Honghu
Honghu
Hồng Hồ thị | |
|---|---|
 Xintan, one of the towns of Honghu City, seen from a Yangtzelevee | |
  Honghu Location in Hubei | |
| Coordinates:29°49′37″N113°28′34″E/ 29.827°N 113.476°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hubei |
| Prefecture-level city | Jingzhou |
| Area | |
| • Urban | 41.40 km2(15.98 sq mi) |
| Population (2010)[2] | |
| •County-level city | 819,446 |
| • Estimate (2017) | 923,000 |
| •Urban | 138,600 |
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard) |
| Website | www |
Honghu(Chinese:Hồng HồThị;pinyin:Hónghú Shì) is acounty-level cityin the municipal region ofJingzhou,in the central south ofHubeiprovince. The city lies on the northwest (left) bank of theYangtze River,across fromHunanProvince andXianning,Hubei. It is named after the adjacentHong Lake,which since ancient times has periodically flooded.
The traditional Chinese holiday,Dragon Boat Festival,celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, features boat races which are run onHong Lake.
By means of its famous lake, Honghu City produces forty kinds of fish and an abundance of plants, such as lotus, reed and a type of black algae.
As of 2000, Honghu City had a population of 335,618 or more people.[3]
History
[edit]Honghu is celebrated as an important supporter of the Communist side during last century'sChinese Civil War.Westerners know it for New Zealand communistRewi Alley's relief work andGung-ho ( cộng hợp,Gonghe)co-operative movement.
Civil War
[edit]Honghu and other regions around its lake were part of an importantcommuniststronghold called the Hunan-Western Hubei Revolutionary Base Area (Tương ngạc tây cách mạng căn cứ địa,Xiang-Exi Geming Genjudi,also called theHunan-Western Hubei Soviet,Tương ngạc tây Xô-Viết,Xiang-Exi Suweiai). The Hunan-Western Hubei Soviet was actually a collection of several isolated bases linked together by underground andguerrillaactivities. The Honghu Base, the largest, was itself the object of fourEncirclement Campaigns,the last of which was strategised as one stage of the broadly successfulEncirclement Campaign against Hunan-Western Hubei Soviet.
The base area or soviet was under the leadership of communist general (laterField Marshal)He Longthrough most of its existence, and defended by hisSecond Army Group.Finally crushed byChiang Kai-shek's Chinese Army and various alliedwarlord forces,co-ordinated in hisEncirclement Campaigns,the Soviet and its military force retreated westward to form the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou revolutionary base area, which in October 1934 refuged the retreating troops of the Sixth Army Group.[4]Folding the men of the Sixth into his ranks, He Long formed theSecond Front Red Armywhich was to take its own route on theLong March.
Gung Ho
[edit]Rewi Alleycarried out flood relief in Honghu 1932. Famous for theGung Ho Cooperative movementthat he founded (along with others) during theSecond Sino-Japanese War(World War Two), Alley established half a dozen small-scale industrial co-operatives in Honghu under the revamped Gung Ho movement he led in the 1980s.
PRC
[edit]Market Economy in the 1950s
[edit]In 1954,Yangtze Riverhad a huge flood that only occurred once a century, and in order to save major cities includingWuhan,Honghu was designated as the flooded area, resulting in nearly a million local residents becoming refugees after the entire county was flooded. As the flood subsided and refugees returned to begin rebuilding, another political disaster struck the county that was already devastated by the flood: on May 5, 1955,Mao Zedongpersonally claimed that the time was critical for collectivization, and ordered the immediate start of collectivization, which must be completed within three years.
The localcommunistparty secretary Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc)(1922 - October 8, 2002) was assigned to the area in 1955 and witnessed the devastation first hand. Li strongly opposed Mao's policy and openly claimed that there must be prerequisite conditions for collectivization and Honghu had not met any of them. Instead Li convinced his colleagues to adopt an economic policy that was completely against Mao's wish - ade factomarket economy (for political reasons the term could not be mentioned).
This proved to be a great success: not only the county was fully recovered from the devastation within a year, the average industrial annual growth was 17.7% and average agricultural annual growth was 11.3%. In the era where most Chinese peasants were only able to eat meat once a year during the Chinese new year, the local peasantry students at all schools in Honghu county were guaranteed a meal of chicken, a meal of fish, and a meal of meat every week. However, the good times would not last long: Li and his colleagues as well as the local population would eventually pay a heavy price for going against Mao's will. Li, keenly aware of this, asked the local populace to prepare by stocking grains and other foods at their homes.[5]
The Great Leap Forward
[edit]
In accordance with Mao'sGreat Leap Forward,the communist party apparatus at prefecture level issued orders on July 4, 1958, to produce forty thousand tons of steel, thirty-six thousand tons of iron, and over half a million people were mobilized for this effort. Another three thousand were mobilized to logging in order to meet the fuel demand of making steel and iron. Honghu, a county belong to the prefecture could be no exception and Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc)'s own son, Mr. Li Shutang (Cây mận đường), a student at the time, was among those mobilized. After witnessing the furnace hastily built at his son's school, which was completely useless but still functioned due to the political reason, Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) only muttered one sentence: "This is a joke!", but he and his colleagues were powerless to stop the foolish policy that was issued by the Chinese paramount leaderMao Zedong.Once his son Li Shutang (Cây mận đường) excitedly told him that there average yield of a single hactre of rice reached 100 tons, Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) angrily shut his son up by telling the truth: that was the total production of twenty hactres of rice put into one, the propaganda had lied.[6]
The consequence of Mao's distratrous policy soon appeared: since June 1959, according to official records of the Chinese government, the death of local prefecture numbered 115,844 in 1960, which was more than the double of the average annual death of 50,000. The price at Honghu county skyrocketed and the number of people becoming ill due to starvation drastically increased. Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) and his colleague decided to save the local population totaling more than half a million from starvation, which ultimately would doom their fates.
The Great Chinese Famine
[edit]Massive death in the localJingzhouprefecture forced the local cadres at prefecture level to gather as much grains as possible, and Honghu county, the only county in the prefecture without death caused by starvation, became their only target. The local communist party secretary of Jingzhou prefecture, Xue Tan (Tiết thản), asked Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) to leave only 13.5 kilograms (30 lb) of grains of monthly rations for each resident of Honghu, and give out the rest.
Li refused, arguing that it would at least take 15 kilograms (33 lb) of monthly ration to prevent death resulting from starvation. After much argument without any satisfactory result, Li decided to go against his superior's order and allow the local populace to have enough to eat. As a result, in an era when all other counties suffered tens of thousands of starvation deaths, Honghu county did not lose a single person to starvation, and the local population of Honghu county actually increased by 15.52‰ (or 1.552%).[7]
Honghu county during Cultural Revolution
[edit]Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) and his colleagues soon paid their price for saving the local population. Even before theCultural Revolution,the local cadres were persecuted. In October 1964, the communist apparatus at theJingzhouprefecture level decided that the communist organization of Honghu county was completely "rotten" and Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) and his colleagues were struggled in public trials in front of ten thousand people. In April 1965, the charge became much more serious, the local communists of Honghu county headed by Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) was accused of (though accurately) being reestablishing capitalism. In February 1966, the local communists of Honghu county were accused of establishing independent kingdoms, forming reactionaryanti-communismrevisionist group, a serious political crime that was punishable by death. Finally, in 1966, a total of 341 cadres of Honghu county, or 90% of the county administrators and local communists in charge, including communist party secretary Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc), first deputy communist party secretary Mr. Xu Wei (Từ vĩ), deputy communist party secretaries Han Yaohui (Hàn diệu huy), Ma Xiangkui (Mã hương khôi), Gu Chengqi ( cô trình thanh, also serving as Honghu County chief at the time) and Sun Keti ( tôn khắc thích, also serving as the deputy Honghu County chief at the time) were all arrested and sent directly to labor camps without trials or any other legal proceedings, and everyone received at least ten years jail terms, with Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) had the longest, a fifteen-year term. The persecution had such devastation on those suffered that many, including the former deputy communist party secretary Mr. Xu Wei (Từ vĩ) refused to be interviewed about the experience, even in the 2000s (decade), more than three decades later. The subject remains a taboo in official documents by the Chinese government until this day, but those local populace who survived the massive famine thanks to what Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) had done would remember him. After Mr. Li Jinyu (Lý kim ngọc) had died on October 8, 2002, many of those who had experienced the famine went to his funeral to honor him, including many who could not go but insisted on being carried to the funeral.[8]
Administrative divisions
[edit]Fourteen towns:
- Luoshan(Ốc sơnTrấn),Wulin(Ô lâmTrấn),Longkou(Long khẩuTrấn),Yanwo(Tổ yếnTrấn),Xintan(Tân thanTrấn),Fengkou(Phong khẩuTrấn),Caoshi(Tào thịTrấn),Fuchang(Phủ tràngTrấn),Daijiachang(Mang gia tràngTrấn),Qujiawan(Cù gia loanTrấn),Shakou(Sa khẩuTrấn),Wanquan(Vạn toànTrấn),Chahe(Xá hàTrấn),Huangjiakou(Hoàng nhân khẩuTrấn)
The only township isLaowan Township(Lão loanHương)
Three administrative zones:
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Honghu (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
34.6 (94.3) |
35.4 (95.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
38.9 (102.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
37.6 (99.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
39.2 (102.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
26.9 (80.4) |
30.1 (86.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.5 (90.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
16.8 (62.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
21.6 (70.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.7 (72.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
29.2 (84.6) |
28.6 (83.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
17.7 (63.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
8.7 (47.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.7 (78.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
14.7 (58.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.3 (18.9) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 61.7 (2.43) |
77.5 (3.05) |
114.7 (4.52) |
171.0 (6.73) |
190.7 (7.51) |
225.9 (8.89) |
208.4 (8.20) |
120.4 (4.74) |
65.8 (2.59) |
78.0 (3.07) |
69.0 (2.72) |
36.2 (1.43) |
1,419.3 (55.88) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 11.0 | 11.6 | 14.7 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 10.6 | 8.8 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 8.2 | 131.3 |
| Average snowy days | 4.3 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 9.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 79 | 78 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 80 | 77 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 76 | 78 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 95.1 | 92.2 | 119.5 | 148.3 | 168.7 | 163.6 | 227.3 | 224.7 | 169.5 | 153.3 | 133.6 | 120.0 | 1,815.8 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 29 | 29 | 32 | 38 | 40 | 39 | 53 | 55 | 46 | 44 | 42 | 38 | 40 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[11][12] | |||||||||||||
Revolutionary opera
[edit]
The scenic Lake Honghu was the centerpiece of a revolutionary opera: "The Red Guards on Honghu Lake"(Hồng Hồ xích vệ đội) which was based on a true story about theRed Armyand its struggle with theKuomintang(KMT) in theChinese Civil War.
A synopsis of this story which happened on Lake Honghu:
Modern Opera. A revolutionary musical depicting the struggle between Communist guerrillas and a KMT landlord for control of a village. In the summer of 1930, a tyrant named Peng allied with Nationalist Army commander Feng raids the Red Army’s base in the Honghu area of Hubei province. Party Secretary Han Ying and the base director lead the local guards in an orderly withdrawal but later return to lead a raid on the enemy’s weapons storehouse. In retaliation, Peng has some local people tortured to try to discover Han Ying’s hideout. In order to protect his fellow villagers, Han Ying gives herself up, then escapes, with one of his deputies sacrificing himself in the effort. Han continues to lead the Red Guards in their struggle against the enemy.
— catalog entry for the 1961 film in theUniversity of ChicagoFilm Library collection[13]
Noteworthy people born in Honghu
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^abMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development,ed. (2019).China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017.Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 66.Retrieved11 January2020.
- ^abHồng Hồ thị lịch sử duyên cách[Honghu City Historical Development] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 6 August 2014.Retrieved8 July2018.
2010 năm lần thứ sáu dân cư tổng điều tra, Hồng Hồ thị thường trụ tổng dân cư 819446 người, trong đó: Tân đê đường phố 128039 người, tân hồ đường phố 24020 người, ốc sơn trấn 34410 người, ô lâm trấn 45901 người, long khẩu trấn 41425 người, tổ yến trấn 33999 người, tân than trấn 35496 người, phong khẩu trấn 79078 người, tào thị trấn 49428 người, phủ tràng trấn 16380 người, mang gia tràng trấn 47172 người, cù gia loan trấn 14047 người, sa khẩu trấn 43997 người, vạn toàn trấn 63023 người, xá hà trấn 47253 người, hoàng nhân khẩu trấn 33468 người, lão loan hương 11011 người, tiểu cảng quản lý khu 11906 người, đại đồng hồ quản lý khu 27678 người, đại sa hồ quản lý khu 31715 người.
- ^City Data for Hubei Province in China
- ^PLA Daily,"The Characteristics of the Present Political Situation (extracted)"Archived2008-12-12 at theWayback Machine- Excerpted from "On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism" by Mao Zedong on December 27, 1935.
- ^Chinese University of Hong Kong,University Center of China Studies
- ^There's a Li Jinyu in Honghu (in Chinese)
- ^There's Li Jinyu in Honghu, not a single person was starved to death (in Chinese)[permanent dead link]
- ^Chinese University of Hong Kong(CUHK),Folk History ( dân gian lịch sử ), December 2007 issue, published by University Center of China Studies of CUHK
- ^2016 năm thống kê dùng phân ranh giới số hiệu cùng thành hương phân chia số hiệu: Hồng Hồ thị[2016 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Honghu City].National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China.2016.Retrieved8 July2018.
Thống kê dùng phân ranh giới số hiệu tên 421083001000 tân đê tổ dân phố 421083002000 tân hồ tổ dân phố 421083100000 ốc sơn trấn 421083101000 ô lâm trấn 421083102000 long khẩu trấn 421083103000 tổ yến trấn 421083104000 tân than trấn 421083105000 phong khẩu trấn 421083106000 tào thị trấn 421083107000 phủ tràng trấn 421083108000 mang gia tràng trấn 421083109000 cù gia loan trấn 421083110000 sa khẩu trấn 421083111000 vạn toàn trấn 421083112000 xá hà trấn 421083113000 hoàng nhân khẩu trấn 421083200000 lão loan hương 421083450000 tiểu cảng quản lý khu 421083451000 đại đồng hồ quản lý khu 421083452000 đại sa hồ quản lý khu
- ^Khu hành chính hoa[Administrative Divisions]. Honghu People's Government. 21 June 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 8 July 2018.Retrieved8 July2018.
Hồng Hồ thị hiện hạt tân đê, tân hồ hai cái tổ dân phố, ốc sơn, ô lâm, long khẩu, tổ yến, tân than, phong khẩu, tào thị, phủ tràng, mang gia tràng, cù gia loan, sa khẩu, vạn toàn, xá hà, hoàng nhân khẩu 14 cái trấn, lão loan hồi tộc hương 1 cái hương, đại đồng hồ, đại sa hồ, tiểu cảng 3 cái quản lý khu ( nông trường ) cộng 20 cái hương trấn làm khu cùng Hồng Hồ kinh tế khai phá khu ( uỷ trị 7 thôn ), hạ hạt 37 cái Tổ Dân Phố, 411 cái thôn dân ủy ban; 201 cái cư dân tiểu tổ, 2902 cái thôn dân tiểu tổ.
- ^Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng – WeatherBk Data(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved11 June2023.
- ^ Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved28 May2023.
- ^"Red Guards of Lake Honghu"- entry for the 1961 movie, Hồng Hồ xích vệ đội ( "A Red Guard Troop in Honghu" ), in the Film Library Collection: Center for East Asian Studies,University of Chicago,Chinese Cinema.
Further reading
[edit]- "Numerical simulations of nutrient transport changes in Honghu Lake Basin",Earth & Climate,Wednesday, August 20, 2008
- Jiaqi Yan, Kao Kao, Gao Gao, Danny Wynn Ye Kwok (Translator),"Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution",University of Hawaii Press, 1996.ISBN0-8248-1695-1.Cf. pp. 203, 546, 626.
- Han Zao Li,"The Water Lily Pond: A Village Girl's Journey in Maoist China",Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2004.ISBN0-88920-431-4.Cf. p. 106.
- Mackerras, Colin,"The Performing Arts in Contemporary China",Routledge, 2004.ISBN0-415-36162-1.Cf. p. 109 on theRed Guards of Honghu Lakeopera.
- Ye Sang, Sang Ye, Geremie Barmé, Miriam Lang,"China Candid: The People on the People's Republic",University of California Press, 2006.ISBN0-520-24514-8.Cf. p. 29 on Honghu.
External links
[edit]- The Chinanet networkinJingzhou,Hubei province.
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