Ingrian dialects
| Ingrian Finnish | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Ingria |
| Ethnicity | Ingrian Finns |
Native speakers | ?(A few older people) |
Uralic
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 | |
Ingrian dialects(Finnish:Inkerin suomalaismurteet) are theFinnish dialectsspoken byIngrian FinnsaroundIngriainRussia.Today, the Ingrian dialects are still spoken inRussia,FinlandandSweden.[1]In 2010 there were only 20 300 Ingrian Finns left in Russia.[2]The Ingrian dialects are gradually dying out, as primarily elderly people speak them still,[3]and unlikeStandard Finnish,the dialects are not taught in schools.[4]
History
[edit]After Sweden annexed Ingria in 1617, many people moved to Ingria from Finland, at the timepart of Sweden.After Russia annexed it again around 1700, many Russians moved in. However the Finnish language stayed because of the Lutheran church; the difference of religion made mixed marriages rare.
In 1900 the situation changed a lot. At first, minority languages were supported; however, around 1930 Finnish was banned and the Ingrian Finns were deported (Deportation of the Ingrian Finns,Genocide of the Ingrian Finns). Because of this, language communities broke and Russian influence became larger.[5]
Grammar
[edit]The dialects' personal pronouns differ significantly from the standard language. Follows a comparison with theKarelian languageand Standard Finnish:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | mie | myö |
| Second Person | sie | työ |
| Third Person | hiä | hyö |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | mie | myö |
| Second Person | sie | työ |
| Third Person | hiän | hyö |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | minä | me |
| Second Person | sinä | te |
| Third Person | hän | he |
Phonology
[edit]The phonology of Ingrian Finnish is very much alike that of the neighbouringIngrianandVoticlanguages.
One process present in the dialects is the deletion of final front vowels and their replacement bypalatisation,much like inAla-Laukaa IngrianandVotic:[4]
- äitj([æi̯tʲ],"mother" ) for Standard Finnishäiti([ˈæi̯ti])
- vesj([ʋes̠ʲ],"water" ) for Standard Finnishvesi([ˈʋes̠i])
- mäkj([mækʲ],"hill" ) for Standard Finnishmäki([ˈmæki])
- kylj([kylʲ],"village" ) for Standard Finnishkylä([ˈkylæ])
Another is the diphthongisation of historically long vowels in initial syllables, much like in theKarelian language:[4]
- piä([piæ̯],"head" ) for Standard Finnishpää([pæː])
- kualj([kuɑ̯lʲ],"cabbage" ) for Standard Finnishkaali([ˈkɑːli])
Like in the Ingrian language, Standard Finnish morphological -d- is often replaced by -v-, -vv- and -ij-:[4]
- sovan([ˈs̠oʋɑn],"war",gen) for Standard Finnishsodan([ˈs̠od̪ɑn]
- pöyvvän([ˈpøy̯ʋːæn],"table",gen) for Standard Finnishpöydän([pøy̯d̪æn])
Finally, a shift of thediphthongs[ie̯],[uo̯]and[yø̯]to[iɑ̯]([iæ̯]infront-vocalic stems),[uɑ̯]and[yæ̯]respectively is present:[6]
- piänj([piæ̯nʲ],"small" ) for the Standard Finnishpieni([pie̯ni]).
Vocabulary
[edit]Historically, multiple Swedish loanwords have appeared in Ingrian Finnish. Furthermore, the dialects have borrowed extensively from the neighbouring Finnic languages. In more recent years, it has also borrowed extensively from theRussian language:[4]
- latjjat([ˈlɑtʲjɑt̪],"dress" ) from Russianплатье(plat'je)
- liäppä([ˈliæ̯pːæ],"hat" ) from Russianшляпа(šljapa)
Example
[edit]Follows a sample text in Ingrian Finnish:[6]
| Ingrian Finnish | IPA | UPA | Standard Finnish | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oli yks mies elläi Mäni metsää hulkkumaa Ja öksy Ja siis jäi yöks makkaamaa Teki puun alla tulen Ja kävi makkaamaa. |
[ˈoliˈʔyksˈmie̯s̠ˈelːæi̯] [ˈmæniˈmet͡s̠æːˈhulkːuˌmɑː] [jɑˈʔøks̠y] [jɑˈs̠iːs̠ˈjæi̯ˈyø̯ks̠ˈmɑkːɑːˌmɑː] [ˈtekiˈpuːnˈɑlːɒˈtulen] [jɑˈkæʋiˈmɑkːɑːˌmɑː] |
oli üks mies elläi mäni metsä̀ hulkkumà ja öksü ja siis jäi üöks makkàmà teki pūn allɒ tulen ja kävi makkàmà |
Oli (yksi) mies eli Meni metsään hölskymään Ja eksyi Ja siinä jäi yöksi nukkumaan Teki puun alla tulen Ja kävi nukkumaan. |
There lived a man He drifted into the forest And got lost And there he stayed to sleep for the night He made a fire under a tree And went to sleep. |
See also
[edit]- Ingrian Finns
- Siberian Ingrian Finnish– Ingrian Finnish – Ingrian mixed language
- South Karelian dialects
- Savonian dialects
References
[edit]- ^"KIRJAT | Inkeriläisten hajaantumisen aika Inkerin suomi elää yhä Venäjällä, Suomessa, Ruotsissa ja Kanadassa".Helsingin Sanomat.July 29, 1996.
- ^"Inkerinsuomalaiset: 40%n vajaus kahdeksassa vuodessa"[Ingrian Finns: A decline of 40% in the twentieth century](PDF).Inkeri(in Finnish).3(78). 2012.
- ^"Pietarin alkuperäiskansan kulttuuri vaarassa kuolla vanhan sukupolven mukana".Yle Uutiset.April 10, 2015.
- ^abcdeOlga Konkova; Vladimir Kokko (2009).Ингерманландские Финны: Очерки истории и культуры[The Ingrian Finns: Sketches of a history and culture](PDF)(in Russian). Saint Petersburg.ISBN978-5-88431-143-5.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2020-01-10.Retrieved2021-04-02.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^"Miten suomea puhutaan Inkerinmaalla? – Kielenkäytön muutoksia jäljittämässä".Kieliverkosto.May 10, 2013.
- ^abPertti Virtaranta (1955)."Näytteitä Inkerin murteista 2"[Some samples of the Ingrian dialect].Virittäjä(in Finnish).59(1): 41.ISSN2242-8828.