Hupa
 A Hupa man byEdward S. Curtis,c.1923 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 3139 enrolled (2013)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States( California) | |
| Languages | |
| English,Hupa | |
| Religion | |
| Hupa traditional beliefs,Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| ChilulaandWhilkut[2] |
Hupa(Yurok languageterm:Huep'oola' / Huep'oolaa= "Hupa people"[3]) are aNative Americanpeople of theAthabaskan-speakingethnolinguisticgroup in northwesternCalifornia.TheirendonymisNatinixwe,also spelledNatinook-wa,meaning "People of the Place Where the Trails Return".[2]The Karuk name wasKishákeevar / Kishakeevra( "Hupa (Trinity River) People", fromkishákeevar-sav= "Hupa River, i.e. Trinity River" ).[3]The majority of the tribe is enrolled in thefederally recognizedHoopa Valley Tribe.
History
[edit]
Hupa people migrated from the north into northern California around 1000 CE[2]and settled inHoopa Valley, California(Hupa:Natinook). Their heritage language isHupa,which is a member of theAthabaskan language family.Their land stretched from the South Fork of theTrinity Riverto Hoopa Valley, to theKlamath Riverin California. Theirred cedar-planked houses, dugoutcanoes,basket hats, and many elements of theiroral literatureidentify them with their northern origin; however, some of their customs, such as the use of asweat housefor ceremonies and the manufacture of acorn bread, were adopted from surroundingindigenous peoples of California.Close associated peoples - both by language and custom - were/are theTsnungwe (South Fork Hupa),theChilula (Lower Redwood Creek Hupa)andWhilkut (Redwood Creek Hupa).
Hupa people had limited contact with non-native peoples until the 1849Gold Rushbrought an influx of miners onto their lands.[2]In 1864, the United States government signed a treaty that recognized the Hupa tribe's sovereignty to their land. The United States called the reservation theHoopa Valley Indian Reservation(located at41°05′57″N123°40′21″W/ 41.09917°N 123.67250°W), where Hupa people now reside, one of very few California tribes not forced from their homeland. The reservation is next to the territory of the Yurok at the connection of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers in northeastern Humboldt County. The reservation has a land area of 141.087 square miles (365.41 km2).
Hupa are involved in the talks toremove hydroelectric dams along the Klamath and Trinity rivers,and were a party to a lawsuit against the Bureau of Reclamation and the National Marine Fisheries Service. On February 8, 2017 the federal district court judge ruled in favor of the Hoopa Valley Tribe, the three other Klamath River fishing tribes, and other stakeholders. The judge agreed to plans designed by the Tribes' scientists to reduce outbreaks of a deadly fish disease that had infected 90% of juvenile salmon in 2014 and 2015.[4]
Culture
[edit]Arts
[edit]Hupa people have been excelling at basketry and elk horn carving since the 17th century,petroglyphs.[5]
Ethnobotany
[edit]Traditionally, Hupa people have used the acorns ofNotholithocarpus densiflorusto make meal, from which they would make mush, bread, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. They also roast the acorns and eat them.[6]They also use the dyed fronds ofWoodwardia radicansfor basketry.[7]They also useXerophyllum tenaxto create a border pattern in baskets.[8]
Fishing
[edit]Hupa, like many tribes in the area, fish for salmon in theKlamathandTrinityrivers. One of the methods they once used to capture fish was thefish weir,which tribal members would maintain. Hupa share all of their fishing practices with the neighboringYurok[9]Hupa tribal fishers and their families rely on the Spring and FallChinook Salmonruns. Acorns, once abundant, were a main staple until they grew scarce. Because Hupa were not located as close to the sea as their neighboring Yurok Tribe, they traded supplies with them, such as salt in exchange for baskets, or acorns for canoes.[10]
Population
[edit]Estimates for the pre-contact populations of mostnative groups in Californiahave varied substantially.Alfred L. Kroeberthought that the 1770 population of Hupa was 1,000 and thatChilulaandWhilkutaccounted for another 1,000. Kroeber estimated the population of Hupa in 1910 as 500.[11]In 1943,Sherburne F. Cookproposed an aboriginal population of 1,000 for Hupa and 600 for Chilula.[12]He subsequently suggested a population for Hupa alone of 2,900.[13]William J. Wallace felt that the latter estimate was "much too high", and allowed 1,000 for Hupa, 500–600 for Chilula, and 500 for Whilkut.[14]The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation has a resident population of 2,633 persons according to the2000 census.
Reservations
[edit]
Hupa descendants have since been incorporated mainly into the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation and other tribes:
- Hoopa Valley Tribe[15](Hoopa,Humboldt County, Population 2013: 3,139) (Hupa, Tsnungwe, Chimalakwe, Chilula, Whilkut)
- Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria[16](Trinidad,Humboldt County, Population 2011: 154) (Yurok, Wiyot, Tolowa sowie Chetco, Hupa und Karuk)
- Blue Lake Rancheria[17](Blue Lake,Humboldt County, Population 2010: 58) (Wiyot, Yurok, Hupa, Whilkut)
See also
[edit]- Hoopa, California—the name for the town (Unincorporated community) in the Hupa Valley. The name was changed at various times related to the post office.
References
[edit]- ^"TWO RIVERS TRIBUNE ~ ONLINE - Hoopa Tribe Enrolls 22 New Members".tworiverstribune.Archivedfrom the original on 13 September 2017.Retrieved6 May2018.
- ^abcdPritzker 2000,p. 126.
- ^ab"Ararahih'urípih".Linguistics.2014-10-31.Retrieved2021-01-25.
- ^"Hoopa Valley Tribe Wins Court Case to Protect Salmon".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-03-29.Retrieved2017-03-28.
- ^Pritzker 2000,p. 127.
- ^Merriam 1966,p. 200.
- ^Murphey 1990,p. 4.
- ^Murphey 1990,p. 2.
- ^"On the Water - Fishing for a Living, 1840-1920: The Salmon Coast".americanhistory.si.edu.Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-07.Retrieved2016-02-25.
- ^"California Indians".factcards.califa.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-05-11.Retrieved2016-05-05.
- ^Kroeber 1925,pp. 883.
- ^Cook 1976,pp. 170.
- ^Cook 1956,pp. 99–100.
- ^Wallace 1978,p. 176.
- ^"The Hoopa Valley Tribe's Official Website".Hoopa Valley Tribe.
- ^"Trinidad Rancheria – Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow".
- ^"Home".
Sources
[edit]- Cook, Sherburne F.(1956).The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California.Vol. 16. Berkeley, California:University of California, Berkeley.pp. 81–130.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Cook, Sherburne F. (1976).The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization.Berkeley:University of California Press.
- Goddard, Pliny Earle(1903).Life and Culture of the Hupa.Vol. 1. The University Press. pp. 1–88.Retrieved24 August2012.
- Kroeber, A. L.(1925).Handbook of the Indians of California.Washington, D.C.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Merriam, C. Hart (1966).Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes.Berkeley, California: University of California Archaeological Research Facility. p. 200.
- Murphey, Edith Van Allen (1990) [1959].Indian Uses of Native Plants.Glenwood, Illinois: Meyerbooks.
- Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.Oxford:Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-513877-1.
- Wallace, William J. (1978). Heizer, Robert F.; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.).Hupa, Chilula, and Whilkut. InCalifornia.Vol. 8. Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Institution.pp. 91–98.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
Bibliographies
[edit]External links
[edit]
Media related toHupaat Wikimedia Commons- Official website
- San Francisco State University - Hupa
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