Intel MCS-48
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TheMCS-48microcontrollerseries,Intel's first microcontroller, was originally released in 1976. Its first members were8048,8035and8748.The 8048[1]is arguably the most prominent member of the family. Initially, this family was produced usingNMOS(n-typemetal–oxide–semiconductor) technology. In the early 1980s, it became available inCMOStechnology. It was manufactured into the 1990s to support older designs that still used it.
The MCS-48 series has amodified Harvard architecture,with internal or external programROMand 64 to 256 bytes of internal (on-chip)RAM.TheI/Ois mapped into its ownaddress space,separate from programs and data.
Though the MCS-48 series was eventually replaced by the very successfulMCS-51series, it remained quite popular even by the year 2000 due to its low cost, wide availability, memory-efficient one-byte instruction set, and mature development tools. Because of this, it is used in high-volume, cost-sensitive consumer electronics devices such as TV remotes, computer keyboards, and toys.
Variants
[edit]The8049has 2 KB of maskedROM(the 8748 and 8749 hadEPROM) that can be replaced with a 4 KB external ROM, as well as 128bytesofRAMand 27I/Oports.[2]The microcontroller'soscillatorblock divides the clock input frequency by three and then further divides the result into five machine states. Using the 11MHzmaximum crystal frequency will produce 0.73MIPSof single-cycleinstructions.Some 70% of instructions are single byte and single cycle ones, but 30% need two cycles or two bytes, so its typical performance would be closer to 0.5 MIPS.
| Device | Internal | Memory | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8020 | 1K × 8 ROM | 64 × 8 RAM | subset of 8048, 20 pins, only 13 I/O lines |
| 8021 | 1K × 8 ROM | 64 × 8 RAM | subset of 8048, 28 pins, 21 I/O lines |
| 8022 | 2K × 8 ROM | 64 × 8 RAM | subset of 8048, A/D-converter |
| 8035 | none | 64 × 8 RAM | |
| 8038 | none | 64 × 8 RAM | |
| 8039 | none | 128 × 8 RAM | |
| 8040 | none | 256 × 8 RAM | |
| 8048 | 1K × 8 ROM | 64 × 8 RAM | 27× I/O ports |
| 8049 | 2K × 8 ROM | 128 × 8 RAM | 27× I/O ports |
| 8050 | 4K x 8 ROM | 256 × 8 RAM | |
| 8648 | 1K × 8 OTP EPROM | 64 × 8 RAM | Factory OTP EPROM |
| 8748 | 1K × 8 EPROM[3] | 64 × 8 RAM[3] | 4K program memory expandable,[3]2× 8-bit timers, 27× I/O ports |
| 8749 | 2K × 8 EPROM | 128 × 8 RAM | 2× 8-bit timers, 27× I/O ports |
| 87P50 | ext. ROM socket | 256 × 8 RAM | Has piggy-back socket for 2758/2716/2732 EPROM |
| Device | Internal | Memory | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8041 | 1K × 8 ROM | 64 × 8 RAM | Universal Peripheral Interface (UPI) |
| 8041AH | 1K × 8 ROM | 128 × 8 RAM | UPI |
| 8741A | 1K × 8 EPROM | 64 × 8 RAM | UPI, EPROM version of 8041 |
| 8741AH | 1K × 8 OTP EPROM | 128 × 8 RAM | UPI, OTP EPROM version of 8041AH |
| 8042AH | 2K × 8 ROM | 256 × 8 RAM | UPI |
| 8242 | 2K × 8 ROM | 256 × 8 RAM | UPI, preprogrammed with keyboard controller firmware[4] |
| 8742 | 2K × 8 EPROM | 128 × 8 RAM | UPI, EPROM version |
| 8742AH | 2K × 8 OTP EPROM | 256 × 8 RAM | UPI, OTP EPROM version of 8042AH |
Uses
[edit]The MCS-48 series was commonly used in computer and terminal keyboards, converting key presses into protocols that can be understood by digital circuits. This also allows the possibility of serial communication, reducing the amount of conductors needed in cables on external keyboards. Microprocessors had been used in keyboards since at least 1972, simplifying earlier discrete designs. The 8048 has been used in this application since its introduction in 1978.[citation needed]
The Tandy/Radio ShackTRS-80 Model II,released in 1979, used the 8021 in its keyboard.[5]The 8021 processor scans the key matrix, converts switch closures to an 8-bit code and then transmits that code serially to the keyboard interface on the main system. It will also accept commands to turn indicator LEDs on or off. The 8021 was also used in the keyboards for the TRS-80 Model 12, 12B, 16, 16B and the Tandy 6000/6000HD.[6]
The originalIBM PC keyboardused an 8048 as its internalmicrocontroller.[7]ThePC ATreplaced the PC'sIntel 8255peripheral interface chip at I/O port addresses0x60–63with an 8042 accessible through port addresses0x60and0x64.[8]As well as managing the keyboard interface, the 8042 controlled theA20 linegating function for the AT'sIntel 80286CPU and could be commanded by software to reset the 80286 (unlike the80386and later processors, the 80286 had no way of switching fromprotected modeback toreal modeexcept by being reset). Later PC compatibles integrate the 8042's functions into theirsuper I/Odevices.
The 8048 was used in theMagnavox Odyssey²video game console,theKorg Tridentseries,[9]and theKorg Poly-61,[10]Roland Jupiter-4andRoland ProMars[11]analog synthesizers.TheSinclair QLused the closely related Intel 8049 to manage its keyboard, joystick ports, RS-232 inputs and audio. The ROM-less 8035 variant was used inNintendo's arcade gameDonkey Kongto generate the background music.
Derived microcontrollers
[edit]Philips Semiconductors (nowNXP) owned a license to produce this series and developed their MAB8400-family based on this architecture. These were the first microcontrollers with an integratedI²C-interface and were used in the firstPhilips(Magnavoxin the US)Compact Disc players(e.g. the CD-100).[12]
- Intel MCS-48second sources
-
Kvazar Kiev KM1816VE48 (Soviet Union) -
Mitsubishi ElectricM5M80C39P-6 -
National SemiconductorNS87PC48D -
-
PhilipsMAF 8049H -
SigneticsSCN8048A
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Laws, David; Blume Jr., Henry; Ekiss, John; Feng, Yung; Kline, Barbara; Raphael, Howard; Stamm, David (2008-07-30).Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 8048 Microcontroller(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-12-27.
- ^Intel Corporation 1978.
- ^abcHayes, John P. (1978).Computer Architecture and Organization.McGraw-Hill International Book Company. pp. 57–59.ISBN0-07-027363-4.
- ^"UPI-41AH/42AH Universal Peripheral Interface 8-bit Slave Microcontroller"(PDF).Intel. November 1994. p. 2.Retrieved2022-07-19.
- ^TRS-80 Model II Technical Reference Manual.Radio Shack. p. 135.
- ^Tandy 6000/6000HD Service Manual.Tandy/Radio Shack. 1985. p. 213.
- ^"Section 4: Keyboard",Technical Reference: Personal Computer,Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (Revised ed.),IBM,April 1984
- ^"Section 1: System Board",Technical Reference: Personal Computer AT,Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library, IBM, September 1985
- ^"Korg Trident Service Manual".Korg. p. 4.Retrieved10 February2018– via Synthfool.
- ^"Korg Poly-61 Service Manual"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2010-06-02.Retrieved2013-03-07.
- ^Gordon Reid (November 2004)."The History Of Roland, Part 1: 1930–1978".The History Of Roland.Sound On Sound Magazine.Retrieved29 November2010.
- ^Datasheet (pdf)Philips MAB8400-Family
Bibliography
[edit]- MCS-48
- MCS-48 Single Component Microcomputer(Applications Seminar Notebook). Intel Corporation. 1978.
- MCS-48 Microcomputer User's Manual(PDF).Intel Corporation. 1978.
- Smith, Lionel; Moore, Cecil (January 1979)."Serial I/O and Math Utilities for the 8049 Microcomputer".Intel Corporation. Application Note AP-49.
- A High-Speed Emulator for Intel MCS-48 Microcomputers.Intel Corporation. August 1979. Application Note AP-55A.
- Dahm, Phil; Rosenberg, Stuart (December 1979).Intel MCS-48 and UPI-41A Microcontrollers.Intel Corporation. Reliability Report RR-25.
- Microcontroller Handbook(PDF).Intel. 1984. Order number 210918-002.
- 8-Bit Embedded Controllers(PDF).Intel. 1991. Order number 270645-003.
- UPI-41
- Intel (1980).UPI-41A User's Manual(PDF).Order number 9800504-02 Rev. B.
- Microprocessor Peripherals UPI-41A/41AH/42/42AH User's Manual(PDF).Intel Corporation. October 1993. 231318-006.
- Beaston, Johan; Kahn, Jim (May 1980).An 8741A/8041A Digital Cassette Controller.Intel Corporation. Application Note AP-90.
