Illeism
Illeism(/ˈɪli.ɪzəm/;from Latinille:“he; that man” ) is the act of referring to oneself in thethird personinstead offirst person.It is sometimes used in literature as a stylistic device. In real-life usage, illeism can reflect a number of different stylistic intentions or involuntary circumstances.
In literature[edit]
Early literature such asJulius Caesar'sCommentarii de Bello GallicoorXenophon'sAnabasis,both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality, which included justifications of the author's actions. In this way personal bias is presented, albeit dishonestly, as objectivity.
In an essay, theologianRichard B. Hayschallenged earlier findings that he disagrees with: "These were the findings of one Richard B. Hays, and the newer essay treats the earlier work and earlier author at arms' length."[1]
Illeism may also be used to showidiocy,as with the character Mongo inBlazing Saddles,e.g. "Mongo like candy" and "Mongo only pawn in game of life"; though it may also show innocent simplicity, as it does withHarry Potter'sDobbythe Elf ( "Dobby has come to protect, even if he does have to shut his ears in the oven door" ).[citation needed]The childlikeSesame StreetMuppet characterElmoalmost exclusively speaks in the third person.
In theBabylonian Talmudandrelated texts,illeism is used extensively, often taking the form of the speaker utilizing the expressionhahu gavra( "That man" ) when referring to himself.[2]
In everyday speech[edit]
In different contexts, illeism can be used to reinforce self-promotion, as used to sometimes comic effect byBob Dolethroughout his political career ( "When the president is ready to deploy, Bob Dole is ready to lead the fight on the Senate Floor", Bob Dole speaking about theStrategic Defense Initiativeat the NCPAC convention, 1987). This was particularly made notable during theUnited States presidential election of 1996and lampooned broadly in popular media for years afterwards. Deepanjana Pal ofFirstpostnoted that speaking in the third person "is a classic technique used by generations ofBollywoodscriptwritersto establish a character'saristocracy,powerandgravitas".[3]
On the other hand, third person self-referral can be associated withself-deprecation,irony,and not taking oneself too seriously (since the excessive use of the pronoun "I" is often seen as a sign ofnarcissismandegocentrism),[4]as well as witheccentricityin general. Psychological studies show that thinking and speaking of oneself in the third person increaseswisdomand has a positive effect on one's mental state because an individual who does so is moreintellectually humble,more capable ofempathyand understanding the perspectives of others, and is able to distance emotionally from one's own problems.[5][6][7][8]
Accordingly, in certainEastern religions,likeHinduism,illeism is sometimes seen as a sign ofenlightenment,since through it, an individual detaches theireternalself (atman) from their bodily form; in particular,Jnana yogaencourages its practitioners to refer to themselves in the third person.[9]Known illeists of that sort includeSwami Ramdas,[10]Anandamayi Ma,[11]andMata Amritanandamayi.[12]
A number of celebrities, includingMarilyn Monroe,[13][14]Alice Cooper,[15]andDeanna Durbin,[16]referred to themselves in the third person to distance their public persona from their actual self.Mary J. Blige,in her songFamily Affair,introduces herself in the third person.
Some parents use illeism (refer to themselves as "Daddy" or "Mommy" ) because very young children may not yet understand that the pronouns "I" and "you" refer to different people based on context.[17][18]Toddlers acquiring speech often refer to themselves in the third person before learning proper usage of the pronoun "I", and their speech evolves past using illeism once they develop a strong sense of self-recognition, often before age two.[19]
Notable illeists[edit]
Real people[edit]
Politics and military[edit]
- Xenophon'sAnabasis(ca. 370 BC) where the author puts the description of his own military campaign intoAsia Minorand back under the pen of an otherwise unknown "Themistogenes of Syracuse" — see above, and alsoAnabasis (Xenophon)#Authorship.[need quotation to verify]
- Julius Caesar'sCommentarii de Bello Gallico(58–49 BC) present the author's exploits in theGallic Warin the third person.[20]
- Henry Adams(1838–1918), historian, author and descendant of presidentsJohn AdamsandJohn Quincy Adams,throughout his autobiographyThe Education of Henry Adams(1918)[21][22]
- GeneralDouglas MacArthur(1880–1964) was known to refer to himself as "MacArthur" in telling stories involving himself[23]
- Charles de Gaulle(1890–1970), president of France[24][25]
- Richard Nixon(1913–1994), 37th president of the United States (1969-1974)[25]
- Bob Dole(1923–2021), during hisUnited States presidential campaign in 1996[26]
- Mikhail Gorbachev(1931–2022), Russian politician, last president of theUSSR[25]
- Paulo Maluf(born 1931), Brazilian politician[27]
- Bernie Sanders(born 1941) used third person in his presidential campaign in 2016.[25]
- Donald Trump(born 1946), President of the United States (2017-2021)[28]
- Silvio Berlusconi(1936-2023), Italian politician, Prime minister (1994–1995; 2001–2006; 2008–2011)[29]
- Herman Cain(1945–2020), during hisUnited States presidential campaign in 2012[30]
- Narendra Modi(born 1950), Prime Minister of India[31]
- Anthony Garotinho(born 1960), Brazilian politician[27]
- Roy Kwong Chun-yu(born 1983),District Councilorand legislator of Hong Kong[32]
- Chen Shui-bian(born 1950), formerPresident of the Republic of China(Taiwan)[33]
Sports[edit]
- After pitching Game 5 of the2015 ALDS,Johnny Cueto(b. 1986) gave a post-game interview in the third person.[34]
- Zlatan Ibrahimović(b. 1981), Swedish footballer[35]
- LeBron Jamesmade several references to himself in the third person duringThe Decisionprogram onESPNin 2010.[36][37]
- Rickey Henderson(b. 1958), baseball left fielder, often[38]referred to himself as "Rickey".[39]
- Dwayne Johnson(b. 1972), professional wrestler, referenced himself in the third person as The Rock during his career, particularly with his trash-talking promos.[40]
- Karl Malone(b. 1963), basketball player[41]
- Diego Maradona(1960–2020), Argentinian footballer[42]
- Lothar Matthäus(b. 1961), German football manager and former player, is quoted with the phrase: "A Lothar Matthäus does not let himself be beaten by his body. A Lothar Matthäus decides on his fate himself."[43]
- Cam Newton(b. 1989), NFL quarterback, referred to himself in third person during his press conference at theNFL Combinein 2011.[44]
- Pelé(1940–2022), Brazilian footballer[45][46]
- Billy Davies(b. 1964), Scottish footballer and manager[47]
Entertainment[edit]
- Alice Cooper[15]
- Flavor Flav[48](b. 1959)
- Gina Lollobrigida[49][50][51][52]
- Hedy Lamarr[53]
- Jamie Hyneman[54]
- Jean Harlow[55][56]
- Deanna Durbin[16]
- Marilyn Monroe[13][14]
- Lila Morillo[57]
- Mister Lobo[need quotation to verify]
- Mr. T[58]
- Mae West[need quotation to verify]
- MF Doom(1971–2020), British-American rapper and record producer. His persona was partly inspired byDoctor Doom,a fictional illeist.[59]
- Noel Edmonds(b. 1948), English television presenter, radio DJ, writer, producer and businessman[60]
Religion and spirituality[edit]
- Anandamayi Ma[11]
- Buddhasometimes referred to himself as either "The Buddha" or "TheTathagata."[need quotation to verify]
- Sathya Sai Baba[need quotation to verify]
- Mata Amritanandamayi[12]
- Swami Ramdas(1884–1963), Indian saint, philosopher, philanthropist and pilgrim[61]
- Rama Tirtha(1873–1906), Indian teacher ofVedanta[62]
- Ma Yoga Laxmi, the secretary ofOsho[63]
- Jesus Christis found referring to himself as "Jesus" (as well as the "Son of Man" ), as in John 17:1–3.[64]
Other[edit]
- Salvador Dalíin his interview withMike Wallace,also known asThe Mike Wallace Interview,on April 19, 1958.[65]
- Norman Mailer's non-fiction workThe Fight(1975) refers to the author in the third person throughout, explaining why he has chosen to do so at the beginning of the book.[66]
- George Remus,American lawyer and bootlegger.[67]
Fictional characters[edit]
Books[edit]
- Major Bagstock, the apoplectic retiredIndian armyofficer inCharles Dickens'Dombey and Son(1848), refers to himself solely as Joseph, Old Joe, Joey B, Bagstock, Josh, J.B., Anthony Bagstock, and other variants of his own name.[68]
- Captain HookinJ. M. Barrie'sPeter Pan and Wendy(1911): "'Better for Hook,' he cried, 'if he had had less ambition!' It was in his darkest hours only that he referred to himself in the third person."[69]
- Winnetou,aNative Americancharacter in the eponymous novel byKarl May.[70][71]
- Hercule Poirot,a fictional Belgian detective created by British writerAgatha Christie,usually refers to himself in the third person.[72]
- GolluminThe Lord of the Rings(1954–55) spoke in an idiosyncratic manner, often referring to himself in the third person, and frequently talked to himself— "through having no one else to speak to", asTolkienput it inThe Hobbit.[73]
- Charlie Gordon in the acclaimed novelFlowers for Algernon(1959) speaks in third person in the "being outside one's body and watching things happen" manner in his flashbacks to his abusive and troubled childhood suffering fromphenylketonuria.[74]
- Boday, a quirky female artist inJack Chalker'sChangewindstrilogy (1987–88).[75]
- Y. T., a teenage girl inSnow Crash(1992) by Neal Stephenson.[76]
- Bast the Wood Elf inThe Council Warsseries byJohn Ringo.
- The healer and wisewoman Magda Digby in theOwen Archerseries (1993–2019) byCandace Robb.[77]
- Jaqen H'ghar,an assassin of the Faceless Men in the fantasy suiteA Song of Ice and Fire(1996–), consistently refers to himself ( "a man" ) as well as frequently the person he is addressing (e.g. "a girl" ) in impersonal, third person form, and never by name.[78]
- Dobbythe Elf in theHarry Potterseries (1997–2007).
- Ramona, the housekeeper and mentor inSilver Ravenwolf'sWitches Chillersseries (2000–01).[79]
- The old man Nakata in Haruki Murakami'sKafka on the Shore(2002).[80][81]
- Tiggerin theWinnie the Poohbooks, films and television series frequently refers to himself in the third-person plural, e.g. "That's what Tiggers do best!"
Comics[edit]
- Doctor Doomis known for more often than not referring to himself as "Doom" instead of "me" or "I".[82]
- TheHulk[82]
- Solomon Grundy[82]
- Mantisalmost always refers to herself as "Mantis", "she", and "this one"; this has to do with her upbringing at the Temple of the Priests of Pama, an alien pacifistic sect heavily inspired by real-life Eastern religious movements.[83]
- Namor
Television[edit]
- ElmofromSesame Street(1980–present), whose speech is intended to mimic the speech of preschoolers. Elmo's third-person speech is similarly adopted by younger Muppet characters in many of the show's international co-productions, including Lola from Plaza Sésamo in Mexico & Hispanic America, Chaos from Sesame Park in Canada, Avigail from Rechov Sumsum in Israel, and Tonton from Hikayat Simsim in Jordan.[84]
- Brian "Bomber" Busbridge, played byPat Roach,inAuf Wiedersehen, Pet(1983–2004)[85]
- Disco Stu and Duffman fromThe Simpsons(1989–present).[86][87]
- Bryan Strauchan(a character portrayed byPeter Helliar)[88]
- YoshiinSuper Mario World(1991)
- Uncle Chan, from the animated seriesJackie Chan Adventures(2000-2005).
- Jimmy from the episode "The Jimmy"(1995) ofSeinfeld(1989–98), whose usage leads to confusion about his identity. The usage rubs off onGeorge Costanza,who exclaims "George is getting upset!"[89]
- Bob, played by Saverio Guerra, inBecker(1998–2004)[90]
- Rolf fromCartoon Networkanimated seriesEd, Edd n Eddy(1999–2009).
- Stick-up manOmar LittlefromThe Wire(2002–08). Examples include "Omar don't scare" and "Omar listening".[91]
- Numbuh 5 from the Cartoon Network animated seriesCodename: Kids Next Door(2002–08).
- Detective Eddie Alvarez fromThe Unusuals(2009)[92]
- Kenny Powers,from the television showEastbound & Down(2009–13)[93]
- George Remus, a recurring character played by Glenn Fleshler, inBoardwalk Empire(2010–14)[94]
- The Great and Powerful Trixie Lulamoon from the animated seriesMy Little Pony: Friendship is Magic(2010–19)
- Lavon Hayes, the mayor fromHart of Dixie(2011–15).[95]
- Lieutenant Terry Jeffords fromBrooklyn Nine-Nine(2013–21)
- Ice Bear from the animated seriesWe Bare Bears(2015–20)
- Bobgoblin from the animated seriesWallykazam!(2014-17)
- Darkwing Duckfrom the titular animated series (1991-1992)
Film[edit]
- Mr. MiyagifromThe Karate Kid(1984) sometimes refers to himself as "Miyagi".[96]
- MaguafromThe Last of the Mohicans(1992)[97]
- Dwight, fromFast & Furious(2009)[98]
- Francesco Bernoulli, fromCars 2(2011)[99]
- Sid fromChildren of Men(2006)
- Spike fromLittle Giants(1994)
- Stitchand his creatorJumba JookibafromLilo & Stitch(2002) andits franchise.Stitch develops this habit after his adoption byLilo Pelekai,although his only does this twice in the original film itself, both instances within a few seconds of each other in the same scene ( "Does Stitch have to go in the ship?"and"Can Stitch say goodbye?"),[100]although he does occasionally use the first-person. Jumba sometimes refers to himself in the third-person, but not to the same frequency as Stitch.[101]
Manga and anime[edit]
- Sayuri KuratafromKanon(1999–2000) speaks this way in order to separate herself from her past treatment of her little brother, which she regrets.[102]
- Megumi Noda, aka Nodame,the title character fromNodame Cantabile(2001–09)[103]
- Rika ShigumafromHaganai(2010–15)[104]
- Juvia LockserfromFairy Tail(2006–17)[105]
- Majin BuufromDragon Ball Z(1989-1996)
- Dio BrandofromJoJos Bizarre Adventurecommonly refers to himself as "I, Dio", especially when boasting.
- EdfromCowboy Bebop(1998-1999), particularly in the anime's English dub.
Video games[edit]
- Mariofrom theSuper Marioseries
- Candice, the seventh Gym Leader in the Sinnoh region inPokémon Diamond & Pearl,often uses illeism in her speech, such as "Candice is on fire!"
- Lyle inAnimal Crossing
- WigglerinPaper Mario: Sticker Star
- Mormo inPirate101
- Guzma, the leader ofTeam SkullinPokémon Sun & Moon,speaks like this; notable examples are "It's ya boy Guzma!" and "Guzmaaaaaaaaaaaaa! What's wrong with you?!"
- The Khajiit, a race of humanoid cats inThe Elder Scrolls,often refer to themselves in the third person, whether by name, or by saying 'this one' or 'Khajiit'.
- The Hanar, a race of sentient jellyfish inMass Effect,refer to themselves as 'this one'. In their culture, it is narcissistic and rude to refer to oneself as 'I'.
- Paimonand Razor inGenshin Impact
- Sora Harukawa inEnsemble Stars!
- Count Bleck inSuper Paper Mario
- Fernando Martinez from theGrand Theft Autoseries addresses himself in both first and third-person.[106]
- Slackjaw inDishonored
- Renne Bright from theTrails seriesrefers to herself in the third person, most notably in her debut gameThe Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky SC
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^Cf. Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Chagigah 15a
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- ^Landers, Chris (2015-10-15)."Johnny Cueto was pretty impressed with Johnny Cueto's Game 5 gem in this third-person interview".mlb.
How was Johnny Cueto able to step up in such a pivotal Game 5? "Games like this are where you see Johnny Cueto – the real Johnny Cueto." Yes, Cueto gave his interview through an interpreter, but if you listen closely, you'll hear the pitcher was speaking in the third person the whole time.
- ^Mewis, Joe (2013-10-03)."Read the best Zlatan Ibrahimovic quotes on the outspoken Swedish striker's birthday".The Mirror.Retrieved2016-05-17.
There's big boasts, lashings of ego and plenty of third person references ahoy
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- ^Nordquist, Richard (2012-09-24)."A Few More Oddities: Illeism, Semantic Satiation, and Garden-Path Sentences".Aboutguide.Archived fromthe originalon 2014-04-14.Retrieved2012-12-07.
Here, for instance, is how pro basketball player LeBron James justified his decision to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to join the Miami Heat: I wanted to do what was best for LeBron James and what LeBron James was going to do to make him happy.
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- ^Taibbi, Matt(2010-03-02)."A Field Guide to Sports Egos".Men's Journal.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-01-28.Retrieved2012-12-06.
They actually have a word for what Rickey Henderson is: illeist.
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- ^"Doug Robinson: Karl Malone is one of a kind".Deseret News.2010-08-10.Retrieved2012-12-06.
Maybe Malone didn't even know he was the one who was saying those things, because he tended to talk about himself as another being, in third person. Or maybe he was just schizophrenic, whatever.
- ^Amis, Martin (2004-10-01)."In search of Dieguito".The Guardian.London.Retrieved2018-02-22.
- ^e. g.here
- ^Shefter, Adam (2011-02-27)."Sources: Cam Newton thrown for loop".ESPN.
His comment drew such a reaction because some say his swagger teeters on the edge of pure arrogance. In roughly 12 minutes at the podium, he referred to himself in the third person three times. When asked if some mistake his confidence for cockiness, he said: "I'm not sure, but I'm a confident person, and it was instilled in myself at an early age to believe in myself".
- ^Hattenstone, Simon (2003-06-30)."And God created Pele".The Guardian.London.Retrieved2009-01-22.
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They all purport to be in love with Flav, a man who refers to himself in the third person and whose idea of fine dining is a dash to Red Lobster.
- ^Pearson, Howard (7 February 1958)."Murrow to visit Gina Tonight: Producer Opposes Film on TV".Archived9 April 2016 at theWayback Machine.Deseret News.Salt Lake City. "Miss Lollobrigida and her husband, Dr. Milko Skofic, arrived in this country only this week for a brief stay. The Italian actress will be only the second person on Murrow's show to speak of herself in the third person."
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Another Lollobrigida trait that may have caused her to be less appreciated by some fellow-workers was her habit of referring to herself in the third person: "I am the expert on Lollobrigida," or "This is the last time Gina does a picture in two different languages."
- ^Hyams, Joe (29 July 1956)."A simple country girl".Archived28 November 2020 at theWayback Machine.The Boston Globe."I found that in addition to having a ready sense of humor, Gina always speaks and thinks of herself in the third person because there are two Gina Lollobrigidas: the actress and the woman."
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The three girls milled around the kitchen, dodging Ramona, looking for midnight snacks. Bethany wished for the thousandth time that the housekeeper would not talk about herself in the third person. Too weird.
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Miyagi is a trickier case: at first it looks like Avildsen overplays the man's exoticness (cue that pan flute!), enforced by Kamen's questionable emphasis on the character's me-no-likey phonetic third-person English. ( "Miyagi this, Miyagi that..." )
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When the Grey Hair is dead, Magua will eat his heart. Before he dies, Magua will put his children under the knife, so the Grey Hair will know his seed is wiped out forever.
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Papa Dwight wants you to take off your shoes! Dwight loves feet!.
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He's not just any formula car. He's the star from Italy, Francesco Bernoulli. He is so full of himself—he's an open-wheel car and in the car world, an open-wheel car is like those guys who barely button their shirts. He talks about himself in the third person. Voicing Francesco Bernoulli is John Turturro and he hit it out of the park. It's one of the most entertaining characters we've ever created.
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Jumba has failed family.
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Like Tim, I didn't like most of the other characters, especially Rika, whose tics (speaking of herself in the third person, and imagining sexual situations in the damnedest places- for example, in mecha manga) kept making me shout "Make it STOP!!!!"
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- ^"Fernando Martinez, Grand Theft Auto Vice City".Quotes.net.Retrieved2020-03-30."Stay with me. Stay with Fernando. Por favor. Mi amor. Siolito. It's like Fernando said to his ex-wife: 'I love you, please, don't leave me. It is not what you think; I was bitten by a snake, and the nice lady, she came to suck out the poison. The story, she no work very well.'"