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Indian River Lagoon

Coordinates:28°03′19″N80°34′34″W/ 28.05528°N 80.57611°W/28.05528; -80.57611
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Indian River Lagoon
LocationFlorida,United States
Coordinates28°03′19″N80°34′34″W/ 28.05528°N 80.57611°W/28.05528; -80.57611
TypeLagoon
Primary inflowsSt. Lucie River
Primary outflowsFort Pierce Inlet,Jupiter Inlet,Ponce de León Inlet,Port Canaveral,St. Lucie Inlet,Sebastian Inlet
Catchment area2,187.5 sq mi (5,666 km2)
Max. length156 mi (251 km)
Max. width5 mi (8.0 km)
Average depth4 ft (1.2 m)
Surface elevationSea level
Aerial view of Indian River Lagoon

TheIndian River Lagoonis a grouping of threelagoons:theMosquito Lagoon,theBanana River,and theIndian River,on the Atlantic Coast ofFlorida;one of the most biodiverse estuaries in theNorthern Hemisphereand is home to more than 4,300 species of plants and animals.[1]

The Lagoon contains five state parks, four federal wildlife refuges and a national seashore.[2]

The Lagoon varies in width from 0.5 to 5 miles (0.80 to 8.05 km) and averages 4 feet (1.2 m) in depth.[3]

History

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Duringglacial periods,the ocean receded. The area that is now the lagoon was grassland, 30 miles (48 km) from the beach. When the glaciers melted, the sea rose. The lagoon remained as captured water.[4]

The indigenous people who lived along the lagoon thrived on its fish and shellfish. This was determined by analyzing the middens they left behind, piled with refuse from clams, oysters, and mussels.[4]

The Indian River Lagoon was originally known on early Spanish maps as theRio de Ais,after the Ais Indian tribe, who lived along the east coast of Florida. An expedition in 1605 by Alvero Mexia resulted in the mapping of most of the lagoon. Original place names on the map includedLos Mosquitos(the Mosquito Lagoon and the Halifax River),Haulover(current Haulover Canal area),Ulumay Lagoon(Banana River)Rio d' Ais(North Indian River), andPentoya Lagoon(Indian River Melbourne to Ft. Pierce)[5]

Early European settlers drained the swamps to raise pineapples and citrus. They dug canals discharging fresh water into the lagoon, five times the historical volume.[4]

Prior to the arrival of the railroad, the river was an essential transportation link.[6]

In 1896 and 1902, there were fish kills in the lagoon from gas from the muck below.[7]

The advent of the automobile, starting in the 1930s, resulted in causeways which diverted the sluggish flow of the waterway. Huge population influx resulted in sewage, andstormwater runofffrom roadways, polluting the lagoon.[4]

From 1989 to 2013, the population along the lagoon increased 50% to 1.6 million people.[8]

Course

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The full length of the Indian River Lagoon is 156 miles (251 km), extending fromPonce de León InletinVolusia County, Florida,toJupiter InletinPalm Beach County, Florida,[9][10]and includesCape Canaveral.In 2016, the northern boundary was moved north-ward toHighbridge Roadfor management purposes.[11]The Lagoon covers one-third of Florida's East Coast.[4]Brevard County incorporates 71% of the lagoon's surface.[7]

Lake Okeechobeeis connected to the lagoon by theOkeechobee Waterwayand theSt. Lucie Rivermeeting inSewall's Point.

From north to south, the Indian River Lagoon system includes the following:

For water quality measurement, the non-profit Marine Resources Council has divided the lagoon into 4 major divisions, with a total of ten subdivisions:[12]

Natural history

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The Indian River Lagoon is North America's most diverseestuary,with more than 2100 species of plants and 2200 animals. The diversity is the result of being located near a climate boundary, 5 miles (8.0 km) from theGulf Stream.Migratory ocean fish swimming nearby, were swept into the lagoon.[4]

Fauna

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The lagoon contains 35 species listed as threatened or endangered — more than any other estuary in North America.[3][13]The lagoon has about 2,500 types of animals in it.[clarification needed]It serves as a spawning and nursery ground for different species of oceanic and lagoon fish and shellfish. The lagoon also has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America.

Nearly 1/3 of the nation'smanateepopulation lives here or migrates through the Lagoon seasonally. There was a mass death of manatees in 2021 due to the loss of seagrass, caused by leaks from septic systems and overuse of fertilizers.[14]

Nine-banded armadilloscomprise one of the 34 mammals in the area. It is a 1920s immigrant from the Southwestern United States. In 2016 aRight whalewith her calf entered the lagoon by mistake and safely exited to the ocean.[15]

Between 200 and 800Bottlenose dolphins(Tursiops truncatus) also live in the Indian River Lagoon.[16][17]

Red Drum,Spotted seatrout,Common snook,and theTarponare the main gamefish in the Titusville area of the lagoon system.[18]

Avians include theAmerican kestrel,Reddish egretandspoonbills.[15]

Butterflies include thePolydamas swallowtail.[15]

Indian River Lagoon is abundant withbioluminescentdinoflagellatesin the summer[19]andctenophore(comb jellies) in the winter.[20]

Flora

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Seagrassis a critical component to the overall health of the lagoon.[21]By 1990, it had surpassed levels reached in 1943. The lagoon also containsnight-blooming cereus.[15]

95% of the seagrass, the main diet of manatees, disappeared by 2017 after an algae bloom fuel by fertilizers.[14]

Lagoon modifications

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In 1916, theSt. Lucie Canal (C-44)diverts excess nutrient-rich water fromLake Okeechobeeinto the South Lagoon. While this helps prevent life-threatening flooding in the Okeechobee area, it creates toxic blooms after entering the Lagoon, a threat to flora, fauna, and humans. This situation is proving difficult to address in the 21st century.[4]

From 1913 to 2013, activity by humans has increased thewatershedfor the lagoon from 572,000 acres (231,000 ha) to 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) increasing runoff of freshwater and nutrients from farms. Both have been detrimental to lagoon health.[8]The wetlands are needed to cleanse the lagoon. About 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of land were lost to mosquito control and have been restored, but by 2013, recovery was incomplete.[8]

Mangrovesare important to marine life. Between the 1940s and 2013, 85% of them had been removed for housing development.

In 1990, theFlorida Legislaturepassed the Indian River Lagoon Act, requiring most sewer plants to stop discharging into the lagoon by 1996. Some sports fish rebounded in population in the 1990s whengill netswere banned and pollution in the lagoon was reduced. In 1995 the seagrass covered over 100,000 acres (40,000 ha).[21][22]

The 1993–1996 data base used to track the movement of water through the St. Lucie Estuary and into Indian River Lagoon is described in Smith (2007). This includes daily mean discharge rates for the 16 gauged canals emptying into the St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon, predicted shelf tides, and wind speeds and directions recorded along the west side of the lagoon at about 27°32'N (corresponding to Segment 11 of the model).[23]

In 2007, concerns were raised about the future of the lagoon system, especially in the southern half where frequent freshwater discharges seriously threatened water quality, decreasing the salinity needed by many fish species, and have contributed to largealgae bloomspromoted by water saturated with plant fertilizers.[citation needed] In the mid 1990s, the lagoon has been the subject of research on light penetration forphotosynthesisinsubmerged aquatic vegetation.[21]

In 2010, 3,300,000 pounds (1,500,000 kg) of nitrogen and 475,000 pounds (215,000 kg) of phosphorus entered the lagoon.[24]

In 2011, asuperbloomofphytoplanktonresulted in the loss of 32,000 acres (13,000 ha) of lagoon seagrass. In 2012, a brown tide bloom fouled the northern lagoon. The county has approval for funds to investigate these unusual blooms to see if they can be prevented.[25]

Catches ofblue crabsdropped unevenly from 4,265,063 pounds (1,934,600 kg) in 1987 to 389,795 pounds (176,808 kg) in 2012, but with high catches in 1998, 1991, alternating with low catch years. These crabs require 2% salt content in the water to survive. A drought increases the salt content and heavy rainfall decreases it. Both of these conditions have recurred over the past decades and are believed to have had an adverse effect on the crab population.[26]

In 2013, algae blooms and loss of sea grass destroyed all gains.[8] In 2013, four major problems with lagoon water quality were identified. 1) Excessnitrogenandphosphorusfrom runoff from the application of fertilizer; 2) an estimated 8 to 11%septic tankfailures of tens of thousands of septic tanks in the county. 3) Muck from construction, farming, erosion and dead plants find their way to the bottom of the lagoon, preventing growth and consuming vital oxygen essential to marine flora and fauna; 4) Invasive species, including theAsian green mussel,South American charru mussel, and theAustralian spotted jellyfish,eat clams andfish larvae.[27]

In 2016, there were an estimated 300,000 septic tanks in the five-county area bordering the Lagoon.[28]At one time, sewer plants were worse polluters. In 1986, there were 46 sewer plants along the 156 miles (251 km) lagoon. They discharged about 55,000,000 US gallons (210,000,000 L; 46,000,000 imp gal) daily into the estuary. The state ended most sewer plant pollution by 1995.[29]

The worst fish kill to date occurred in March 2016, with 30 species impacted. A brown tide bloom, caused by the algae speciesAureoumbra lagunensis,[30]was blamed for the low oxygen levels. The algae growth originated in the no-motor zone of theMerritt Island National Wildlife Refuge.[31]

In 2018, lagoon health is better near ocean inlets. Pollution is worse in areas near no inlets, such as the Mosquito Lagoon, North IRL, and the Banana River.[4]

Economy

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According to theFlorida Oceanographic Society,nearly 1 million people live and work in the Indian River Lagoon region. The Lagoon accounts for $300 million in fisheries revenues, includes a $2.1 billion citrus industry, and generates more than $300 million in boat and marine sales annually.[2]

In 2007, visitors spent an estimated 3.2 million person-days in recreation on the lagoon.[32]

In 2008, Hazen and Sawyer, P.C. submitted a report titled "Indian River Lagoon Economic Assessment and Analysis Update" to the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program,St. Johns River Water Management District.The report described the estimated 2007 recreational uses and economic value of the Indian River Lagoon to residents and visitors of the five counties that comprise the Lagoon system. The sum of recreational expenditures and recreational use value was estimated at $2.1 billion.[33]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (2018)."Indian River Lagoon - Facts and Figures"(PDF).Fort Pierce, Florida: Florida Atlantic University. p. 1.Retrieved29 September2018.
  2. ^ab"Florida Oceanographic Society - Indian River Lagoon Fact Sheet"(PDF).
  3. ^ab"Indian River Lagoon; An Introduction to a National Treasure"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-03-19.Retrieved2013-04-17.
  4. ^abcdefgh"A History of the Lagoon". Melbourne, Florida: Marine Resources Council. 2018. p. 1.
  5. ^Eriksen, John M.Brevard County, Florida: A Short History to 1955.Chapter One
  6. ^Johnston, Larry (May 15, 2016)."What's the history behind a waterway's name?".Florida Today.Melbourne, Florida. pp. 17A.RetrievedMay 15,2016.
  7. ^abByron, John (December 29, 2018)."Seven things you might not know about the lagoon".Florida Today.Melbourne, Florida. pp. 10A.RetrievedDecember 29,2018.
  8. ^abcdWaymer, Jim (October 13, 2013)."Leaders to discuss lagoon cures during special meeting.Talking solutions".Florida Today.Melbourne, Florida: Gannett. pp. 6A.RetrievedOctober 19,2013.
  9. ^"Website of the St. Johns River Water Management District".sjrwmd.Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2019.Retrieved1 February2017.
  10. ^"indianriverlagoon".indianriverlagoon.Retrieved1 February2017.
  11. ^Moore, Mary Helen (October 26, 2021)."Does the Indian River Lagoon end at Ponce Inlet? 5 years ago, the answer changed".Daytona Beach News-Journal.Retrieved2 April2022.
  12. ^"IRL Health Update: 2018 Report - Marine Resources Council".savetheirl.org.23 July 2018.Retrieved7 August2018.
  13. ^"You are being redirected".sjrwmd.Archived fromthe originalon 12 May 2010.Retrieved1 February2017.
  14. ^abJones, Benji (2022-02-08)."The manatees are starving".Vox.Retrieved2022-02-11.
  15. ^abcd"January 2017".2017 Calendar.2017.
  16. ^*BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (Tursiops truncatus) Indian River Lagoon Estuarine System Stock
    Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce -Tursiops truncatus- Habitat and Distribution
    Field Study - Indian River Lagoon Dolphins - Dolphin 56 Sighting SsummaryArchived2010-11-30 at theWayback Machine
  17. ^Soper, Shawn J. (May 6, 2011)."Dolphin 56 Back Dazzling Boaters In Ocean City".The Dispatch (Ocean City, Maryland).Retrieved6 June2012.
  18. ^"Fishing the Indian River Lagoon from Titusville Florida".abouttitusville.Retrieved1 February2017.
  19. ^Connolly, Patrick (24 June 2020)."Bioluminescence is back: Florida's blue-glowing wonder lights up waters again".Orlando Sentinel.
  20. ^KENNEDY DUCKETT, MARYELLEN (2015-02-10)."Florida by Water: Experience Bioluminescence".National Geographic Society.Archived fromthe originalon January 31, 2017.Retrieved31 July2018.
  21. ^abcHanisak, M. Dennis (1997)."Continuous Monitoring of Underwater Light in Indian River Lagoon: Comparison of Cosine and Spherical Sensors".In: EJ Maney Jr and CH Ellis Jr (Eds.) the Diving for Science…1997, Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, Seventeenth Annual Scientific Diving Symposium.Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.Retrieved2009-04-02.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ^Dawes, Clinton J.; M. Dennis Hanisak; Judson W. Kenworthy (1995)."Seagrass biodiversity in the Indian River Lagoon".Bulletin of Marine Science.57(1): 59–66.Retrieved2009-04-02.
  23. ^Ned P. Smith (2016). "Transport pathways through southern Indian River Lagoon".Florida Scientist.79(1): 39–50.ISSN0098-4590.JSTOR44113179.
  24. ^"Editorial:Dying dolphins".Florida Today.Melbourne, Florida. 22 May 2010. pp. 13A.
  25. ^Waymer, Jim (April 25, 2013)."Panel approves $1.2 million in lagoon projects".Florida Today.Melbourne, Florida. pp. 2B.
  26. ^Waymer, Jim (September 8, 2013)."Lagoon crab catches dwindle".Florida Today.Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A, 3A.RetrievedSeptember 13,2013.
  27. ^Waymer, Jim (September 29, 2013). "Do something!".Florida Today.Melbourne, Florida. pp. 4A.
  28. ^How septic tanks may imperil this Florida ecosystem'onYouTube
  29. ^Berman, Dave (March 20, 2016). "Some issues remain half century later".Florida Today.Melbourne, Florida. p. 11.
  30. ^Waymer, Jim (23 March 2016)."What we know about the Indian River Lagoon fish kill".Florida Today.Retrieved27 October2020.
  31. ^Waymer, Jim (April 1, 2016)."What's next for the Indian River Lagoon?".Florida Today.Retrieved2020-02-16.
  32. ^"Visitors spend big on the lagoon".Indian River Lagoon Update.XVI(3): 1. Summer 2008.
  33. ^Section 7."Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-01-07.Retrieved2013-04-17.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading

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