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Huseyngulu Khan

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Huseyngulu khan
Khan of Baku
Reign1792 – 3 October 1806
PredecessorMuhammadquli Khan
SuccessorAnnexation ofBaku khanatetoRussian Empire
Born1774
Baku
Died1845
Ardebil
Burial
Karbala
HouseBakikhanovs
ReligionShia Islam

Huseyngulu Khanwas the fifth and last khan ofBaku.

Life[edit]

Huseyngulu Khan was born in 1774[1]to Aligulu agha (brother ofMalik MuhammadandMuhammadquli Khan). After the death of the khan in 1792, begs headed by Qasim beg Selimkhanov (according to other sources, his surname was Mansurov[2]) declared him as their new khan.[3]

Early reign[edit]

His reign was contested by his cousin, former khanMirza Muhammad II.Soon after his ascension, he defeated Mirza Muhammad, who fled toQuba.He also sent Manaf Beg Selimkhanov to CountGudovich,to present his application for Russian citizenship in 1792. However, he was detained inDerbentbyShaykh Ali Khan's men, who regarded himself as overlord ofBakuuntil 1795.

Shaykhali Khan marched on Baku in 1794. However, upon hearing the news from theShaki Khanatethat Salim Khan, the new khan of Shaki, had massacred all of the children of the former khan, including Shaykhali's nephew, he instead marched on Shaki, leaving Mirza Muhammad II nearBalakhanawith a thousand men. Being not far from Baku, Mirza Muhammad blocked all trade and support routes to city, causing Huseyngulu to send Manaf beg to Gudovich again complaining of Shaykhali khan while he himself suddenly ambushing Mirza Muhammad and capturing him with his family. His younger brother Husein agha was the only one to escape battle, go to Quba and tell the story. Gudovich on the other hand, advised Shaykhali to settle matters peacefully. Indeed, throughMostafa khan's help, cousins made peace and Mirza Muhammad went back to Quba, while retaining his income from Baku oil fields. According to treaty signed in December 1795:

1. The khan and his successors should be approved in their ranks by Her Imperial Majesty.

2. The khan can not enjoy diplomatic relations with neighboring states who are not subjects of Russia, without preliminary agreement with the main commander of the Caucasus front.

3. Russian merchants to be given the most advantageous benefits.

4. In case of crash of vessels, goods should be returned to their owners in due time.

5. At least one Russian ship has to be anchored in Baku port always.

6. Merchant affairs among Russians and Persians and others is not to be matter of the Baku elders, but of the consul.

7. Paying tribute to Shaykhali khan is not incompatible with Russian citizenship

— Materials for the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1893 [Text] / P.G.Butkov. – St.Petersburg: Printing house of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1869. Part 2. p. 293 (in Russian)

Capture of Baku[edit]

AfterAgha Muhammad Shah's invasion ofGeorgia,Shaykhali Khan rushed to submit toQajarrule. This did not go without retribution from Russia asCatherine IIorderedValerian Zubovto invadeShirvan.Zubovstormed Derbenton 10 May and captured Shaykhali, moving on to Baku. However Huseyngulu sent envoys to Zubov on 20 May, explaining his will to submit.[4]Khan himself arrived at Russian encampment nearGilgilçayon 13 June with city keys. General Vasili Rakhmanov was sent to occupy Baku with 3 battalions of infantry, 2 cavalry squadrons and 3 artillery guns. Tsitsianov was named commanding officer of castle in 1797. However, death ofCatherine IIandPaul's cancellation of expedition, forced Zubov to withdraw to Russia in 1797.

Later reign[edit]

Now being left at mercy of Agha Muhammad, Huseyngulu was captured and imprisoned inShushaon 11 May. However shah was assassinated next day, Huseyngulu left for Baku. Hearing developments, Mirza Muhammad rushed to seize Baku. Huseyngulu Khan's fast arrival ruined his plans. After new treaty, he positioned himself inMashtaga,acting as a vice-khan.[5]However, he later sent gifts toFatali shah,fearing another invasion.

Russian consul in Qajar Iran - Skibinevski arrived in Baku on 22 January 1800 and demanded compensation for Russian merchants from whom large sums of money was taken after Russian withdrawal. The khan declined, but pleaded guilty when a Russian ship "Kizlyar" fired a cannon on city on 6 February. He sent envoys to congratulateAlexander Ion his ascension on 1 March 1801.

He invadedMashtaga,this time withMostafa Khan's help in 1803. He then exiled Mirza Muhammad II to Quba.

Occupation of Baku[edit]

Baku was again a matter of interest to Russians during theRusso-Persian War of 1804–13.As a result ofTsitsianov's negotiations in early 1803, an agreement was reached with the ambassador of the khan of Baku, Allahverdi Beg, on conceding Baku to Russia. On 24 April 1803, Tsitsianov asked Vorontsov to dispatch two regiments (fromTamanand theCrimea) at his disposal for the garrison in Baku and the occupation of other points lying about. However, in 1804, at the insistence of the Baku and Shemakhan nobility, the agreement with Russia was cancelled by Huseyngulu.[6]Soon tensions rose in Baku, as city folk killed 7 of the Russian consul's soldiers, expelling him out of the city.

In 1805, a Russian squadron entered the Baku bay under the command of General Irinarch Zavalishin and proceeded to siege the city. Khan sent an envoy to Zavalishin to negotiate, however, he responded that he had been sent by the emperor to occupy Baku and demanded the immediate surrender of the city. Khan asked for a time to give an answer. On 15 April, when the deadline passed and the city did not surrender, Zavalishin landed ashore. However, with reinforcements fromShaykhali khanand Nuh beg ofDerbent,khan prevailed in defence of the city. Having suffered defeat after several battles, the Russians boarded the ships and retreated to the island of Sari (nearLankaran).[7]

On 27 December 1805,Tsitsianovinformed Alexander I that he himself was going with the army to Baku, to help Zavalishin. At the beginning of February 1806, Tsitsianov, marching with a large army, joined forces with General Zavalishin 2verstsfrom Baku and began negotiations with khan about the surrender of the fortress to the Russians. Russian troops encamped near Nakhirbulag, just next to city walls. On 8 February, khan, accompanied by his retinue, left the fortress to present city keys to Prince Tsitsianov. In a surprise to many, khan's cousin Ibrahim beg suddenly gunned Tsitsianov and killed him.

Huseyngulu went toAğsuin person to submitAbbas Mirza.Meanwhile,Mirza Muhammad Khan IIjoined army of Russian general Sergei Bulgakov in July 1806 to guide Russian army to Baku. Together they captured Baku on 6 October 1806, while Huseyngulu fled toArdabilwith his family. Huseynguluappeared again in 1826,this time with Qajar army to recapture Baku, but failed to do so. He died inArdabil,1845 and was buried inKarbala.[1]

Family[edit]

He had 8 wives, 5 sons and 17 daughters.

Wives[edit]

  1. Zainat khanum
  2. Fatma sultan (b. 1776, m. 1801, d. 1804) – daughter ofMalik Muhammad Khan
  3. Fatma khanum
  4. Hajet khanum
  5. Begistan khanum
  6. Khushendam khanum
  7. Zeynisharaf khanum
  8. Gulistan khanum

Sons[edit]

  1. Lutfali khan – had issues
  2. Isgandar khan – had issues
  3. Nuh khan – had issues
  4. Salman khan – had issues
  5. Musa khan (son of Gulistan khanum) – had issues

Daughters[edit]

  1. Fatma Sultanat bika
  2. Aynur khanum
  3. Badr Jahan khanum
  4. Sahib Sultan bika
  5. Khurshid khanum
  6. Ummu Salama khanum
  7. Saadet begim
  8. Zainat begim
  9. Sharif khanum
  10. Aisha begim khanum
  11. Chimnaz khanum – married to Kazim beg Selimkhanov (1814–1874)
  12. Tila begim khanum
  13. Rukhsara begim khanum
  14. A daughter who was married to Mahammad agha Bakikhanov
  15. A daughter who was married to Abdullah khan Rudbari
  16. A daughter who was married to Aghamir Karimov
  17. A daughter who was married to Zulfugar agha (a cousin of Huseyngulu)[1]
  18. A daughter who was married to Mahammad agha (a cousin of Huseyngulu)[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdBerzhe, A.,ed. (1873).Akty, sobrannye Kavkazskoĭ arkheograficheskoĭ komissieĭ[Documents compiled by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission] (in Russian). Vol. 5. Tiflis: Tip. Glavnogo Upravlenii︠a︡ Namestnika Kavkazskogo. p.1119.
  2. ^Mansurov, Eldar Bähramoğlu (2011).Mansurovlar(in Azerbaijani). Bakı. p. 27.ISBN9789952272802.OCLC839116794.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^Ashurbeyli, Sara (1992).Istorii︠a︡ goroda Baku: period srednevekovʹi︠a︡[History of the city of Baku: medieval period] (in Russian). Baku: Azerbaĭdzhanskoe gos. izdatelʹsko-poligraficheskoe obʹedinenie. p. 289.ISBN978-5552004799.OCLC39178990.
  4. ^Ashurbeyli, p. 294
  5. ^A., Bāqīẖānli (2010).Gülüstani-İräm.Bähmänli, V. Bakı: Xatun Plyus. p. 211.ISBN978-9952210453.OCLC837882352.
  6. ^Ashurbeyli, p. 300
  7. ^Ashurbeyli, p. 301
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