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Hurricane Bob

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This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 1991. For other storms of the same name, seeList of storms named Bob.

Hurricane Bob
Bob approachingNew Englandnear peak intensity on August 19
Meteorological history
FormedAugust 16, 1991
ExtratropicalAugust 20, 1991
DissipatedAugust 29, 1991
Category 3 major hurricane
1-minute sustained(SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds115 mph (185 km/h)
Lowest pressure950mbar(hPa); 28.05inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities17
Damage$1.5 billion (1991USD)
Areas affectedNorth Carolina,Mid-Atlantic states,New England,Atlantic CanadaandIberian Peninsula
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the1991 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Bobwas one of the costliest hurricanes inNew Englandhistory. The secondnamed stormand first hurricane of the1991 Atlantic hurricane season,Bob developed from anarea of low pressurenearThe Bahamason August 16. The depression steadily intensified, and became Tropical Storm Bob late on August 16. Bob curved north-northwestward as a tropical storm, but re-curved to the north-northeast after becoming a hurricane on August 17. As such, it brushed theOuter BanksofNorth Carolinaon August 18 and August 19, and subsequently intensified into a major hurricane (Category 3 or greater on theSaffir–Simpson scale). After peaking in intensity withmaximum sustained windsof 115 mph (185 km/h), Bob weakened slightly as it approached the coast of New England.

Bob made landfall twice inRhode Islandas a Category 2 hurricane on August 19, first onBlock Islandand then inNewport.Upon doing so, it became the only hurricane to makelandfallin the contiguous United States during the 1991 season. Moving further inland, Bob rapidly weakened, and deteriorated to a tropical storm while emerging into theGulf of Maine.Shortly thereafter, Bob made landfall inMaineas a strong tropical storm early on August 20. Bob entered the Canadian province ofNew Brunswicka few hours later, where it transitioned into anextratropical cyclone.By August 21, the remnants of Bob crossedNewfoundlandand re-emerged into the open Atlantic Ocean. The remnants traveled a long distance across the northern Atlantic Ocean, and finally dissipated west of Portugal on August 29.

Bob left extensive damage throughout New England in its wake, totaling approximately $1.5 billion (1991USD,$3.36 billion 2024 USD). This made it one of the costliest United States hurricanes at the time; as of 2013, it ranked thirty-second in the category. But some sources say that Bob might have caused as much as $3 billion (1991 USD$, 6.71 billion 2024 USD) in damage.[1][2][3]In addition, eighteen fatalities were reported in association with Bob.[4][5][6]The loss of life and most of the damage occurred as a result of high winds and rough seas. There were six confirmed tornadoes during its passage. Bob is the most recent hurricane to hit the New England states directly as a hurricane.[7]

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Storm type
triangleExtratropical cyclone,remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Bob originated from the remnants of afrontaltroughto the southeast ofBermudaon August 12. The system tracked towards the southwest and later west towards theBahamas.By August 15th, satellite analysis of the system found a weaklow-pressure areaa couple hundred miles east of the Bahamas.[8]Operationally, the system was not declared a tropical depression until 0600 UTC on August 16 after a reconnaissance mission into the storm found a closed circulation and flight level winds of 37 mph (60 km/h).[9]After post-storm analysis, it was determined that the low had developed into a depression around 0000 UTC. Several hours after being designated, the system began to developconvectivebanding features.Roughly 18 hours after being declared a depression, theNational Hurricane Center(NHC) upgraded it to a tropical storm, giving it the nameBob.At this time, Bob was situated roughly 140 mi (230 km) northeast ofNassau, Bahamas.The storm tracked slowly towards the northwest in response to the deep layer mean flow it was embedded within.[8]

A deepeningtroughover the eastern United States was forecast to turn the storm toward the north on August 16. This turn took place earlier than forecasters anticipated.[10]The storm slowly intensified as convection was displaced from thecenter of circulation;however, upper-leveloutflowwas well-defined and intensification of the storm was expected as it tracked over theGulf Stream.[11]Later that day, Bob began to consolidate and a reconnaissance plane recorded hurricane-force winds at 1719 UTC, following this reading, the NHC upgraded the storm to aCategory 1 hurricaneon theSaffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.[8]Shortly after, the hurricane began to turn towards the north-northeast in response to asubtropicalridgeover the Atlantic and the trough over the southeastern United States.[12]

By August 18, the NHC noted that the hurricane was asymmetrical, having uneven distribution of the wind radii.[13]Later that day, deep convection continued to form and an eye later appeared on satellite imagery. Early the next day, theeyebecame increasingly defined as the center of Bob passed roughly 35 mi (56 km) from the North Carolina coastline. By 0600 UTC,hurricane huntersrecorded flight level winds of 140 mph (230 km/h), corresponding to surface winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). At this time, thebarometric pressureof the storm also decreased to 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg), the lowest pressure recorded during the storm. After attaining this intensity, the hurricane tracked quickly northeast at 25 mph (40 km/h), steered by the trough over the southeastern United States, an upper-level cutoff low over theGreat Lakes Regionand the subtropical ridge over the Atlantic.[12]

Hurricane Bob near peak intensity on August 19

The track of Bob by late August 18 and early August 19 was similar to that ofHurricane Carolin1954,another major hurricane that impacted New England.[12]Significantly coolersea surface temperaturesin the path of the hurricane resulted in weakening, leading to the eye becoming cloud-filled. Later on August 19, the western portion of the eyewall brushed the eastern tip ofLong Island.Around 1800 UTC, the center of Bob made landfall nearNewport, Rhode Island,with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h), making it a Category 2 hurricane. The storm quickly weakened as it tracked throughRhode IslandandMassachusettsbefore entering theGulf of Maine.Around 0130 UTC on August 20, the now weakened Tropical Storm Bob made another landfall nearRockland, Maine.[12]

Later that day, Bob had crossed throughMaineand part ofNew Brunswick,Canada and entered theGulf of St. Lawrence.Around 1800 UTC, the former hurricane transitioned into anextratropical cyclone.Early the next day, the storm passed over northernNewfoundlandbefore re-entering the Atlantic Ocean. Rapidly tracking eastward, the storm briefly weakened to the equivalent of a tropical depression on August 22. After restrengthening to tropical storm-force winds, the remnants of Bob turned towards the southeast and slowed. Once more, the extratropical system weakened to the equivalent of a tropical depression; however, it did not re-intensify. The storm slowly tracked towards the east before dissipating off the coast of Portugal on August 29.[12]

Preparations

[edit]
Rainfall from Hurricane Bob in the United States

Watches and warnings

[edit]

Several hours after the declaration of Tropical Storm Bob on August 16, theGovernment of the Bahamasissued atropical storm warningfor the northwestern Bahamas, between the islands ofAndrosandEleuthera.After the storm turned northward, this warning was discontinued as tropical storm-force winds were no longer expected to affect the islands. Shortly before Bob was upgraded to a hurricane on August 17, the NHC issued ahurricane watchfor coastal areas ofNorth CarolinabetweenLittle River Inletnorthward toVirginia Beach, Virginia.Roughly four hours after this watch, it was upgraded to ahurricane warning.A new hurricane watch was issued late on August 17, encompassing areas between Virginia Beach northward toCape Henlopen,Delaware.This watch was also upgraded to a warning on August 18 as Bob paralleled the Mid-Atlantic coastline. During the afternoon hours, a tropical storm warning was declared for areas in thelower Chesapeake Bayarea, includingNorfolk, Virginia.[14]

A new, extensive hurricane warning was issued late on August 18 when forecasts showed Bob moving directly over southern New England. The warning covered areas between Cape Henlopen, Delaware toPlymouth, Massachusetts,includingLong IslandandLong Island Sound.Early on August 19, all watches and warnings south ofCape Lookout, North Carolinawere discontinued and the hurricane warning was extended northward to encompass areas south ofEastport, Maine.TheCanadian Hurricane Centrebegan issuing warnings forAtlantic Canadalater that day.Nova Scotia,Prince Edward IslandandNew Brunswickwere placed under wind and heavy rain warnings.[14]By the morning of August 20, all watches and warnings in the United States were discontinued; however, a brief tropical storm warning was declared for coastal Maine betweenRocklandand Eastport before the remnants of Bob moved through eastern Canada. The advisories forAtlantic Canadawere later discontinued after the system moved out of the region.[15]

Mid-Atlantic states and the Carolinas

[edit]

Following the issuance of a hurricane warning inNorth Carolinaon August 17,[14]mandatory evacuation orders were declared for the outermost islands in the state. Local police assisted significant traffic as an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 people left the region. At the height of the evacuations, delays in some places exceeded three hours. Despite the large number of evacuees, an additional 50,000 people were estimated to have stayed home and wait out the storm. Several bridges in the area were shut down prior to Bob's arrival as hurricane-force winds were likely to create life-threatening conditions on them. TheNational Park Servicein the state also shut down campgrounds across theOuter Banks.[16]An evacuation shelter was also opened inCarteret County.[17]

InVirginia,125 planes were relocated fromLangley Air Force BasetoWright-Patterson Air Force BaseinDayton, Ohio.Roughly 400 people evacuated from coastal areas inMaryland,and stores inOcean Cityreported a substantial increase in sales related to storm preparation. Further north inNew Jersey,casinos prepared sandbags to protect the structures and tape to cover windows.[17]

InSuffolk County, New York,emergency officials were unsure of whether or not to issue evacuation orders for residents along coastal areas. This contemplation led to "mixed messages" on the ability of the government being sent to the public. By the evening of August 19, the evacuation order was not issued; however, the county was placed under a state of emergency and disaster centers were opened.[18]TheAmerican Red Crossopened four shelters on Long Island that housed 800 people during the storm.[19]

New England and Canada

[edit]

Prior to Bob's arrival inNew England,officials inConnecticutandRhode Islanddeclared astate of emergencyin anticipation of significant damage. All state workers in the area were told to go home early and prepare for the storm. TheConnecticut Legislaturecanceled a session on the state's budget and GovernorLowell P. Weicker Jr.activated the emergency operations center. Submarines stationed inGrotonleft port and waited out the storm under water. Airplane and train service was disrupted throughout theMid-Atlantic statesand New England in relation to Bob.[20]The American Red Cross opened 23 shelters in 16 communities in Connecticut. In neighboring Rhode Island, the agency set up 40 shelters,[19]and there were an additional 25 shelters unaffiliated with the agency.[21]About 3,500 people statewide evacuated, including 2,000 on Block Island. Several people injured themselves while preparing for the storm.[22]

InMassachusetts,thousands of residents evacuatedCape Cod,leading to an 11 mi (18 km) backup on theSagamore Bridge.[23]There were nine shelters set up in the region,[21]which became overcrowded with evacuees.[23]There were about 50,000 people who left their homes statewide, of which 6,500 went to shelters.[24]OnMartha's Vineyard,electronics stores reported their best business sales in years, with supplies of D-batteries being cleaned off the shelves. Many residents purchased these as well as battery-powered radios and flashlights. PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush,staying at his home inKennebunkport, Maine,evacuated toPease Air Force BaseinNew Hampshire.To avoid possible risks by using helicopter, he drove bymotorcadeto the base. During this time, portions ofInterstate 95were closed to allow him direct access to the Air Force base; however, this created many miles of backup as thousands of residents moved inland.[23]Eight shelters were opened in New Hampshire,[21]and about 5,200 people – mostly tourists – evacuated the coastline.[25]There were 49 shelters opened in neighboring Maine,[21]and about 8,600 people evacuated along the coastline inYork County.[26]

In theBay of Fundy,fishermen were urged to return to port in fears of large swells from Hurricane Bob.[27]

Impact

[edit]
ImpactU.S. stateandCanadian province
Location Deaths Damage(USD)
South Carolina 1 –
North Carolina 1 $8 million
New York 2 $150 million
Connecticut 6 $40 million[28]
Massachusetts 1 $1 billion
Rhode Island 0 $230 million
New Hampshire 2 $4 million
Maine 3 $42 million
Nova Scotia 2 –
Total 18 $1.4 billion

Throughout theeast coast of the United States,Hurricane Bob produced moderate rainfall and substantial damage. Damage totaled about $1.5 billion (1991 USD). That included about $700 million through cleanup costs, uninsured losses, and food claims.[28]That made it, at the time, one of the costliest United States hurricanes, although the total was due to the storm passing through a densely populated region.[29]As of 2010, Hurricane Bob ranked as the 22nd costliest tropical cyclone in the United States mainland.[30]Across its track, the hurricane left 2.1 million people without power.[31]There were six confirmed tornadoes, along with thirteen unconfirmed tornadoes.[32]

Carolinas and Mid-Atlantic

[edit]
Hurricane Bob off the coast ofNorth Carolinaon August 18

The center of Hurricane Bob passed several hundred miles east of South Carolina with only slight effects on the state.[12]However, the storm produced largeswellsthat caught a swimmer inMyrtle Beachin strongundertow;this swimmer drowned.[20][28]A crew of three sailed from theLittle Riveren route to Rhode Island. The hurricane destroyed the mast, leaving the crew stranded over the open ocean in shark-infested waters. After 12 days, theUnited States Coast Guardrescued the three.[33]

On August 18, 1991, Hurricane Bob brushed theOuter BanksofNorth Carolina,bringing strong winds and heavy rains. Although a maximum of 5.30 inches (135 mm) of rain fell at theNational Weather Serviceoffice building atCape Hatteras,little heavy rain fell inland of the Outer Banks. One person was killed in the state in relation to Bob, and damage from the storm was estimated at $8 million (1991 USD).[28]The community ofDuck, North Carolina,received the highest recorded onshore sustained winds in the state, 62 mph (100 km/h), whereas the highest gusts reached 74 mph (119 km/h) at Cape Hatteras.[34]Diamond Shoal Lightrecorded a sustained wind of 98 mph (158 km/h) with a gust of 123 mph (198 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 962.1 mb (962.1 hPa) on the evening of August 18 and 19.[35]Cape Hatteras also recorded astorm surgeof 2.6 to 4.6 ft (0.79 to 1.40 m).[34]

Flooding was reported throughout the Outer Banks in relation to the heavy rains and storm surge of the storm. The storm required the shutdown ofNorth Carolina Highway 12,the only highway connecting the area to the mainland, isolating those who decided to stay behind. Many residents lost power as numerous power lines fell from strong winds.[16]Six brief tornadoes, ranging between F0 and F1 on theFujita scale,struck the state withinsquall linesin the outerrainbandsof Hurricane Bob.[28]Four tornadoes inDare County, North Carolina,caused $256,000 in damage.[36]Near Cape Hatteras, wind severely damaged one structure, which lost its roof and some siding.[20]

As the hurricane passed east of Virginia, it produced minimal rainfall and wind gusts of up to 40 mph (64 km/h). No one reported damage beyond some minorbeach erosioninSandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia.[37]InOcean City, Maryland,a brief period of heavy rainfall caused street flooding. High waves caused minimal beach erosion andoverwashalong the coastline.[38]High tides to 5.9 feet (1.8 m) occurred along the Delaware coastline.[39]Farther north, the storm caused widespread beach erosion along theJersey Shore,while heavy rains caused street flooding.[40]

The heaviest rains outside New England fell inBridgehampton, New York,where 7.18 inches (182 mm) fell during the passage of the storm.[41]Two reported tornadoes struckLong Island.[32]High winds destroyed cornfields and apple and peach orchards alongLong Island.[42]After a dry summer, the sudden deluge wrecked potato crops, resulting in $20 million in crop damage;[43]about one-sixth of the agricultural output of the region. High winds caused power outages for 477,765Long Island Lighting Companycustomers for a period of nearly five days. Most power outages occurred in theEast End.One person died in a car accident while a traffic light was offline,[44]and another person died when a falling tree struck a train conductor.[19]The high waves destroyed fish nets offshore[43]and caused beach erosion and the widespread destruction of boats along the coast.[44]Statewide damage totaled over $75 million.[32]

New England

[edit]
Hurricane Bob making landfall atRhode Island

Before Bob made landfall in the New England mainland, it passed directly over Block Island, Rhode Island. Stations on the island recorded gusts to 105 mph (169 km/h) near the upper end of their range, indicating that the winds were likely stronger.[32]On the mainland, winds peaked at 90 mph (140 km/h) inNarragansett.In the state, thestorm surge—the rise of water above the normal tide—was 6.6 ft (2.0 m) in the capital city ofProvidence,while the peak storm tide—the rise of water including the normal high tide—was 16.5 ft (5.0 m) at the mouth of theSakonnet River.[45]At the latter location, the estimate was based on high-water marks, which included wave effects.[32]The high waves resulted in extensive beach erosion along the state's coastline. Roads were washed out inCoventry,and there was flooding reported along thePocasset River.[22]Rainfall in the state peaked at 7.13 in (181 mm) inNorth Foster.[46]In Rhode Island, where the hurricane made landfall, Bob caused about 200,000 power outages;[21]about 60% of residents in the state and southeastern Massachusetts were left without power.[47]During the storm, treatment plants spilled over 100 million tons of sewage due to overflow into Narragansett Bay.[42]Damage totaled over $115 million.[32]

While traveling through Rhode Island, the strong winds of Bob extended westward into Connecticut, peaking at 75 mph (121 km/h) nearGroton;there, a gust of 100 mph (160 km/h) was reported.[45]High winds downed trees in every county in the state, although wind damage was heaviest in the southeastern portion near the coast.[48]Overall there were about 315,000 people left without power in Connecticut.[19]A man inSterlingdied after being struck by a falling tree limb.[49]The highest storm surge was 5 ft (1.5 m) inNew London.[45]Coastal floodingwas limited to New London County, although coastal damage was minimal. One woman died while on a capsized sailboat.[49]InNorwich,a rainfall total of 6.22 in (158 mm) was reported, which was the statewide peak.[46]Flooding was minor, limited to streams and small rivers.[48]Total damage in the state was estimated around $49 million, including $4.5 million in crop damage. There was one death due to a fire that occurred during the storm's passage,[48][50]and there were five other deaths across the state.[28]

The most significant area affected by Bob was Massachusetts, where over $1 billion in damage occurred.[51]AC-MANstation inBuzzards Bayrecorded winds every hour and observed peak sustained winds of 77 mph (124 km/h), along with gusts to 89 mph (143 km/h).[32]Sustained winds in the state peaked at 100 mph (160 km/h) inProvincetown,[52]and there was an unofficial report of a gust of 125 mph (201 km/h) inBrewster.[53]Cape Cod, which was mostly east of the eye, received very little precipitation, but some of the strongest winds. The highest rainfall total in the state was 7.06 in (179 mm) inWestfield.[46]Storm surges in the state were most significant along Buzzards Bay, peaking at 5.8 ft (1.8 m) inNew BedfordandWoods Hole.[52]High waves eroded the beach aroundChatham Light,leaving behind a 5 ft (1.5 m) cliff.[24]Other locations, including southward-facing shores alongMartha's VineyardandNantucket,lost 50 ft (15 m) of beach from erosion. Boat damage was significant in the region.[47]The hurricane left over 500,000 people without power, including all of Cape Cod.[21]Damage was heaviest from Buzzards Bay eastward to Cape Cod, and at least 61 houses were destroyed. Damage was also extensive to apple and peachorchardsacross these areas,[47]and agricultural damage was estimated around $10 million. The state also suffered $69 million in damage to public property.[42]

Although it remained offshore of the state, Bob produced strong winds in New Hampshire, with gusts reaching 60 mph (97 km/h) atPease Air National Guard Base.[54]Mount Washingtonexperienced 7.46 in (189 mm) of precipitation during the storm's passage.[46]Both theLovellandContoocookrivers experienced flooding due to the storm, and widespread flooding occurred in urban areas in the south and central portions of the state.[25]There were two deaths in the state, one from an automobile accident and the other due to a capsized boat. High winds downed widespread trees and power lines,[25]causing 30,000 people to lose power statewide.[21]Damage was estimated around $2 million.[32]In neighboring Vermont, the highest rainfall report was 4.27 in (108 mm) inVernon.[46]

Although moving across Maine as a tropical storm, Bob still maintained strong winds, producing gusts to 70 mph (110 km/h) inPortland.[55]A station inWiscassetreported a gust of 92 mph (148 km/h) before it was blown away, and another station recorded a gust of 93 mph (150 km/h).[56]A total of 169,200 customers lost power during the hurricane, some of whom remaining without electricity for a week.[55]There was a tornado reported inSt. Albans,which downed multiple trees, damaged a few houses, and moved a boathouse three blocks away;[56]its status as a tornado was not confirmed.[32]As it passed the region, the storm produced a 2.77 ft (0.84 m) storm tide.[55]The heaviest rainfall nationwide from the hurricane fell at thePortland International Jetport,where 8.24 in (209 mm) fell during its passage.[57]This contributed to August 1991 being the wettest month on record in Portland.[58]At the time, its 24‑hour rainfall total of 7.83 in (199 mm) was the highest on record, although it was surpassed in October 1996 by an extratropical system fueled byHurricane Lili.The rains from Bob led to a recordflow ratealong thePresumpscot River,although that record was also surpassed by the 1996 system.[59]River flooding washed out five bridges and roads across southwestern Maine. One man died due to being swept away by floodwaters, and another died in the ocean while on a life raft.[26]A total of 700 houses were affected by the storm, including one that was destroyed and three that sustained major damage.[60]Damage in the area around Portland totaled over $25.7 million, and there were three deaths.[55]

Atlantic Canada

[edit]

After causing severe damage in the United States, the remnants of Hurricane Bob moved intoAtlantic Canada.[28]The highest rainfall amount in the country was 4.37 in (111 mm) in northern New Brunswick.St. John's, Newfoundland and Labradorrecorded a record 1 inch (25 mm) of rainfall during the storm's passage. Gusty winds were observed across the region, and winds reached 68 mph (109 km/h) inDigby, Nova Scotia.[61]InNova Scotia,two 17-year-old girls were washed out to sea nearCape Forchuafter being caught in rough swells produced by the storm.[62]Rescue officials quickly began searching operations;[63]however, it was later confirmed that the two had drowned.[28]InFredericton,New Brunswick,tropical storm-force winds downed trees and power lines, resulting in scattered power outages.Lightningassociated with strong storms also reportedly struck some trees in the area.[63]A two-story home inPointe-Vertecollapsed due to high winds. InPetit-Rocher,five fishing boats sank after being overwhelmed by large swells at port. Firefighters in the area were surveying the town all night on August 20, checking for downed power lines and trees.[64]Power outages were also reported on Prince Edward Island. The storm left about $1 million in damage (1991CAD) onGrand Manan Islandin theBay of Fundy.[61]

Aftermath and retirement

[edit]
See also:List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

Following the storm's passage, the Long Island Lighting Company used 165 workers to restore the power outages on Long Island. In Connecticut, state officials deployed about 200 trucks to remove debris on roads. The Massachusetts National Guard was activated to assist in relief efforts.[19]In Rhode Island, a man was killed while repairing damage caused by Bob.[65]Beaches in the state re-opened by five days after the storm.[66]The hurricane mixed the waters inLong Island Soundand prevented the algae bloom that happened in previous summers.[67]In the days after Bob, theCommonwealth Electric Companybrought electricians from outside the company and put their own workers on 16‑hour shifts to restore power across Massachusetts.[42]Most Massachusetts residents, excluding those living on Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard, had their power restored within five days. Parts of Cape Cod had no power or running water for over two weeks.[66]The hurricane struck toward the end of the summer, which significantly impacted the tourism season already in the midst of arecession.[42]The New England coast was affected by a powerful nor'easter known as thePerfect Stormabout two months after the hurricane struck the region. Some locations experienced worse damage from the October storm than from Bob.[68]

To facilitate the federal government's response effort, PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushdeclared the following states as disaster (in order): Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and New York.[69]Damage in Maine was insufficient to qualify for individual family assistance.[60]Instead, the declaration allocated federal funding to reimburse cities for debris removal, repairing damaged public buildings, and other municipal expenses for each of the states. Despite the declaration, the federal government did not immediately provide aid to the affected region. This was partially due to President Bush considering the storm a "disaster but not an emergency", which therefore required cuts from other budgets to offset the relief aid. This was in opposition to the Democratic-controlledCongress,who requested an expedited process.[70]

Due to the hurricane's effects in the United States, the nameBobwas subsequently retired by theWorld Meteorological Organizationin the spring of 1992, and will never be used again for an Atlantic tropical system. It was replaced withBillfor the1997 season.[71][72]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Storm Preparation-Hurricane Bob".The Hour. September 2010.RetrievedJune 5,2018.
  2. ^"Hurricane Bob".Hurricanes, Blizzards and Noreasters.RetrievedJune 5,2018.
  3. ^Top Five Houstonians for Hurricanes(Report). Houston Press.RetrievedDecember 13,2021.
  4. ^"The Hunt for Hurricanes".Scholastic. Archived fromthe originalon May 30, 2018.RetrievedJune 5,2018.
  5. ^"What Lessons Did New England Learn".NECN.RetrievedJune 5,2018.
  6. ^"Governor M. Jodi Rell".Connecticut Governor Site.RetrievedSeptember 11,2021.
  7. ^Pasch, Richard; Berg, Robbie; Hagen, Andrew (January 25, 2022).Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Henri(PDF)(Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center.RetrievedMarch 5,2022.
  8. ^abcMax Mayfield (August 10, 1992)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page One".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedAugust 22,2009.
  9. ^Miles B. Lawrence (August 16, 1991)."Tropical Depression Three Discussion One".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedAugust 22,2009.
  10. ^Harold P. Gerrish (August 16, 1991)."Tropical Storm Bob Discussion Four".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedAugust 23,2009.
  11. ^Lixion A. Avila (August 17, 1991)."Tropical Storm Bob Discussion Five".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedAugust 23,2009.
  12. ^abcdefMax Mayfield (August 10, 1992)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Two".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedAugust 23,2009.
  13. ^Richard Pasch (August 18, 1991)."Hurricane Bob Discussion Ten".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedAugust 23,2009.
  14. ^abcMax Mayfield (August 10, 1992)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Seventeen".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedApril 23,2010.
  15. ^Max Mayfield (August 10, 1992)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Eighteen".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedApril 23,2010.
  16. ^ab"Hurricane Bob Lashes North Carolina".Gettysburg Times.Associated Press. August 19, 1991.RetrievedApril 23,2010.
  17. ^abAnita Snow (Associated Press) (August 20, 1991)."New England bracing for strike by Hurricane Bob".Kingman Daily Miner.RetrievedApril 23,2010.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^Charles V. Zehren (August 20, 1991)."Hurricane Bob: Officials Unclear on Evacuation".Newsday.RetrievedApril 23,2010.
  19. ^abcdeFEMA Headquarters (1991)."Situation Report — Hurricane Bob"(GIF).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedJuly 12,2011.
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  21. ^abcdefgFEMA Headquarters (1991)."Situation Report — Hurricane Bob"(GIF).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedJuly 12,2011.
  22. ^abValley/Sisson, Providence, Rhode Island National Weather Service (August 23, 1991)."Preliminary Survey on Hurricane Bob... First Issue"(GIF).National Hurricane Center.RetrievedSeptember 18,2011.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^abcMichael Specter (August 20, 1991)."Hurricane Rakes New England".the Washington Post.RetrievedApril 23,2010.
  24. ^abSeeley, Boston Weather Forecast Office (August 27, 1991)."Post-Storm Hurricane Report for Chatham, Massachusetts"(GIF).National Hurricane Center.RetrievedSeptember 17,2011.
  25. ^abcConcord, New Hampshire National Weather Service (August 21, 1991)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedSeptember 18,2011.
  26. ^abWayne Cotterly (October 21, 2002)."Hurricane Bob".Archived fromthe originalon April 1, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 18,2011.
  27. ^Staff Writer (August 19, 1991)."Bob warnings: Hurricane lashes U.S. coast on way to Maritimes".Kitchener – Waterloo Record.p. A2.RetrievedApril 24,2010.
  28. ^abcdefghMax Mayfield (August 10, 1992)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Four".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedApril 23,2010.
  29. ^Staff Writer (August 28, 1991)."Hurricane Bob ranks no. 2 most expensive storm".Harlan Daily Enterprise.Associated Press.RetrievedAugust 21,2021.
  30. ^Landsea, Christopher W.; Blake, Eric S.; Gibney, Ethan J. (August 31, 2011)."The deadliest, costliest, and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts)"(PDF).NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS-NHC-6.National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration: 19.RetrievedSeptember 16,2011.
  31. ^Max Mayfield (August 10, 1992)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Five".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedSeptember 17,2011.
  32. ^abcdefghiMax Mayfield (August 10, 1992)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Three"(GIF).National Hurricane Center.RetrievedSeptember 17,2011.
  33. ^Staff Writer (September 1, 1991)."Hurricane Bob Strands Three in Atlantic for 12 Days".Associated Press.RetrievedSeptember 19,2011.
  34. ^abMax Mayfield (August 10, 1992)."Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Nine".National Hurricane Center.RetrievedApril 23,2010.
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