Il khan
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Il Khan(alsoil-khan,ilkhan,elkhan,etc.),[1]inTurkic languagesandMongolian,is a title of leadership. It combines the titlekhanwith the prefixel/il,from the wordulus– 'tribe, clan', 'the people', 'nation', 'homeland', 'state', 'tribal union', etc.[2]
Meaning
[edit]The exact meaning depends on context:
- Khan of the nation. The earliest mention of a similar title in this meaning, namely "Illig Qaghan", refers toBumin Qaghanand dates to 552 CE. (In fact,Nikolai Gumilyovtranscribes Bumin's title as "ilkhan".)[3]
- More recently, the tribal chief that heads both branches of theBakhtiari people,under whom severalkhansoperate (20th century CE).[4]
In the context of theHulaguid dynasty,commonly known as theIlkhanate,the titleIlkhanwas borne by the descendants of Hulagu and later otherBorjiginprinces inPersia,starting from c. 1259-1265.[5]Two interpretations have been proposed:
- 'submissive', 'peaceable', 'obedient', or 'subservient' khan, or 'polity prince'. Possibly equivalent to Chinesekuo-wang,and to Islamicsultan.[6]Here the lesser "khanship" intended to indicate the initial deference of Hulagu toMöngke Khanand his successor Great Khans of theMongol empire.
- Sovereign khan. Fromilig khan.It was possibly equivalent to Chinesezhenming huangdi('Emperor with a genuine mandate'). It was to be construed as a power over regional affairs, not in opposition to the Great Khan, yet not conferred by him.[7]
In fiction
[edit]- InBattleTech,the IlKhan is the highest leader of The Clans.
See also
[edit]- Elbasy('Head of the Nation')
References
[edit]- ^Tyrrell, Maliheh S. (2000).Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period, 1920-1990.Le xing ton Books. p. 34.ISBN978-0-7391-0169-8.
- ^Древнетюркский словарь (Ancient Turkic Dictionary), Leningrad, Nauka Publishers, 1969, pp. 168—169.
- ^Гумилёв Л. Н. Древние тюрки. — СПб., 2002. — С. 113—115.
- ^Salzman, Philip C. (1967)."Political Organization among Nomadic Peoples".Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.111(2): 124–125.ISSN0003-049X.JSTOR986038.
- ^Jackson, Peter (2017).The Mongols & the Islamic world: from conquest to conversion.New Haven. pp. 138–139.ISBN978-0-300-22728-4.OCLC980348050.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link),citingKolbas, Judith G. (2006).The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220-1309.London: Routledge. 172–4 and n. 168 at 189.ISBN0-7007-0667-4.OCLC57344095.for 1265, andAmitai, Reuven (1991)."Evidence for the Early Use of the Title Ilkhan among the Mongols".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1(3rd Ser., 1): 353–362.doi:10.1017/S1356186300001176.S2CID162308410.,for 1259. - ^Allsen, Thomas T. (2001).Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22.ISBN0-511-01782-0.OCLC52611293.
- ^Jackson, Peter (2017).The Mongols & the Islamic world: from conquest to conversion.New Haven. pp. 138–139.ISBN978-0-300-22728-4.OCLC980348050.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Further reading
[edit]- Doerfer, Gerhard (1965).Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen(in German). Vol. Bd 2. Türkische Elemente im Neupersischen: alif bis tā. Steiner.pp. 207-209.doi:10.25673/38110.