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Iberia (airline)

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Iberia
IATA ICAO Callsign
IB IBE IBERIA
Founded28 June 1927;97 years ago(1927-06-28)
Commenced operations14 December 1927;96 years ago(1927-12-14)
AOC #ES.AOC.001[1]
HubsAdolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport
Frequent-flyer programIberia Plus
(Part ofAviosLoyalty program)
AllianceOneworld
Subsidiaries
Fleet size90
Destinations130[2]
Parent companyInternational Airlines Group
ISINES0147200036
HeadquartersCiudad Lineal, Madrid,Spain[3]
Key people
  • Fernando Candela (President andCEO)[4]
RevenueIncrease€4.6billion(2016)[5]
Net incomeIncrease€271 million (2016)[5]
Websitewww.iberia

Iberia(Spanish pronunciation:[iˈβeɾja]), legally incorporated asIberia Líneas Aéreas de España, S.A. Operadora, Sociedad Unipersonal,is theflag carrierofSpain.[6]Founded in 1927 and based inMadrid,it operates an international network of services from its main base ofMadrid–Barajas Airport.[7] Iberia, with Iberia Regional (operated by an independent carrierAir Nostrum) and withIberia Express,is a part ofInternational Airlines Group.In addition to transporting passengers and freight, Iberia Group carries out related activities, such as aircraft maintenance, handling in airports, IT systems and in-flight catering. Iberia Group airlines fly to over 109 destinations in 39 countries, and a further 90 destinations through code-sharing agreements with other airlines.[7]

On 8 April 2010, it was confirmed thatBritish Airwaysand Iberia had signed an agreement to merge,[8]making the combined operation the third largest commercial airline in the world by revenue.[9]Shareholders of both carriers approved the deal on 29 November 2010.[10]The newly merged company, known asInternational Airlines Group(IAG), was established in January 2011, although both airlines continue to operate under their respective brands.[11]

History

[edit]
King Alfonso XIII of Spaindisembarks from theRohrbach Ro VIII Rolandused for the inaugural flight of Iberia from Madrid to Barcelona in 1927.
King Alfonso XIII inspects one of the airline'sJunkers G 24s.
Crew of the inaugural Iberia service toBuenos Airesin 1946 with theDouglas DC-4used for the flight.
IberiaDouglas DC-8-52at Stockholm in 1969.
IberiaSud Aviation Caravelleat London – Gatwick in 1973.
Boeing 727–200on approach to land at London – Heathrow in 1978.
Boeing 747–300about to touch down at Miami in 2005.
ABoeing 747-412inLuxembourg Airport,June 2005.

Early years

[edit]

Iberia, Compañía Aérea de Transportes, was incorporated on 28 June 1927 with a capital investment of 1.1 millionpesetasby financierHoracio EchevarrietaandDeutsche Luft Hansa.Flight operations commenced on 14 December 1927.[12]The Spanish government contracted the company to provide postal transport between Madrid and Barcelona. DuringMiguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, Spanish aviation companies were amalgamated and became state-controlled as a general interest public utility, starting early 1928.[13]Consequently, Iberia was merged intoCLASSA(Compañía de Líneas Aéreas SubvencionadasS.A.), ceasing independent operations on 29 May 1929.[14]Although the airline had neither a fleet nor commercial operations under its brand, the name 'Iberia' remained registered.[13]

In 1937, during theSpanish Civil War,Spanish navy captain and director-general of the company Daniel de Araoz y Aréjula[15]received the order fromGeneral Kindelánto organize an airline for the air transport in nationalist-held territory during the war.[13]Daniel de Araoz y Aréjula traveled to Germany to get support and material for the restoration of the company as an independent airline, thus sixJunkers Ju 52from Deutsche Luft Hansa arrived, which were acquired by Iberia at the end of the conflict, in addition to material to help the operations.[13]As the name "Iberia" was still registered, it was used when operations began in 1937[16]towards the end of the war.[17]During the conflict Iberia was a purely domestic airline, with headquarters inSalamancathe airline operated flights to cities in the nationalist side,Spanish North Africa,Spanish West AfricaandMorocco.[18]After the war, at the end of the 1930s, the airline served theSevilleLaracheCabo JubyLas Palmas,BarcelonaSaragosaBurgosSalamanca–Seville–TetuanandPalma–Barcelona–Vitoriaruns using Junkers Ju 52 aircraft.[19]On 1 May 1939, Iberia operated its first regular service to an international destination as an independent civil airline with a Madrid–Lisbonflight.[20]

In 1940, the government gave the monopoly of national air transport to Iberia (this fact changed 6 years later when the government liberalized the national air traffic for the private airlines),[21]This privilege helped the company to start building as an important international airline, which had not been until then.[22]The airline wasnationalisedon 30 September 1944 and became part ofInstituto Nacional de Industria.The policy of the company was to separate itself from the German orbit to which it had been linked in its first years and establish relations with the United States in terms of aircraft purchase and supplies of aeronautical material for the operation.[22]Thus that year the purchase of sevenDC-3and threeDC-4was finalized, to expand the network in Europe and accomplish the company's first transatlantic flight.[22]This was achieved in 1946, Iberia was the first airline to fly between Europe and South America afterWorld War II,using a Douglas DC-4 to operate flights between Madrid andBuenos Aires.[7]This flight was the first of an expansion of flights between Latin America and Europe through Spain carried out by the company, with destinations such asSan Juan de Puerto Rico,Caracas,Ciudad de MéxicoandLa Habana.The poor diplomatic relations of theFrancoist regimedelayed the establishment of some destinations until the beginning of the 1950s.[22]

Iberia incorporated four more DC-4s into its fleet during the first half of 1950, enabling both the strengthening of current services and the launch of new ones.[23]With thePact of Madridin 1953, visa requirements were eliminated for US visitors to Spain.[24]This stimulated the start oftransatlantic flightsbetween Spain and the United States the following year. The airline phased in the first of threeSuper Constellationsin June 1954. The aircraft was namedSanta Maríato commemorateColumbus' first voyage[25]and was deployed in the inauguration of the new Madrid–New Yorkservice two months later, on 3 August 1954, the same day that Columbus left the port ofPalos de la Frontera.[26][27]The amendments to Article 6 of theConvention on International Civil Aviationof 14 June 1954 made in Paris on 30 June 1956 about non-scheduled air services enabled mass tourism using chartered aircraft since allowing European member states to carry out this type of operation with international flights between their territories.[28]This favored the airline given that it had in its territory several highly sought after destinations, mainly those on the eastern and southern Mediterranean coast and in the Balearic and Canary Islands, highly demanded by seaside tourism which began with this type of operation.

In 1959, the Spanish airlineAviacobecame a part of Iberia by controlling two-thirds of its capital in a capital increase.[29]Aviaco had been created in 1948,[30]after the national air traffic had been liberalized for Spanish private companies in 1946.[21]

In 1961, Iberia had 9Super Constellationin the fleet, that year came into service the firstDC-8-50,the four-engined jet airliner was progressively incorporated until reaching the number of 8 aircraft of the 50 series variant.[31]Iberia was gradually incorporating jets of short and middle range, such asSud Aviation Caravelle,andDouglas DC-9.The Super Constellations were removed and sold in 1966 and, two years later, threeDC-8-63with more seat capacity were incorporated into the fleet. By 1969, the long-range fleet of Iberia was composed of 11 DC-8s.[31]In the early 1970s the jumbo jetsBoeing 747sandDouglas DC-10scame to the company during an expansion of the intercontinental routes, especially to Central America. By the middle of this decade, the airline flew to almost all Latin American capitals. With the expansion in Latin America the company had followed a policy of purchasing shares and establishing agreements with several Latin American airlines such asCompañia Dominicana de Aviación,Aérolíneas Peruanas,PLUNAandAir Panamá Internacional.At first, the intention of this policy could be to create a strong distribution network for intercontinental routes passengers, but as the airline was controlled by the state the Franco regime used this investment policy to get support in Latin America. Iberia gave material, capital and logistical support to those flag-carrier airlines. By 1971, these investments resulted in the loss of 14 million dollars.[32]Iberia also bought the short-middle range trijetBoeing 727-200in 1971, of which the company had 35 aircraft[33]and was used until 2001 like the other short-range jet bought by the company in the late '60s, the Douglas DC-9.[34]

In 1987, Iberia, together withLufthansa,Air FranceandSAS Group,foundedAmadeus,an IT company (also known as aGlobal Distribution System) that would enable travel agencies to sell the founders and other airlines' products from a single system.[35]In the same year, Iberia planned a fleet renewal in the middle-range fleet with theMcDonnell Douglas MD-87andAirbus A320replacing the Douglas DC-9 and Boeing 727 respectively.[36]In June 1990, the carrier bought 16Boeing 757sforUS$1billion, including spares and training; twelve more aircraft of the type were taken on option as a part of the deal.[37]

Development since the 1990s

[edit]

In the '90s, Iberia followed a policy of buying shares of Latin American flag carriers. It intended to dominate the entire Latin American market and become one of the largest airlines on the worldwide scene.[38]

The investments started in June 1990 with the buying of a 30% stake inAerolineas Argentinas.[38]In 1991 Iberia bought a 45% stake inViasafor $81 million[39]and a 35% stake in ChileanLadeco.[40]The airline continued making progress in setting up Europe's first international airlinefrequent-flyer programmein 1991, with the creation ofIberia Plus.

In 1994, the poor results of Aerolineas Argentinas, which presented a positive balance in its commercial exploitation but hid a significant deficit with losses in non-operating activities, led Iberia to increase its ownership participation to 85%.[41]With this increase in participation, the Argentine state renounced its "golden share",allowing Iberia to have full fiscal control of the company. Iberia began a reduction in the size of the company, a liquidation of the national and overseas offices, and the technical sale of its entire fleet composed of 28 aircraft in a"sale and lease back"operation.[41]Argentine sources indicate that the purchase capital of Aerolíneas Argentinas was charged to its financial liability.[42]This, together with the aforementioned sales, generated a big controversy, giving rise to criticism of the Argentine government for the privatization of the company. The truth is that during the period that Aerolíneas Argentinas was owned by Iberia (1990–1995), the Spanish airline allocated more than 1,200 million dollars to the Argentine flag carrier and kept the airline operating despite the poor results.[41]Meanwhile, the Argentine government refused to invest more capital and expressed its desire to get rid of a large part of its shares.[38]Iberia carried out major reforms in the structure of the company, which by that date was outdated with, among other things, extortionate personnel costs.[43]Some of these changes included the development of a free booking program, the complete computerization of the management system, the introduction of business class on domestic flights, and the creation of a new hub inEzeiza International Airportfor long range regional flights to Latin American destinations.[41]In 1995, before the process of privatization of Iberia, Aerolineas Argentinas was transferred to the Spanish government throughINI,which would later becomeSEPI.In 2001, the Argentine flag carrier was sold to the Spanish companyGrupo Marsans.[44]

In 2008, the president of ArgentinaCristina Fernández de Kirchnerexpropriated the company from Grupo Marsans for the symbolic price of 1Argentine peso($0.57) and renationalized the airline.[45]In July 2017 theICSIDordered Argentina to pay 320 million dollars to Grupo Marsans for having paid a lower price than the real value of the company.[46]On 7 April 2010, the president of theSpanish Court of Auditorspresented at the Spanish Parliament the figures of the investment in Aerolíneas Argentinas between 1990 and 2001, which was estimated at €2,100 million.[47]

The plans to make the Iberia group the dominant airline in the Latin American market also failed in Venezuela. In 1997 the board of directors ofViasa,in which Iberia was the majority, decided to suspend the flights of the company, arguing that the situation was unfeasible.[48]Iberia announcing that the company was not going to continue providing more capital into Viasa if its local partner, the Venezuelan state-owned group FIV, was not going to do the same. By then Iberia had invested more than 250 million dollars in the Venezuelan flag carrier without having any profit.[48]In February 1997, the agreement for the liquidation of Viasa that accumulated a 200 million dollar debt, with a capital of only 2 million dollars, was announced. Iberia and the Venezuelan government had the intention of liquidating the company to avoidbankruptcy.Iberia offered to write off the 150 million dollar debt that Viasa had accumulated to the Spanish carrier in exchange for keeping its fleet of four DC-10s and five Boeing 727s. The agreement included compensation for the staff after the liquidation, which had a cost of 20 million dollars.[49]

RegardingLadeco,Iberia was a minority shareholder (35%) and did not intervene in its management. Initially, Iberia had the intention of achieving the merger of Ladeco withLan Chile,but Chilean antitrust laws prevented it.[50]Later, in 1995, LAN Chile made a major acquisition of Ladeco shares and acquired 57.6% of the company, this operation was approved by the Chilean antitrust prosecution,[51]and then began a merger process in which Iberia lost some rights acquired during its time as shareholder of Ladeco. In 1997, Iberia sold its shares in Ladeco.[52]

In 1996, the airline launched itswebsite.[53]

The company ordered 76 aircraft fromAirbusin February 1998, which at the time was the largest single Airbus order. The following year it bought Aviaco and inherited that airline's fleet.[54]

By the end of the '90s, Iberia owned as majority shareholder the Spanish airlinesAviaco,Viva Air,Binter CanariasandBinter Mediterráneo,and Latin American airlinesAerolíneas Argentinas,Austral,ViasaandLadeco.[55]

During 2001, Iberia wasprivatisedand its shares were listed on stock exchanges. By 2002, when Iberia celebrated its 75th anniversary, it had carried nearly 500 million people in its history.[56]In July 2004, Iberia announced it had decided to move its Latin American hub fromMiami,Florida toSan Pedro Sula,Honduras.

On 5 February 2006, Terminal 4 atMadrid - Barajas Airportwas turned over to Iberia and fellowOneworldalliance members. This provided much-needed expansion capabilities for Iberia. Iberia represents around 60% of the airport's traffic. In 2005, the airline and its regional branchAir Nostrumtransported 21,619,041 passengers via Madrid – Barajas Airport.

In November 2006, Iberia launchedClickair,alow-cost carriersubsidiary. Clickair merged withVuelingin 2009.

On 12 November 2009, Iberia confirmed that it had reached a preliminary agreement to merge withBritish Airways.[57]The merger between the two carriers would create the world's third-largest airline in terms of revenue.[58]On 8 April 2010, it was confirmed that British Airways and Iberia had agreed to a merger, forming theInternational Airlines Group,although each airline would continue to operate under its current brand.[59]

In November 2012, Iberia announced plans to reduce the number of employees by 4,500 and its fleet by five long-haul and 20 short-haul aircraft.[60]

In 2012, Iberia established another low-cost airline,Iberia Express,which operates short and medium-haul routes from its parent airline's Madrid hub, providing feeder flights onto Iberia's long-haul network. The airline began operating on 25 March 2012 and shares its head office with Iberia inChamartín,Madrid.[61]In 2013, the headquarters of both airlines were moved to a new office in Ciudad Lineal, Madrid, and the corporate images have been changed as part of the renewal process.[62]

In 2023, Iberia announced its return to Tokyo'sNarita International Airportin October 2024 following its withdrawal in 2020 during theCOVID-19 pandemic.[63]Iberia first started flights to Tokyo in 1986, and began nonstop flying in 1992, but had previously suspended flights between 1998 and 2016.[64]

Corporate affairs

[edit]
[edit]

The key trends for Iberia are (as of the financial year ending 31 December):[65]

Year Revenue
(€ bn)[66]
Net profit
(€ m)
Number of
employees
Number of
passengers
(m)[67]
Passenger
load factor
(%)[68]
Fleet size References
2011 4.4 −27 20,081 17.3 81.3 103 [69]
2012 4.6 −598 19,811 14.8 81.5 111 [70]
2013 4.1 −493 18,254 10.6 79.2 95 [71]
2014 4.1 391 16,907 10.7 78.6 96 [72]
2015 4.5 472 16,177 16.5 81.1 98 [73]
2016 4.4 153 15,809 17.8 82.0 98 [74]
2017 4.7 137 15,738 18.7 84.1 100 [75]
2018 5.4 245 16,180 20.9 85.7 107 [76]
2019 5.6 342 16,776 22.5 87.0 114 [77]
2020 2.2 −2,148 9,817 5.8 70.5 113 [78]
2021 2.7 −704 11,491 10.5 68.9 100 [79]
2022 5.5 272 15,499 84.1 111 [80]
2023 7.1 1,001 16,937 87.1 121 [81]

Head office

[edit]
Head office

The company head office is in the MV49 Business Park in Madrid.[82][83][84]This facility is in proximity to the intersection of theAutopista de Circunvalación M-30andAvenida de América.In 2013 the company moved its head office from the formerCampos Velázquez,[82]in theSalamanca districtof Madrid,[85]to save money.[82]

Ownership

[edit]
Former Iberia logo; used from 1977 to 2013
Announcement of the listing of Iberia in theMadrid Stock Exchange,2001

On 3 April 2001, Iberia was privatised and included in theIBEX 35stock index of theMadrid stock exchange.The core shareholders were:Caja Madrid– 23.45%, British Airways 13.2%,SEPI– 5.20%,El Corte Inglés– 2.90%.[86]British Airways raised its stake in Iberia by purchasingAmerican Airlines' remaining shares, reportedly paying £13m for the small shareholding. This increased BA's total stake in Iberia to around 10% and preserved its two seats on the Iberia board.[87]

In July 2008, British Airways and Iberia announced plans to merge, wherein each airline would retain its original brand.[88]The agreement was confirmed in April 2010,[89]and in July, theEuropean CommissionandUnited States Department of Transportationpermitted the merger and the two airlines began to co-ordinatetransatlanticroutes with American Airlines.[90][91]On 6 October 2010, the alliance between British Airways, American Airlines and Iberia formally began operations. At the time it was estimated the alliance would generate an estimated £230 million in annual cost-saving for BA, in addition to the £330 million which would be saved by the merger with Iberia.[92]The merger was finalised on 21 January 2011, resulting in the International Airlines Group (IAG), the world's third-largest airline in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest airline group in Europe.[89][93]

Prior to merging, British Airways owned a 13.5% stake in Iberia, and thus received ownership of 55% of the combined International Airlines Group; Iberia's other shareholders received the remaining 45%.[94]

The merger has been controversial. British Airways operates two funded principal-defined benefit pension schemes in the UK. British Airways admits that one of the most serious financial risks it suffers is the challenging pension schemes' combined deficit. The last actuarial valuation was £3.7 billion, a value even greater than IAG's capitalisation.[citation needed]In addition and according to the "Pensions Act" for the year 2004, should it be necessary, the United Kingdom's Pension Regulator could force Iberia or IAG to give additional financial support to British Airways' retirement pension schemes. In its "Annual Report and Accounts Year ended 31 December 2011" BA declared that "negative movements in pension asset values and financial returns from these assets may increase the size of the pension deficit".[95]

As of December 2013,the airline had over 18,000 employees.[96]

Due toBrexit,Iberia has been forced to prove that it is still a Spanish airline, despite being merged withBritish Airways.The consequence for not doing so is their potential inability to fly within theEuropean Union.[97]

Subsidiaries and alliances

[edit]

Iberia has a 9.49% stake inlow-cost carrierVuelingwhich is based near Barcelona, with parent company IAG owning the remaining 90.51%. This was done to ensure that IAG does not have 100% of the shares in Vueling, but that the shares are split between its divisions. Iberia also has a 0.95% share inRoyal Air Maroc.[7]

Iberia is allied withAmerican Airlines,Qantas,Aviancaand British Airways, and it was allied withGrupo TACA.On 1 September 1999, the company joined theOneworldalliance.[98]

Iberia formerly ownedAviaco,which operated most domestic routes. It was founded on 18 February 1948 and operated until 1 September 1999. Iberia also ownedBinter Canarias,until the Spanish government began the privatisation of the subsidiary. Hesperia Inversiones Aéreas bought the airline from Iberia in July 2002. A second airline using the Binter name,Binter Mediterraneo,was formed as a subsidiary of Iberia in 1988 with routes fromMelillatoMálaga,Almeria,Valenciaand in its last year, with Madrid.[99]The airline was acquired byAir Nostrumin 1998 and merged into its operations, at that time the airline had a fleet ofCN- 235.[100]

Iberia was a founding partner in the computerised air ticket reservation system,Amadeus,with an 18.28% stake.[101]Iberia is also active as a tour operator through its Viva Tours[102]and Tiempo Libre units,[103]and with Cacesa, it supplies parcel shipment services.[104]

In addition, Iberia is an aircraft maintenance company, servicing its fleet and those of another 48 companies, including some leading European airlines.[105]Iberia is a supplier ofaircraft handling servicesat all Spanish airports and two inEquatorial Guinea;its airline clients number more than 200 and has 7300 employees.[106]

Destinations

[edit]

Joint businesses

[edit]

Iberia participates in a joint business withQatar Airwaysand British Airways which includes the operation of three daily flights between Qatar Airways' Doha hub and Madrid along with up to 10 flights between Doha and London.[107]

Iberia also participates in theOneworldtransatlanticjoint venturewithAmerican Airlines,British Airways,andFinnair.[108]

Codeshare agreements

[edit]

As of May 2024,Iberia hadcodeshare agreementswith the following airlines:[109]

Fleet

[edit]

Current fleet

[edit]
An IberiaAirbus A320neo
An IberiaAirbus A330-200
An IberiaAirbus A350-900

As of July 2024,Iberia operates an all-Airbusfleet composed of the following aircraft:[112]

Iberia fleet
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers[113] Notes
B E+ E Total
Airbus A319-100 6 141
Airbus A320-200 13 180
Airbus A320neo 17 186
Airbus A321-200 11 217
Airbus A321XLR 8[114][115] TBA Deliveries are expected to start at the end of 2024 or at the beginning of 2025.[116]
Airbus A330-200 14 19 269 288
Airbus A330-300 8 29 21 242 292
Airbus A350-900 21 2[115] 31 24 293 348 Includes EC-NXD, the 500th Airbus A350 built.[citation needed]
Total 90 10

Fleet development

[edit]

In August 2015 IAG converted eight A350-900 and three Airbus A330-200 options into firm orders for Iberia.[117]In June 2018 the airline took the delivery of its first A350.[118]

In June 2017 Iberia ordered 17 A320neo and 3 A321neo with deliveries from 2018.[119]The first A320neo was delivered in May 2018.[120]The first A321neo was received by Iberia Express in June 2020.[121]

At the 2019Paris Air Show,IAG agreed to purchase 14Airbus A321XLRaircraft, 8 for delivery to Iberia and 6 toAer Lingus,with options for a further 14 of the aircraft.[122]

Former fleet

[edit]
A former IberiaAirbus A300
A former IberiaMcDonnell Douglas DC-9
A former IberiaBoeing 757–200

Over the years, Iberia operated the following aircraft types:[123][124]

Aircraft Introduced Retired
Airbus A300 1981 2002
Airbus A340-300 1996[citation needed] 2016[125]
Airbus A340-600[citation needed] 2003 2020
Boeing 727–200 1972 2001
Boeing 737–300 1988 1990
Boeing 737–400 1998 2001
Boeing 747–100 1970 1981
Boeing 747–200 1972 2005
Boeing 747–300 2000 2005
Boeing 747-400 2004 2006
Boeing 757–200 1993 2008
Boeing 767–300 1998 2002
Bristol 170 Freighter Mk.31 1953 1963
Convair 440 1957 1972
de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide 1934 1953
Dornier Do J Wal 1935 1936
Douglas DC-1 1938 1940
Douglas DC-2 1935 1946
Douglas DC-3 1944 1973
Douglas DC-4 1946 1968
Douglas DC-8 1961 1983
Douglas DC-9 1967 2001
Fokker F28 Fellowship 1970 1975
Ford Trimotor 1930 1946
Junkers G 24 1929 1936
Junkers Ju 52/3m 1937 1957
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar 1997 1998
Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation 1954 1966
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 1973 2000
McDonnell Douglas MD-87 1990 2008
McDonnell Douglas MD-88 1999 2008
Rohrbach Ro-VIII Roland 1927 1929
SNCASE SE.161 Languedoc 1952 1960
Sud Aviation Caravelle 1962 1987

Aircraft cabins

[edit]
Iberia Business Plus class on board anAirbus A330-300
Iberia Economy class on board anAirbus A319

All aircraft in the fleet are configured in a two-class layout with Business and Economy cabins. Iberia currently markets three distinct business class variations, depending on flight length. In March 2009, Iberia announced that between 2009–2011 it would renovate its economy class on all its planes as well as design a new business class for its long-haul planes.[126]Iberia was one of the last remaining major airlines to equip all of its intercontinental routes withpersonal entertainment screens.As of 2016,the Airbus A330-200 and −300, and A340-600 fleets are equipped with personalIFE.In-flight catering is provided byDo & Co.[citation needed]

Business Class

Business Class is available on Spanish domestic and inter-European flights. Seats are the same as in the economy cabin but with the middle (B and E) seats blocked off. Business Class tickets also include improved ground service (priority check-in, security, boarding, baggage handling, and lounge access).[127]

Business Plus

Business Plus is offered on long-haul flights to the Americas and Southern Africa. Business Plus offers lie-flat seating and international business-class amenities.[128]

Economy

Iberia has moved more to an American, or "a-la-carte" model for domestic and European flights, offering abuy on boardservice called "Tu Menú" in economy for meals, snacks and beverages.[129]Mid-haul flights to Dakar, Moscow, and Tel Aviv as well as long-haul intercontinental flights are fully catered in Economy except alcohol.[128][130]

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

As of January 2016,a total of 37 aircraft operated by or for Iberia have been written off in accidents and shoot-downs since 1939. Several Iberia aircraft have also been hijacked. These incidents and accidents include the following:[131]

  • On 19 April 1928, aRohrbach Ro VIII Roland Iwith registration D-1219 made a hard landing near Ventas de Muniesa, 12 km north ofMuniesa,Teruelwhich resulted in serious damage to the aircraft and caused injuries to the 11 occupants, one of them severely and later died. According to witnesses, there were foggy conditions in the area and the plane had given several low passes around the place before landing. The aircraft was flying fromBarcelonatoMadrid.[132][133]
  • During 1939, Iberia lost two trimotorJunkers Ju 52s.On 16 March, one crashed due to bad weather inCabezavellosaon the regular flight fromSalamancatoSeville.[134]On 18 December, another Ju 52 was mistakenly shot down by Britishanti-aircraft fireas it passed overGibraltaron its flight fromTetuánto Seville, when it was mistaken for a German aircraft (the German military used large numbers of Ju 52s in World War II). Three crew and seven passengers were killed.[135]
  • On 23 December 1948, aDouglas DC-3crashed in foggy and heavy rain conditions in risk ofSierra de PandolsnearBotkilling all 27 occupants. After the collision, the fuselage disintegrated and the plane burst into flames following the resulting explosion. The plane fell into Puig Cabal's valley. The aircraft was found two and a half hours later.[136][137]
  • On 28 October 1957, an engine fire caused a Douglas DC-3 to crash nearGetafekilling all 21 occupants.[138]
  • On 29 April 1959, a Douglas DC-3 crashed ontoSierra de Valdemeca,Cuencaafter being diverted due to bad weather with the loss of all 28 occupants.[139]
  • On 31 March 1965, aConvair 440-62, crashed into the sea on approach toTangierskilling 50 of the 53 occupants. The aircraftstalledat low altitude.[140]
  • On 5 May 1965,Flight 401,aLockheed Constellation,crashed atLos Rodeos AirportatTenerifeafter hitting a scraper and tractor during ago-aroundin foggy conditions. Of 49 occupants, 30 passengers and six crew members were killed.[141]
  • On 4 November 1967,Flight 062aSud Aviation Caravellecrashed atBlackdown, West Sussex,United Kingdom killing all 37 passengers and crew on board.[142][143]
  • On 7 January 1972,Flight 602crashed into Sa Talia hill in San Jose on approach toIbiza Airportkilling all 104 on board.[144]
  • On 5 March 1973, 68 people were killed in amid-air collision above the French city of Nantesinvolving an IberiaDouglas DC-9flying fromPalmato London as Flight 504; and aConvair 990 Coronadoaircraft, operating asSpantaxFlight 400. The Spantax Convair 990 was able to make a successful emergency landing whilst the Iberia DC-9 crashed killing everyone on board. The accident occurred during a French air traffic controllers' strike.[145]
  • On 17 December 1973,Flight 933,an IberiaMcDonnell Douglas DC-10registered as EC-CBN, collided with an ALS system of the runway threshold upon landing atBoston Loganafter a flight fromMadrid Airport.There were no fatalities among the 168 people on board; however, the aircraft was written off.[146]
  • On 7 December 1983,Iberia Flight 350,aBoeing 727(EC-CFJ), crashed while taking off in dense fog when it collided withAviacoFlight 134, aDouglas DC-9(EC-CGS) that had mistakenly taxied onto the runway atMadrid Airport.All on the Aviaco flight perished, and 51 (50 passengers, 1 crew member) of the 93 on board the Iberia flight were killed. Among the casualties was the famous Mexican actressFanny Cano.[147]
  • On 19 February 1985,Iberia Flight 610,a Boeing 727-200, crashed after hitting a television antenna installed on the summit of MonteOizwhile landing inBilbao,killing 148 people.[148]
  • On 26 July 1996 Iberia Flight 6621, a McDonnell-Douglas DC-10-30 flying from Madrid to Havana was hijacked mid-flight. The hijacker, a Lebanese national named Ibrahim Saada, demanded the flight be diverted toMiami International Airport.No one was hurt and the aircraft later landed atJosé Martí International Airportsome hours later. Saada was later apprehended and faced up to 20 years in prison.
  • In 2001,Iberia Flight 1456from Barcelona to Bilbao crashed on landing. There were no fatalities but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[149]
  • On 9 November 2007, Iberia Flight 6463,[150]anAirbus A340-600,registration EC-JOH, was badly damaged at Quito, Ecuador after sliding off the runway atOld Mariscal Sucre International Airport.No injuries were reported. According to Airbus, the aircraft was written off.[151]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Javier Vidal Olivares (2003a). "Estado, regulación de los mercados y estrategia empresarial en América Latina: Iberia, Líneas Aéreas de España, en Argentina y Uruguay, 1966–1975".Historia económica & Historia de empresas(in Spanish).VI(1). 1219-3314, 121–150.
  • ——— (2003b). "El fracaso de la expansión internacional de la aerolínea Iberia en América Latina: los casos de Panamá y República Dominicana,1966–1973".TST. Transportes, Servicios y Telecomunicaciones(in Spanish).6.1578-5777, 23–39.
  • ——— (2006). "De la internacionalización a la multinacionalización: Iberia, Líneas Aéreas de España en América Latina (1966–2000)". In M. Cerutti (ed.).Empresas y grupos empresariales en América Latina, España y Portugal (1870–2000)(in Spanish).Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónandUniversidad de Alicante.ISBN970-694-224-6.
  • ——— (2008a). "Las alianzas empresariales en la aviación comercial: Iberia, LAE (1950-1978)".Cátedra Corona(in Spanish).13(13). 1657-477X, 1–66.
  • ——— (2008b).Las alas de España: Iberia, líneas aéreas: de aerolínea de bandera a transportista mundial (1940–2005)(in Spanish). Vol. 13 (first ed.). Valencia: Publicacions de la Universitat de València.ISBN978-84-370-7084-1.
[edit]