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This article is about the musical genre. For the use of metal in industry, seemetalworking.

Industrial metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsMid-1980s; United Kingdom, United States, Germany, and Switzerland
Derivative formsNu metal
Other topics

Industrial metalis the fusion ofheavy metalandindustrial music,typically employing repeatingmetal guitarriffs,sampling,synthesizer orsequencerlines, anddistortedvocals.[1]Prominent industrial metal acts includeMinistry,Nine Inch Nails,Rammstein,KMFDM,andGodflesh.[3][4]

Industrial metal developed in the late 1980s, as industrial and metal began to fuse into a common genre.[3]Industrial metal did well in the early 1990s, particularly in North America,[5]with the success of groups such as Nine Inch Nails, but its popularity began to fade in the latter half of the 1990s.[6]

History

[edit]

Early innovators

[edit]

Though electric guitars had been used by industrial artists since the early days of the genre,[3]archetypal industrial groups such asThrobbing Gristledisplayed a strong anti-rock stance.[7]Britishpost-punkbandKilling Jokepioneered the crossing over between styles[8]and was an influence on major acts associated with industrial metal such asMinistry,Godflesh,andNine Inch Nails.[9][10]Another pioneer industrial rock group,Big Black,also impacted some later groups.[8][11]

By the late 1980s industrial and heavy metal began to fuse into a common genre,[3]with Godflesh'sself-titled EP[12]and Ministry'sThe Land of Rape and Honeyat the forefront. Godflesh was founded by formerNapalm DeathguitaristJustin Broadrick.[13]Drawing from a wide array of influences—power electronicsforefathersWhitehouse,[14]noise rockbandSwans,[15]ambient musiccreatorBrian Eno[13]and fellowBirminghamhard rockersBlack Sabbath[16]—the Godflesh sound was once described as "Pornography-eraThe CureonQuaaludes".[17]Though not a top seller,[18]Godflesh nonetheless became an influential act, their name mentioned byKorn,[19]Metallica,[20]Danzig,[21]Faith No More,[22]andFear Factory.[19]

Ministry emerged from the scene surroundingWax Trax! Records,a Chicagoindie labeldedicated to industrial music.[23]Ministry's initial foray into guitar rock happened during a recording session ofThe Land of Rape and HoneyonSouthern Studios,in London.[24]The band's frontman, the Cuban-bornAl Jourgensen,explained this transition:[25]

Rediscovering the guitar on this record was almost like the first day I got myFairlight.The possibilities just seemed endless on something that had seemed so limiting before. That's really funny. I started out as a guitarist, but I hadn't really touched a guitar in five years. Then I heard that firstfeedbackcome out of theMarshallstackand all of a sudden it was like there was a whole new parameter within guitar playing itself – especially in combination with sounds that you get out of akeyboard.

Al Jourgensen (center) withRevolting Cocks

Jourgensen seemed particularly fond ofthrash metal.After the release ofLand,he recruited guitaristMike ScacciafromTexasthrashersRigor Mortis.[26]On one occasion, Jourgensen told the press thatSepulturawas his favorite band.[27]He also expressed the desire to produce aMetallicaalbum.[28]Jourgensen's interest indance-oriented electronic musicdid not entirely fade, however; he also formed the side-projectRevolting Cocks,a moreelectronic body music-inflected collaboration withRichard23ofFront 242.[29]

German bandKMFDMwas another seminal industrial metal group. Although not a metalfan,KMFDM leaderSascha Konietzko's "infatuation with ripping off metallicks"stemmed from his experiments withE-mu'sEmaxsamplerin late 1986. He toldGuitar Worldthat,[3]

It was just interesting to use it as a kind ofwhite noisereinforcement for our music. All of a suddenheavy metalwas free from all thosetempochanges and boring attitudes it always had. What I always hated most about heavy metal was that the best riffs came only once and were never repeated. So the fascination, actually, was to sample a great riff,loopit, and play it over and over again.

A Swiss trio,The Young Gods,brushed with the style on their second album,L'Eau Rouge(1989). Prior to its release, singer Franz Treichler declared:[30]

We just wanted to hear guitars. We missed the attack of 'Envoyé'. That's what we want to hear right now, pure power. A metal sound that isn't revivalist, isn't biker style,speed metalstyle,anystyle, just WHAP!

Canadian thrash metal bandMalhavocbecame one of the earlier acts of the genre when they began to mix extreme metal with industrial music in the late 1980s.[31][32]

Pigface,formed byMartin Atkinsand including Ministry drummerBill Rieflin,emerged as an industrial metal collective of sorts, participating with many figures from thenoise rockand industrial worlds.[33]Nine Inch Nails, the "one-man-band" formed byTrent Reznor,brought the genre to mainstream audiences with albums such as theGrammy-winningBroken[34]and the best-sellingThe Downward Spiral,accompanied by their groundbreaking performance atWoodstock '94.Therivetheadsubculture also developed at this time,[35]along with the so-called "coldwave" subgenre, which encompassedChemlab,16 Volt,andAcumen Nation.[36]Someelectro-industrialgroups adopted industrial metal techniques in this period, includingSkinny Puppy(on theirRabies,co-produced by Jourgensen),[37]andFront Line Assembly.[38]

British bandPitchshifter,formed in 1989 by brothersJonand Mark Clayden, also started as an industrial metal band.[39]The band later included elements ofdrum and bass.[40]Frontman JS mentions:[41]

[...]In the early days we were inspired by bands likeHead of DavidandSwansand the like... coming out of punk into the weird, angry, total noise, kind of pre-industrial music. It gets called industrial but I don't know if it really is.

Industrial thrash and death metal

[edit]
Not to be confused withDeath industrial.

Industrial metal's popularity led a number of successfulthrash metalgroups, includingMegadeth,Sepultura,andAnthrax,to request remixes by "industrial" artists.[42]Some musicians emerging from thedeath metalscene, such asFear Factory,Nailbomb,AutokratorandMeathook Seed,also began to experiment with industrial. Fear Factory, from Los Angeles,[43]were initially influenced by theEaracheroster (namelyGodflesh,Napalm DeathandBolt Thrower).[44]The German bandOomph!after their second albumSpermstarted to play industrial metal combined with elements ofdeath metalandgroove metaluntil the albumPlastik.Sepultura singerMax Cavalera'sNailbomb,a collaboration with Alex Newport, also practiced a combination of extreme metal and industrial production techniques.[45]A lesser-known example of industrial death metal is Meathook Seed, made up of members of Napalm Death and theFlorida death metalgroupObituary.An industrial music fan, Obituary guitarist Trevor Peres suggesteddrum machinesforThe End Complete,[46]Obituary's most successful album.[47]The other band members' refusal led him to formMeathook Seed.[46]

Industrial black metal

[edit]

In the early years of the 21st century, groups from theblack metalscene began to incorporate elements of industrial music.Mysticum,formed in 1991,[48]was the first of these groups.[49]DHG(Dødheimsgard),Thornsfrom Norway andBlut Aus Nord,N.K.V.D. andBlacklodgefrom France, have been acclaimed for their incorporation of industrial elements.[50]Other industrial black metal musicians includeSamael,[51]The Axis of Perdition,[52]Aborym,[53]and...And Oceans.[54]In addition,The Kovenant,[55]MortiisandUlveremerged from the Norwegian black metal scene, but later chose to experiment with industrial music.[56][57]

Progressive industrial metal

[edit]

Several artists with their roots inprogressivemusic, though not often associated with industrial metal scene, also incorporated industrial textures into their music. Later-eraKing Crimson,whose 2000s albums were referred as "industrial art metal",[58]andOSIcan be named as examples of progressive industrial metal. Several acts associated with extreme metal subgenres also mix progressive andavant-garde metalwith industrial, those include the Hungarian experimental metal actThy Catafalque,[59]Blut aus Nordand Norwegian bandShiningwith their critically acclaimedBlackjazzalbum, which blended progressive rock,[60]black metal,free jazzand industrial.[61]Canadian artistDevin Townsend,the founder of industrialthrash metal[62]bandStrapping Young Lad,later fused industrial with progressive metal during his prolific solo career.[63]

Coldwave

[edit]
Not to be confused withCold wave (music)orchillwave.
Coldwave
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly-1990s
Other topics

Coldwave is a sub-genre of industrial metal originating in the 1990s. It has its roots in acts likeNine Inch NailsandMinistry.The style focuses on heavier, punk-based guitars, sampled hard rock-like guitars, synthesizer accompaniment, and acid house elements. Lyrical content is typically cyberpunk-oriented with pop music sensibilities, although it can vary.

Chemlab's 1993 albumBurn Out at the Hydrogen Baris often considered the album that defined the coldwave style.[64][65][66][67][68]

Artists like the aforementioned Chemlab,16 VoltandAcumen Nationexemplified this genre.[36]

The coldwave style began to wane rapidly when industrial music in general started to lose popularity in the latter half of the 1990s-early 2000's. Many artists within the genre moved on to different styles that included; Hard rock, heavy metal, nu metal, synth-metal, synth-rock, and synth-pop among other genres.

Coldwave today is a small, niche scene within industrial music. Very few bands today describe themselves or are described as coldwave. Bands likeCyanoticand Medicant Downline are perhaps the exception.

Despite sharing the same name as theFrench genre,it is otherwise unrelated.

Commercial rise

[edit]
Main article:Industrial rock sales and awards
Nine Inch Nailsin concert, 2009
Rammstein Live at Madison Square Garden

Industrial metal blossomed in the early 1990s, particularly in North America,[5]where it would eventually sell close to 35 million units.[69][70]It first became a commercial force in 1992 when Nine Inch Nails'Brokenand Ministry'sPsalm 69wentplatinumin America, though the latter took three years to reach that status.[70]Both groups were nominated for theBest Metal Performancein the 1992Grammy Awards,with Nine Inch Nails winning.[34]Two years later, Nine Inch Nails releasedThe Downward Spiral,which debuted at No. 2,[71]and would eventually go quadruple-platinum.[70]This record is considered byAllMusicas "one of the bleakest multi-platinum albums ever".[72]

Overall, popular heavy rock music has changed to become more "industrialized". This robbed the industrial hardcore movement of any hopes of establishing a new identity of its own. The style is dead (or at least dying); the elements of the style continue on in new musical settings.

— David A. Locher, Professor of Sociology,Missouri State University,1998[73]: 115 

Following Nine Inch Nails' success,Marilyn Manson,led by a protégé of Reznor's,[74]came to prominence.[75]The group's live performance and its transgressive appeal was often more commented on than their music.[76]

Industrial metal reached its commercial zenith in the latter half of the 1990s – according to theRIAAdatabases, its top-selling artists sold around 17.5 million units combined.[70][77]Records by major industrial metal artists routinely debuted on the top spots of theBillboard200chart:Rob Zombie'sHellbilly Deluxe(No. 5),[78]Marilyn Manson'sAntichrist Superstar(No. 3),[79]and Nine Inch Nails'The Fragile(No. 1).[80]A number of industrial metal albums performed well on Billboard'sHeatseekerschart:Filter'sShort Bus(No. 3),[81]Stabbing Westward'sWither Blister Burn + Peel(No. 1),[82]Rammstein'sSehnsucht(No. 2),[83]Orgy'sCandyass(No. 1),[84]andStatic-X'sWisconsin Death Trip(No. 1).[85]

During this era,Trent Reznorwas chosen byTimeas one of the most influential Americans of 1997.[86]The genre's popularity was such that establishedglam metalgroups, includingGuns N' RosesandMötley Crüe,began to dabble in the style.[87][88]Figures from thehip hopscene also began to seek out collaborations with and remixes from industrial metal musicians.[89][90][91]

When industrial metal climbed the charts of the late 1990s, its sudden popularity was met with negative reactions from the early innovators ofindustrial music.Peter ChristophersontoldThe Wirethat he no longer felt any kinship with the industrial scene: "this is not me, this is not what I'm about".[92]Lustmord,a prominent early industrial musician,[93]declared that "Ministry just doesn't interest [him]" and "[he has] no time for all thisrock and rollshit they're doing now. "[94]Skinny PuppyfrontmanNivek Ogredismissed Nine Inch Nails as "cock rock"[95]but have since patched things up and have even performed on stage together.[96]

Industrial metal suffered a critical backlash at the turn of the millennium. In an April 2000 review for theChicago Sun Times,Jim DeRogatisdismissed Nine Inch Nails' new music as a "generic brand of industrial thrash" and accused Ministry of repeating an act that "was old by 1992".[97]AlthoughThe Fragilereached the top spot of theBillboard200[98]and went on to earndouble platinumstatus,[70]DeRogatis considered it a "flop" nonetheless.[97] Around this time, veteran industrial metal artists (Ministry,[99]Godflesh,[100]andWhite Zombie[101]) began to repudiate the industrial label. Sales remained high throughout 2000–2005; at least 10 million records were sold during that time frame.[70][77]Many groups began to take influence from hip hop andelectronic music,in addition to industrial metal. As a result, acts likePowerman 5000are often described as industrial metal as well asnu metal.[102]

Film and video

[edit]

Several industrial metal groups have produced eye-catching videos. These include Godflesh's collaboration withAndres Serrano,[103]Aidan Hughes's graphics for KMFDM,[104]Nine Inch Nails' work withMark Romanek,[105]Rob Zombie's visual work for White Zombie (for which he received theMTV Video Music Awardfor Best Hard Rock Video),[106]and Marilyn Manson's output withRichard Kern[107]andFloria Sigismondi.[108]NIN later collaborated withBill Violafor live accompaniment.[109]Trent Reznor also produced the soundtracks for the filmsNatural Born KillersandLost Highway,and served as "musical consultant" forMan on Fire.[110][111][112]Rob Zombie has directed three films.[106]In 2009, Marilyn Manson was in the process of directingPhantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll.The movie has since languished indevelopment hell.[113]Other films that have included prominent contributions from industrial metal artists includeThe Crow,Johnny Mnemonic,Hideaway,(Mortal Kombat/1997 sequel),The Matrix,Blair WitchandA.I. Artificial Intelligence.[114][115][116][117][118]

Controversy

[edit]

Its emphasis on transgressive themes has made a few industrial metal groups vulnerable to attack fromAmerican social conservatives.For example, Sen.Bob Dole,then head of the Republican Party, sharply criticizedTime Warnerafter a meeting betweenMichael J. Fuchs(head of the Warner Music Group),William Bennett,andC. Delores Tucker,at which Tucker and Bennett demanded that Fuchs read lyrics from NIN's "Big Man with a Gun".[119]A year later, Bennett, Tucker, andJoseph Liebermanlaunched a similar campaign againstMCA Recordsfor their distribution of Marilyn Manson's music.[120]Many of his concerts were cancelled by authorities after this uproar.[116]In addition,Dennis Coopercited Ministry's video for "Just One Fix",which featured footage ofWilliam S. Burroughs,as an early example ofheroin chic.[121]: 106–107 Some initial reports claimed thatColumbine High School shootersEric Harris and Dylan Kleboldwere Marilyn Manson fans.[122]In fact, they preferred KMFDM and Rammstein.[123]Asa Coon,another school shooter, was a Manson fan.[124] Manson, a former journalist, published a detailed response to the controversy following the Columbine shootings in an article published inRolling Stone.It concluded:[125]

I think that theNational Rifle Associationis far too powerful to take on, so most people chooseDoom,The Basketball Diariesor yours truly. This kind of controversy does not help me sell records or tickets, and I wouldn't want it to. I'm a controversial artist, one who dares to have an opinion and bothers to create music and videos that challenge people's ideas in a world that is watered-down and hollow. In my work I examine the America we live in, and I've always tried to show people that the devil we blame our atrocities on is really just each one of us. [...]

Sascha Konietzko reported that KMFDM was "sick and appalled" by the shootings, issuing a statement the following day saying:[126]

First and foremost, KMFDM would like to express their deep and heartfelt sympathy for the parents, families and friends of the murdered and injured children in Littleton. We are sick and appalled, as is the rest of the nation, by what took place in Colorado yesterday. KMFDM are an art form – not a political party. From the beginning, our music has been a statement against war, oppression, fascism and violence against others. While some of the former band members are German as reported in the media, none of us condone any Nazi beliefs whatsoever.

Rammstein stated that they "have no lyrical content or political beliefs that could have possibly influenced such behavior".[127]Rammstein have also been controversial for their use of Nazi imagery, including footage shot byLeni RiefenstahlforOlympiain their video for "Stripped".[128]Alec Empire,a Germandigital hardcoremusician, declared that "[Rammstein is] successful for all the wrong reasons. I think they're not a fascist band at all, but I think in Germany there's a lot of misunderstanding and that's why they sell records and I think that's dangerous."[129]In response to the controversy, Rammstein stated that "We are not Nazis, Neo-Nazis, or any other kind of Nazi. We are against racism, bigotry or any other type of discrimination."[128]The band went on to create the song "Links 2-3-4",released in 2001, which responded to the Nazi allegations by insinuating that they reside left on thepolitical spectrum.[130]

See also

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References

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Notes

[edit]
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