcelona	Municipium	Augustus
Iluro	Mataró,Barcelona	municipium	Julius Caesar
Emporiae	Empúries,Girona	Colonia	Julius Caesar
Gerunda	Girona	Municipium	Augustus
Dertosa	Tortosa,Tarragona	Municipium	Augustus
Valentia	Valencia	Municipium	Augustus
Saguntum	Sagunt,Valencia	municipium	Julius Caesar
Edeta	Llíria,Valencia	Municipium	Augustus
Conventus Caesaraugustanus
Name	Modern name	Status	Established by
Ilerda	Lleida	Muncipium	Augustus
Osca	Huesca	Muncipium	Augustus
Iaca	Jaca,Huesca	Municipium?
Labitolosa	La Puebla de Castro,Huesca	Municipium	Flavian dynasty
Caesar Augusta	Zaragoza	Colonia	Augustus
Augusta Bilbilis	Calatayud,Zaragoza	Municipium	Augustus
Turiaso	Tarazona,Zaragoza	Municipium	Augustus
Celsa	Velilla de Ebro,Zaragoza	Colonia	Second Triumvirate
Bursau	Borja,Zaragoza	Municipium	Flavian dynasty
Arcobriga	Monreal de Ariza,Zaragoza
Osicerda	La Puebla de Híjar,Teruel	Municipium	Augustus
Segontia	Sigüenza,Guadalajara	Municipium	Flavian dynasty
Pompaelo	Pamplona,Navarra	Municipium	Julius Caesar
Cara	Santacara,Navarra
Andelos	Mendigorría,Navarra
Vareia	Logroño,La Rioja	Municipium	Augustus
Tritium Magallum	Tricio,La Rioja	Municipium	Flavian dynasty
Libia	Herramélluri,La Rioja	Municipium?	Flavian dynasty?
Graccurris	Alfaro,La Rioja	Municipium	Augustus
Cascantum	Cascante,Navarra	Municipium	Augustus
Calagurris	Calahorra,La Rioja	Municipium	Julius Caesar
Oiasso	Irún,Guipúzcoa	Municipium?
Veleia	Iruña de Oca,Province of Álava	Municipium	Augustus
Ercavica	Cañaveruelas,Cuenca	Municipium	Augustus
Complutum	Alcalá de Henares,Province of Madrid	Municipium	Augustus
Conventus Carthaginensis
Name	Modern name	Status	Established by
Carthago Nova	Cartagena,Murcia	Colonia	Julius Caesar
Saetabi	Xàtiva,Valencia	Municipium	Augustus
Illici	Elche,Alicante	Colonia	Augustus
Dianum	Denia,Alicante	Municipium	Augustus
Lucentum	Alicante	Municipium	Augustus
Toletum	Toledo	Municipium	Augustus
Begastri	Cehegín,Murcia	Municipium?	Flavian dynasty?
Libisosa	Lezuza,Albacete	Colonia	Augustus
Salaria	Úbeda,Jaén	Colonia	Augustus
Sisapo	Almodóvar del Campo,Ciudad Real	Municipium	Augustus
Ilugo	Venta de San Andrés,Santisteban del Puerto,Jaén	Municipium	Flavian dynasty
Castulo	Linares,Jaén	Municipium	Julius Caesar
Acci	Guadix,Granada	Colonia	Augustus
Valeria	Valeria,Cuenca	Municipium	Augustus
Titulciam	Titulcia,Madrid	Municipium	Flavian dynasty
Segobriga	Saelices,Cuenca	Municipium	Augustus
Conventus Cluniensis
Name	Modern name	Status	Established by
Flaviobriga	Castro-Urdiales,Cantabria	Colonia	Vespasian
Portus Victoriae Iuliobrigensium	SantanderoSantoña(Cantabria)	Municipium?	Flavian
Portus Blendium	Suances,Cantabria	Municipium?
Juliobriga	Retortillo, nearReinosa,Cantabria	Municipium	Flavian
Clunia	Peñalba de Castro,Burgos	Municipium; Colonia	Tiberius; Vespasian
Occilis	Medinaceli,Soria	Municipium?	Flavian
Numantia	Numancia,Soria	Municipium?	Flavian
Termentia	Montejo de Tiermes,Soria	Municipium	Tiberius
Uxama Argaela	El Burgo de Osma,Soria	Municipium	Tiberius
Augustobriga	Muro de Ágreda,Soria	Municipium?	Flavian?
Palantia	Palencia	Municipium?	Flavian?
Pintia	Padilla de Duero,Valladolid	Municipium?
Intercatia	Montealegre de Campos,Valladolid	Municipium?	Flavian?
Albocela	Villalazán,Zamora	Municipium?	Augustus?
Septimanca	Simancas,Valladolid
Rauda	Roa,Burgos	Municipium?	Flavian?
Deobrigula	Tardajos,Burgos	Municipium	Flavian?
Virovesca	Briviesca,Burgos	Municipium?
Deobriga	Miranda de Ebro,Burgos	Municipium?	Augustus?
Segisama Iulia	Sasamón,Burgos	Municipium	Flavian
Nova Augusta	Lara de los Infantes,Burgos	Municipium	Flavian
Cauca	Coca,Segovia	Municipium	Flavian
Confluenta	Duratón,Segovia	Municipium	Flavian
Segovia	Segovia	Municipium	Flavian
Brigeco	Dehesa de Morales de las Cuevas,Castrogonzalo,Zamora	Municipium	Flavian
Conventus Asturicensis
Name	Modern name	Status	Established by
Gigia	Gijón,Asturias	Municipium?	Flavian?
Lucus Asturum	Lugo de Llanera, Asturias
Flavionavia	Pravia,Asturias?	Municipium?	Flavian?
Asturica Augusta	Astorga,León	Municipium?	Augustus?
	León	cannabaofLegio VI Victrixand thenLegio VII Gemina
Lancia	Villasabariego,León	Municipium	Flavian
Bedunia	San Martín de Torres,León
Bergidum Flavium	Cacabelos,León	Municipium	Flavian
Interamnium Flavium	Bembibre,León	Municipium	Flavian
Petavonium	Rosinos de Vidriales,Zamora	cannabaofLegio X Geminaand ofAla II Flavia Hispanorum,later Municipium?
Conventus Lucensis
Name	Modern name	Status	Established by
Ardobicum Coronium	La Coruña	Municipium	Flavian
Flavium Brigantium	Betanzos,La Coruña?	Municipium	Flavian
Iria Flavia	Padrón,La Coruña	Municipium	Flavian
Vico Spacorum	Vigo,Pontevedra	Municipium	Flavian
Lucus Augusti	Lugo	Municipium?	Augustus?
Conventus Bracaraugustanorum
Name	Modern name	Status	Established by
Municipium Limicorum	Xinzo de Limia,Ourense	Municipium	Flavian
Bracara Augusta	Braga,Portugal	Municipium?	Augustus?
Aquae Flaviae	Chaves,Portugal	Municipium	Flavian
Cale and Portum Cale	Oporto,Portugal	Municipium?

Roman military garrisons

In order to guarantee order and security in the province after theCantabrian Wars(26 BC–19 BC), threelegionswere established in the province:

• Legio VI Victrix,inLeonuntil transferred toGermania Inferior;
• Legio X GeminainPetavoniumuntil transferred toPannoniain AD 63;
• Legio IV MacedonicainPisoracauntil transferred toGermaniain AD 43.

Tile inscribedL(egio) VII G(emina) GORD(iana) P(ia) F(elix),produced by theLegio,which indicates the presence of theLegio VII Geminain Tarraconensis in the 3rd century AD.

Hispania underHadrian(AD 117-138), with the location of thecastra legionis VII Geminae,with the principle locations for the extraction of precious metals and the main roads.

These legions were supported by variousauxiliaryunits, like theAla Parthorumand theCohors IV Gallorum,but it is very difficult to tell exactly where and when these units were garrisoned in the peninsula.

In AD 68, according toSuetonius,Galbaremoved one legion, theLegio VI Vitrix,twocavalryalae,and threeinfantrycohortes.In order to reinforce these troops, a new legion was recruited, the futureLegio VII Geminaand a number of similar auxiliary units, notably theVasconescohortes,but all these units joined Galba when he invaded Italy to seize the Imperial throne.

In AD 69,Vitelliusordered theLegio X Geminato be dispatched to the Iberian peninsula,accompanied by theLegio I Adiutrix.We do not know exactly where they were stationed; it may have been in Baetica and the southeastern part of Tarraconensis to prevent a possible invasion from North Africa, which was controlled byLucius Clodius Macer.In any case, both legions and theLegio VI Victrixabandoned Vitellius and declared their support forVespasian,who quickly sent them toGermania Inferiorto suppress the revolt ofGaius Julius Civilis.

Subsequently, in AD 74, Vespasian ordered theLegio VII Geminato be garrisoned in Leon at the site of the old camp of theLegio VI Victrix.TheLegio VII Geminacontinued to garrison the province until the beginning of the 5th century AD.

Semisminted atCarthago Novaunder Augustus, dedicated toMarcus Vipsanius Agrippa,with a trophy on the reverse, celebrating Agrippa's victory over the Cantabrians and the Asturians. The coin indicates the economic power of the province and the Cartagena mining region.

TheLegio VII Geminadispatchedvexillationesto the following parts of the provinces in Hispania:

• Tarraco, serving the governor of Hispania Tarraconensis;
• Augusta Emerita,serving the governor of the province ofLusitania;
• In the mining area aroundBirgidumto supervise the extraction of mineral ore and its transportation;
• In the mining area in the north of Portugal, to supervise the extraction of gold ore and its transportation;
• In Tritium Magallum (Tricio,La Rioja) to manage theportoriumof this pottery production centre;
• In Lucus Augusti (Lugo) to manage theportorium;
• In Segisama (Sasamón,Burgos) at thestatio,controlling the road towardsBurdigala.

By the last quarter of the 1st century AD at the latest, five auxiliary units of theLegio VII Geminawere stationed in the province:

• Ala II Flavia Hispanorum civium romanorum,a cavalryalastationed at Petavonium;
• Cohors I Celtiberorum Equitata civium romanorum,a cavalrycohors,based atSobrado dos Monxes(A Coruña), in the territory of theMunicipum Flavium Brigantia;
• Cohors I Galica Equitata civium romanorum,encamped at Pisoraca (Herrera de Pisuerga,Palencia);
• Cohors III Lucensium,based at Lucus Augusti (Lugo);
• Cohors II Galica,located at the unknown site,ad cohortem Galicam

This arrangement endured from the 2nd century through to the fifth century AD, with the maximum garrison of Roman troops in Hispanis never exceeding a total of 7712 soldiers.

See also

• List of Roman governors of Hispania Tarraconensis
• Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
• Asturica Augusta
• Libisosa

External links

• World of the Imperium Romanum: Hispania
• Detailed Map of Pre-Roman Peoples in Iberia (around 200 BC)
• Historical Outline of the Roman conquest of Hispania and the Province of Tarraconensis
• Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines
• Bagnall R, Drinkwater J, Esmonde-Cleary A, Harris W, Knapp R, Mitchell S, Parker S, Wells C, Wilkes J, Talbert R, Downs ME, Joann McDaniel M, Lund BZ, Elliott T, Gillies S (13 June 2019)."Places: 991326 (Tarraconensis)".Pleiades.RetrievedMarch 8,2012.