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Informatics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the discipline. For other uses, seeInformatics (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withLibrary scienceorInformation technology.

Informaticsis the study of computational systems.[1][2]According to theACMEurope Council andInformatics Europe,informatics is synonymous withcomputer scienceandcomputingas a profession,[3]in which the central notion istransformation of information.[1][4]In some cases, the term "informatics" may also be used with different meanings, e.g. in the context ofsocial computing,[5]or in context oflibrary science.[6]

Different meanings

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United States Germany Russia France Italy English transcription
Computer science,Computing Informatik Информатика(Latinized:informatika) Informatique Informatica Informatics
Theoretical computer science Theoretische Informatik Теоретическая информатика Informatique théorique Informatica teorica Theoretical informatics
Computer engineering Technische Informatik Инженерная информатика Ingénierieorgénie informatique Ingegneria informatica Technical informatics
Neurocomputing,Neural computation Neuroinformatik Нейроинформатика Neuro-informatique Neuroinformatica Neuroinformatics
Bioinformatics Bioinformatik Биоинформатика Bioinformatique Bioinformatica Bioinformatics
Hydroinformatics Hydroinformatik Гидроинформатика Hydroinformatique Idroinformatica Hydroinformatics
Ecoinformatics Ökoinformatik Экоинформатика Écoinformatique Ecoinformatica Ecoinformatics
Social informatics Sozioinformatik Социальная информатика Socioinformatique Socioinformatica Social informatics
Informatics Forum
Informatics Forum,completed in 2008. It houses researchers of the University of Edinburgh'sSchool of Informatics.

In some countries, depending on local interpretations and contexts, the term "informatics" is used synonymously to meaninformation systems,information science,information theory,information engineering,information technology,information processing, or other theoretical or practical fields. In Germany, the terminformaticsclosely corresponds to modern computer science. Accordingly, universities incontinental Europeusually translate "informatics" ascomputer science,or sometimesinformation and computer science,althoughtechnical universitiesmay translate it ascomputer science & engineering.[7][8]

In theUnited States,however, the terminformaticsis mostly used in context ofdata science,library science[6]or its applications inhealthcare(health informatics),[9][10]where it first appeared in the US.

TheUniversity of Washingtonuses this term to refer tosocial computing.[5]In some countries, this term is associated withnatural computationandneural computation.[1][11]

TheGovernment of Canadauses the term to refer to operational units offering network and computer services to the various departments.[12]

Etymology

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See also:Computer science § Etymology,andHistory of computer science

In 1956, the German informaticianKarl Steinbuchand engineerHelmut Gröttrupcoined the wordInformatikwhen they developed theInformatik-Anlage[13]for theQuellemail-order management, one of the earliest commercial applications of data processing. In April 1957, Steinbuch published a paper calledInformatik: Automatische Informationsverarbeitung( "Informatics: Automatic Information Processing" ).[14]The morphology—informat-ion + -ics—uses "the accepted form for names of sciences, as conics, mathematics, linguistics, optics, or matters of practice, as economics, politics, tactics",[15]and so, linguistically, the meaning extends easily to encompass both the science of information and the practice of information processing. The German wordInformatikis usually translated to English as[16]computer scienceby universities orcomputer science & engineeringby technical universities (German equivalents for institutes of technology). Depending on the context, informatics is also translated intocomputing,scientific computingorinformation and computer technology.TheFrenchterminformatiquewas coined in 1962 byPhilippe Dreyfus.[17]In the same month was also proposed independently by Walter F. Bauer (1924–2015) and associates who co-founded software companyInformatics Inc.The term for the new discipline quickly spread throughout Europe, but it did not catch on in the United States. Over the years, many different definitions of informatics have been developed, most of them claim that the essence of informatics is one of these concepts: information processing, algorithms, computation, information, algorithmic processes, computational processes or computational systems.[18][1]

See also:Computational informatics

The earliest uses of the terminformaticsin theUnited Stateswas during the 1950s with the beginning of computer use inhealthcare.[19]Early practitioners interested in the field soon learned that there were no formal education programs, and none emerged until the late 1960s. They introduced the term informatics only in the context ofarchival science,which is only a small part of informatics. Professional development, therefore, played a significant role in the development of health informatics.[19]According to Imhoff et al., 2001, healthcare informatics is not only the application of computer technology to problems in healthcare, but covers all aspects of generation, handling, communication, storage, retrieval, management, analysis, discovery, and synthesis of data information and knowledge in the entire scope of healthcare. Furthermore, they stated that the primary goal of health informatics can be distinguished as follows:To provide solutions for problems related to data, information, and knowledge processing. To study general principles of processing data information and knowledge in medicine and healthcare.[20][21]The termhealth informaticsquickly spread throughout the United States in various forms such asnursing informatics,public health informaticsormedical informatics.Analogous terms were later introduced for use of computers in various fields, such asbusiness informatics,forest informatics,legal informaticsetc. These fields still mainly use term informatics in context of library science.

Informatics as information processing science

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See also:Cognitive Science § Namings

In the early 1980s, K.A Nicholas published "Informatics: Ready for the Information Society" proposing a definition of Informatics as "the study and the practice of skills related to information, its collection, storage, retrieval, analysis and publication. In short; - Information Handling." It had been developed in the South Australian Education System at a grass roots level. <K.A Nicholas published "Informatics: Ready for the Information Society" 1983 - National Library of Australia>

In the early 1990s, K.K. Kolin proposed an interpretation of informatics as a fundamental science that studies information processes in nature, society, and technical systems.[22]

A broad interpretation ofinformatics,as "the study of the structure, algorithms, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems," was introduced by theUniversity of Edinburghin 1994. This has led to the merger of the institutes of computer science, artificial intelligence and cognitive science into a singleSchool of Informaticsin 2002.[23]

More than a dozen nearby universities joinedScottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance.Some non-European universities have also adopted this definition (e.g.Kyoto University School of Informatics).

In 2003, Yingxu Wang popularized termcognitive informatics,described as follows:[24]

Supplementary to matter and energy, information is the third essence for modeling the world. Cognitive informatics focuses on internal information processing mechanisms and the natural intelligence of the brain.

Informatics as a fundamental science of information in natural and artificial systems was proposed again in Russia in 2006.[25]

In 2007, the influential bookDecoding the Universewas published.

Former president ofAssociation for Computing Machinery,Peter Denning wrote in 2007:[26]

The old definition of computer science - the study of phenomena surrounding computers - is now obsolete. Computing is the study of natural and artificial information processes.

The 2008Research Assessment Exercise,of the UK Funding Councils, includes a new,Computer Science and Informatics,unit of assessment (UoA),[27]whose scope is described as follows:

The UoA includes the study of methods for acquiring, storing, processing, communicating and reasoning about information, and the role of interactivity in natural and artificial systems, through the implementation, organisation and use of computer hardware, software and other resources. The subjects are characterised by the rigorous application of analysis, experimentation and design.

In 2008, the construction of theInformatics Forumwas completed. In 2018, theMIT Schwarzman College of Computingwas established. Its construction is planned to be completed in 2021.

Informatics as information science

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See also:Library science

In the fields ofgeoinformaticsorirrigation informatics,the term -informatics usually meaninformation science,in context related tolibrary science.This was the first meaning of informatics introduced inRussiain 1966 by A.I. Mikhailov, R.S. Gilyarevskii, and A.I. Chernyi, which referred to a scientific discipline that studies the structure and properties of scientific information.[22]In this context, the term was also used by theInternational Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility.Some scientists use this term, however, to refer to the science of information processing, notdata management.[28]

In the English-speaking world, the terminformaticswas first widely used in the compoundmedical informatics,taken to include "the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including information science and the technology to support these tasks".[29]Many such compounds are now in use; they can be viewed as different areas of "applied informatics".

Informatics as computer science

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In some countries such as Germany, Russia, France, and Italy, the terminformaticsin many contexts (but not always) can translate directly tocomputer science.[30]

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Computer scientists study computational processes and systems. Computing Research Repository (CoRR) classification distinguishes the following main topics in computer science ( Alpha betic order):[31][32][33]

Journals and conferences

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See also:List of computer science conferencesandList of important publications in theoretical computer science

Community

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Academic schools and departments

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See also

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References

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  1. ^abcd"What is Informatics? University of Edinburgh"(PDF).
  2. ^"INFORMATICS | Bedeutung im Cambridge Englisch Wörterbuch".dictionary.cambridge.org(in German).
  3. ^"Are We All In The Same Boat? ACM & Informatics Europe"(PDF).
  4. ^"What is Informatics? - Definition from Techopedia".Techopedia.October 2014.
  5. ^ab"Informatics Major".ischool.uw.edu.
  6. ^abWellisch, Hans (1972-07-01)."From Information Science to Informatics: a terminological investigation".Journal of Librarianship.4(3): 157–187.doi:10.1177/096100067200400302.ISSN0022-2232.S2CID62708018.
  7. ^"Computer Science and Computer Engineering | Hochschule Osnabrück".hs-osnabrueck.de.Retrieved2020-08-31.
  8. ^"Informatik – Technische Informatik (B.Sc.) | Hochschule Osnabrück".hs-osnabrueck.de.Retrieved2020-08-31.
  9. ^"What is Informatics? USF Health".usfhealthonline.16 February 2017.Retrieved2020-08-20.
  10. ^"Informatics Major".ischool.uw.edu.Retrieved2020-08-20.
  11. ^"Forschungszentrum Jülich - Cognitive Neuroinformatics".fz-juelich.de.Retrieved2020-08-22.
  12. ^"Informatics [100 records] - TERMIUM Plus® — Search - TERMIUM Plus®".8 October 2009.
  13. ^Biener, Klaus (December 1997)."Karl Steinbuch – Informatiker der ersten Stunde Hommage zu seinem 80. Geburtstag"(PDF)(in German).Retrieved2021-10-08.Steinbuch coined this expression together with Helmut Gröttrup, an employee from Peenemünde.
  14. ^"Karl Steinbuch Eulogy – Bernard Widrow, Reiner Hartenstein, Robert Hecht-Nielsen"(PDF).uni-kl.de.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-19.Retrieved2014-04-28.
  15. ^Oxford English Dictionary1989
  16. ^CTKlein."Best word for" computer science "".German Language Stack Exchange.Stack Exchange Inc.Retrieved6 April2020.
  17. ^Dreyfus, Phillipe.L’informatique.Gestion, Paris, June 1962, pp. 240–41
  18. ^Wegner, Peter."Research paradigms in Computer Science, Brown University"(PDF).
  19. ^abNelson, Ramona; Staggers, Nancy (8 December 2016).Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach.Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 7.ISBN978-0-323-40225-5.
  20. ^Imhoff, M., Webb. A,.&Goldschmidt, A., (2001). Health Informatics. Intensive Care Med, 27: 179-186.doi:10.1007//s001340000747.
  21. ^Nelson, R. & Staggers, N. Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach. St. Louis: Mosby, 2013. Print. (p.4,7)
  22. ^abYatsko, Viatcheslav A. (2018)."Informatics, Information Science, and Computer Science".Scientific and Technical Information Processing.45(4): 235–240.doi:10.3103/S0147688218040081.
  23. ^Brown, Neil."The old cogsci.ed.ac.uk server".inf.ed.ac.uk.
  24. ^Wang, Yingxu (2003-08-01)."On Cognitive Informatics".Brain and Mind.4(2): 151–167.doi:10.1023/A:1025401527570.ISSN1573-3300.S2CID61495426.
  25. ^"Becoming of informatics as fundamental science and the complex scientific problem".mathnet.ru.
  26. ^Denning, Peter J."Computing Is a Natural Science".Communications of the ACM.
  27. ^"UoA 23 Computer Science and Informatics, Panel working methods"(PDF).rae.ac.uk.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-03.Retrieved2007-09-17.
  28. ^Wang, Yingxu (2013)."Basic theories for neuroinformatics and neurocomputing".2013 IEEE 12th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing.pp. 3–4.doi:10.1109/ICCI-CC.2013.6622217.ISBN978-1-4799-0783-0.S2CID12488667.
  29. ^Greenes, R.A. and Shortliffe, E.H. (1990) "Medical Informatics: An emerging discipline with academic and institutional perspectives."Journal of the American Medical Association,263(8) pp. 1114–20.http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440080092030
  30. ^"Mission and History".Informatics Europe.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  31. ^"arXiv.org e-Print archive".arxiv.org.
  32. ^"Informatics as a Fundamental Discipline for the 21st Century".Informatics Europe.2019.
  33. ^Denning, Peter J.; Rosenbloom, Paul (2009).The Profession of IT Computing: The Fourth Great Domain of Science.Association for Computing Machinery.OCLC981466101.
  34. ^"International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence (IJCINI)".
  35. ^IEEE CS (1983).IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, CVPR. 1983 conf., Washington, D.C. Proceedings: Computer vision and pattern recognition.New York, N.Y.ISBN978-0-8186-0053-1.OCLC472099962.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  36. ^"Brain Informatics".Brain Informatics.
  37. ^"Alvy Ray Smith synapse FOCS Cover".alvyray.
  38. ^"Neural Computing and Applications".Springer.
  39. ^"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems".Springer.
  40. ^"Journal of Scientific Computing".scimagojr.
  41. ^"Simulation & Gaming".SAGE Journals.
  42. ^"ACM CCS 2020 - November 9-13, 2020".sigsac.org.
  43. ^"University of Washington, BS Informatics".
  44. ^"University at Albany, BS Informatics".
  45. ^"UC Irvine, B.S. Informatics".
  46. ^"UC Irvine, M.S. Informatics".
  47. ^"UC Irvine, Ph.D. Informatics".
  48. ^ab"University of Michigan, Major in Informatics".
  49. ^"University of Texas at Austin, Bachelor's Degree in Informatics".
  50. ^"University of Massachusetts Amherst, BS in Informatics".22 September 2014.
  51. ^"Texas Women's University, Informatics Bachelor of Science Degrees".
  52. ^"Indiana University Bloomington, BS in Informatics".
  53. ^"Indiana University Bloomington, Ph.D. in Informatics".
  54. ^"IUPUI, BS in Informatics".
  55. ^"San Jose State University, Master of Science in Informatics".5 October 2020.
  56. ^"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Master of Science in Informatics".22 May 2017.
  57. ^"The University of Iowa, BS in Informatics".
  58. ^"The University of Iowa, Informatics, Ph.D."
  59. ^"Arizona State University, Informatics (BS)".
  60. ^"Northern Arizona University, Informatics, Master of Science".
  61. ^"Northern Arizona University, Informatics, Bachelor of Science".
  62. ^"Baylor University, Bachelor of Science in Informatics".19 July 2022.
  63. ^"Penn State College of IST, M.S. in Informatics".
  64. ^"Penn State College of IST, Ph.D. in Informatics".
  65. ^"University of South Carolina, Informatics, Ph.D."
  66. ^"University of Debrecen, Informatics, PhD".
  67. ^"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Informatics PhD".
  68. ^"University of Sussex, Informatics PhD".
  69. ^"University of Missouri, PhD in Informatics".
  70. ^"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Master of Science in Informatics".
  71. ^"University of Bergen, PhD in informatics".
  72. ^"University of Edinburgh, MInf Informatics".20 February 2023.
  73. ^"Technical University of Munich, M.Sc. Informatics".31 July 2023.
  74. ^"Università della Svizzera italiana, Master in Informatics".

Further reading

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