Hittite plague

Hittite Plague/ Hand of Nergal
Map of the Hittite Empire in the late 14th century BC
Disease	Unknown, possiblyTularemia
Location	Near East
First outbreak	HattusaorAlashiya
First reported	Mid-to-Late14th century BC
Territories	Hittite Empire,Alashiya(Cyprus),Levant/Canaan,Anatolia,possiblyEgypt

TheHittite PlagueorHand ofNergalwas anepidemic,possibly oftularemia,which occurred in the mid-to-late14th century BC.

Background

TheHittite Empirestretched from Turkey to Syria.The plague was likely an outbreak ofFrancisella tularensiswhich occurred along theArwad-Euphrates trading routein the 14th century BC. Much of theancient Near Eastsuffered from outbreaks; however, Egypt and Assyria initiated a quarantine along their border, and they did not experience the epidemic.

Tularemia is abacterial infectionwhich is still a threat.It is also referred to as "rabbit fever" and it is azoonotic diseasewhich can easily pass from animals to humans. The most common way that it is spread is through various insects which hop between species, such as ticks.The symptoms of an infection range from skin lesions to respiratory failure. Without treatment the mortality rate is 15% of those infected.According to formermicrobiologistSiro Trevisanato, "Tularemia is rare in many countries today, but remains a problem in some countries including Bulgaria."

Epidemic

Prayers to the gods to end the plague, by Mursili II, from the 14th century BC. Shown in Hattusa, Istanbul, Archaeological Museum.

According to author Philip Norrie (How Disease Affected the End of the Bronze Age), there are three diseases most likely to have caused a post-Bronze Agesocietal collapse:smallpox,bubonic plagueand tularemia. The tularemia plague which struck the Hittites could have been spread by insects or infected dirt or plants, through open wounds, or by eating infected animals.

Hittite texts from the mid-14th century BC refer to the plague causing disabilities and death.Hittite KingMuršili IIwrote prayers seeking relief from the epidemic, which had lasted two decades and killed many of his subjects. The two kings who preceded him,Šuppiluliuma Iand Šuppiluliuma's immediate heir,Arnuwanda II,had also succumbed to tularemia.Muršili had ascended to the throne because he was the last surviving son of Šuppiluliuma.

Muršili believed that the plague had been transmitted to the Hittites by Egyptian prisoners who had been paraded through the capital city,Hattusa.There is some evidence suggesting that the Egyptians suffered from tularemia in the years preceding 1322 BC.The Hittites apparently also suspected zoonotic transmission, because they banned the use of donkeys in caravans.Another theory of the plague's origin suggests that it originated withramsthat the Hittites had taken as spoils of war, along with other animals, after the Hittites raidedSimyra.Soon after the animals were brought into Hittite villages, the tularemia outbreak began.

Plague of Alashiya, "The Hand of Nergal"

Main article:Amarna letter EA 35

The plague is mentioned inAmarna letter EA 35,a letter written in Akkadian from the ruler ofAlashiya(Cyprus) to the Pharaoh ofEgyptduring theAmarna Period.It dates from between 1350 and 1325 BC. In it, the plague is specially named asThe Hand of Nergal.

Use against the Arzawans

The disease was intentionally brought to western Anatolia in what is described as the "first known record ofbiological warfare".Shortly after the Hittites experienced the outbreak of disease, theArzawansfrom western Anatolia believed the Hittites were weakened and attacked them. The Arzawans claimed that rams suddenly appeared (1320 and 1318 BC) and the Arzawans brought them into their villages. It is thought that the Hittites had sent rams diseased with tularemia to infect their enemies. The Arzawans became so weakened by the plague that they failed in their attempt to conquer the Hittites.