Intel Quark
Intel Quarkis a line of32-bitx86SoCsandmicrocontrollersbyIntel,designed for small size and low power consumption, and targeted at new markets includingwearable devices.The line was introduced atIntel Developer Forumin 2013, and discontinued in January 2019.[1]
Quark processors, while slower thanAtomprocessors, are much smaller and consume less power. They lack support forSIMDinstruction sets (such asMMXandSSE)[2]and only supportembedded operating systems.
Quark powers the (now discontinued)Intel Galileodeveloper microcontroller board.[3]In 2016Arduinoreleased the Arduino 101 board that includes an Intel Quark SoC.[4][5]The CPUinstruction setis, for most models, the same as aPentium(P54C/i586) CPU.[6]
History[edit]
The first product in the Quark line is the single-core32 nmX1000SoCwith aclock rateof up to 400MHz.The system includes several interfaces, includingPCI Express,serialUART,I²C,Fast Ethernet,USB 2.0,SDIO,power management controller,andGPIO.There are 16kBof on-chipembeddedSRAMand an integratedDDR3memory controller.[7][8]
A second Intel product that includes Quark core, theIntel Edisonmicrocomputer, was presented in January 2014. It has aform factorclose to the size of anSD card,and is capable of wireless networking usingWi-FiorBluetooth.[9]
In January 2015, Intel announced thesub-miniatureIntel Curie module for wearable applications, based on aQuark SEcore with 80kBSRAMand 384 kBflash.[10]At the size of a button, it also features a 6-axis accelerometer, a DSP sensor hub, aBluetooth LEunit and a battery charge controller.
Intel announced the end-of-life of its Quark products in January 2019, with orders accepted until July 2019 and final shipments set for July 2022.[1][11]
List of processors[edit]
 | This sectionis written likea manual or guide.(September 2021) |
"Lakemont" (32 nm)[edit]
The nameLakemonthas been used in reference to the processor core in multiple Quark-series processors.[12]: 4 [13]: 42
"Clanton"[edit]
Source:[14]
- All models supporti586instruction set, withx87FPU andNX bit
- Temperature range: -40 °C to +85 °C for X10x1 models, 0 °C to +70 °C, for X10x0 models
- Secure bootsupported on X102xmodels
- DDR3 controller with one 16-bit channel
- Two PCI-Express 2.0 controllers, with 1 lane each.
- USB Controller with two USB 2.0 Host ports and one USB 2.0 device port
- Two 10/100 MBit Ethernet controllers
- Integrated memory card reader supporting SDIO 3.0, eMMC 4.41 and SD 3.0
- Serial I/O supporting SPI, UART (serial port) and I2C
(The L2 cache column shows the size of the L1 cache.)
| Model | sSpec number |
Cores | Clock rate | GPU frequency |
L2 cache |
I/O bus | Memory | Voltage | TDP | Socket | Release date | Part number(s) |
Release price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quark X1000 |
|
1 | 400 MHz | — | 16 KB | PCIe | DDR3-800 | 0.95–1.1 V | 2.2 W
|
|
Q4'13 |
|
$9.63 |
| Quark X1001 |
|
1 | 400 MHz | — | 16 KB | PCIe | DDR3-800 | 0.95–1.1 V | 2.2 W
|
|
Q2'14 |
|
$11.77 |
| Quark X1010 |
|
1 | 400 MHz | — | 16 KB | PCIe | DDR3-800 (ECC) | 0.95–1.1 V | 2.2 W
|
|
Q1'14 |
|
$10.16 |
| Quark X1011 |
|
1 | 400 MHz | — | 16 KB | PCIe | DDR3-800 (ECC) | 0.95–1.1 V | 2.2 W
|
|
Q2'14 |
|
$12.31 |
| Quark X1020 |
|
1 | 400 MHz | — | 16 KB | PCIe | DDR3-800 (ECC) | 0.95–1.1 V | 2.2 W
|
|
Q2'14 |
|
$11.45 |
| Quark X1020D |
|
1 | 400 MHz | — | 16 KB | PCIe | DDR3-800 (ECC) | 0.95–1.1 V | 2.2 W
|
|
Q1'14 |
|
$10.70 |
| Quark X1021 |
|
1 | 400 MHz | — | 16 KB | PCIe | DDR3-800 (ECC) | 0.95–1.1 V | 2.2 W
|
|
Q2'14 |
|
$13.39 |
| Quark X1021D |
|
1 | 400 MHz | — | 16 KB | PCIe | DDR3-800 (ECC) | 0.95–1.1 V | 2.2 W
|
|
Q2'14 |
|
$12.85 |
"Silver Butte"[edit]
- Implements only a limited subset of the 32-bit x86 instruction set (e.g.segmentation,BCD/string instructions,AF/PFflags,
XCHGare not supported)[15]
| Model | sSpec number |
Cores | Clock rate | GPU frequency |
L2 cache |
I/O bus | Memory | Voltage | TDP | Socket | Release date | Part number(s) |
Release price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quark D1000 |
|
1 | 32 MHz | — | AHB-Lite,APB[16]: 30 | eSRAM | 1.62–3.63 V |
|
|
Q3'15 | DMNIAD01SLVBT
|
$2.54 |
"Mint Valley"[edit]
- Supportsi586instruction set, without x87.
| Model | sSpec number |
Cores | Clock rate | GPU frequency |
L2 cache |
I/O bus | Memory | Voltage | TDP | Socket | Release date | Part number(s) |
Release price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quark D2000 |
|
1 | 32 MHz | — | AHB-Lite,[13]: 72 APB[13]: 96 | eSRAM | 1.62–3.63 V | 0.025 W
|
|
Q3'15 | FND2000
|
$2.54 |
"Atlas Peak"[edit]
- Supportsi586instruction set, without x87.
| Model | sSpec number |
Cores | Clock rate | GPU frequency |
L2 cache |
I/O bus | Memory | Voltage | TDP | Socket | Release date | Part number(s) |
Release price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quark SE C1000 |
|
1 | 32 MHz | — | 8 KB | AHB-Lite, APB | eSRAM | 1.8–3.3 V | 0.025 W
|
|
Q4'15 | LMCQ1000
|
$10.32 |
Segfault bug[edit]
Intel Quark SoC X1000 contains a bug (#71538)[17]that "under specific circumstances" results in a type of crash known as asegfault.The workaround implemented by Intel is to omitLOCKprefixes (not required on single-threaded processors) in the compiled code.[18]While source-based embedded systems like those built using theYocto Projectcan incorporate this workaround at compile time, general purpose Linux distributions such asDebianare deeply affected by the bug. Such a workaround is not easy to implement in binaries meant to supportmultithreadingtoo as they require LOCK prefixes to function properly.[19]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ab"Product Change Notification 116715-00"(PDF).Intel Quality Document Management System.Intel. 2019-01-18.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2021-04-18.Retrieved2020-09-29.
- ^Turley, Jim (October 16, 2013)."Intel Quark Provides Spin, Charm, and Strange New Low-end x86 MCU Line Emerging from the Lab".EEJournal. Archived fromthe originalon January 8, 2014.
- ^"Intel® Galileo Datasheet".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-10-12.Retrieved2013-10-07.
- ^"Arduino 101".Archived fromthe originalon 2020-09-29.Retrieved2018-03-23.
- ^JavaFX 9 by Example, Chapter on Arduino
- ^"Intel Quark SoC X1000 Core - Developer's Manual".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-10-19.Retrieved2014-10-19.
- ^Flaherty, Nick (2013-10-07)."Intel Tackles SoC With Quark".EETimes. Archived fromthe originalon 29 February 2016.Retrieved9 October2013.
- ^Intel® Quark SoC X1000 (16K Cache, 400 MHz) SpecificationsArchived2014-01-08 at theWayback Machine,Intel
- ^Gareth Halfacree (7 January 2014)."Intel unveils Quark-based Edison microcomputer".BitTech.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-01-10.Retrieved2014-01-07.
- ^"Intel® Curie Module: Unleashing Wearable Device Innovation".Intel. 2015-01-06.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-09-06.Retrieved12 April2015.
- ^Shilov, Anton (2019-01-22)."Intel Discontinues Quark SoCs and Microcontrollers".AnandTech.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-11-30.Retrieved2020-09-29.
- ^Intel Quark SoC X1000 Debug Operations.Intel Corporation. 2014.
- ^abcIntel Quark microcontroller D2000.Intel Corporation. 2015.
- ^Intel,Quark SoC X1000 Datasheet,May 2014.Archivedon Mar 16, 2022.
- ^Intel,Quark Microcontroller D1000 Programmer's Reference Manual,order no. 332913-02, nov 2015, page 14.Archivedon Apr 13, 2021.
- ^Intel Quark Microcontroller D1000 Datasheet.Intel Corporation. 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-02-23.Retrieved2016-02-15.
- ^"Intel Quark SoC X1000 Software - Release Notes"(PDF).Revision 002. 22 May 2014. p. 21.Archived(PDF)from the original on 1 August 2020.Retrieved17 February2020.
- ^"[email protected]: Bug#738575: pthread: segfault in libpthread on Intel Galileo board".Archivedfrom the original on 2021-02-09.Retrieved2016-11-11.
- ^"#738575 - pthread: Segfault in libpthread on Intel Galileo board - Debian Bug report logs".Archivedfrom the original on 2019-04-17.Retrieved2014-12-04.
External links[edit]
- Intel Quark SoC Documents
- Quark family// Intel ARK (Product Specs)
- Intel's 'Quark' lineup targets wearables. Intel is making the tiniest of chips that can power wearable devices.// CNET, September 10, 2013
- Intel Unveils Tiny Quark Chips for Wearable Devices. Processor Is One-Fifth the Size of Its Low-End Atom Chip// The WSJ, September 10, 2013
- Intel introduces Quark, a tiny chip for the internet of things and wearable computing// The Verge, 2013-09-10
- With Quark, Intel blesses the market of chips for wearable devices// Ventureboat, 2013-09-12