InterNIC
| Successor | ICANN ARIN |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1972 |
| Founder | Elizabeth J. Feinler |
| Dissolved | September 18, 1998 |
| Focus | Manage Internet protocol numbers andDomain Name Systemroot |
Parent organization | Stanford Research Institute(until 1991) Network Solutions(from 1991) |
| Website | internic.net |
Formerly called | Network Information Center (NIC) |
InterNIC,known as theNetwork Information Center(NIC) until 1993, was the organization primarily responsible forDomain Name System(DNS)domain nameallocations andX.500directory services. From its inception in 1972 until October 1, 1991, it was run by the Stanford Research Institute, now known asSRI International,and led byJake Feinler.From October 1991 until September 18, 1998, it was run byNetwork Solutions.Thereafter, the responsibility was assumed by theInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN).
It was accessed through the domain name internic.net, with email, FTP and World Wide Web services run at various times bySRI,Network Solutions, Inc.,andAT&T.This website is still active today, operated by ICANN, and currently provides reference documents and information related to domain registration. The InterNIC also coordinated the IP address space, including performingIP addressmanagement for North America prior to the formation ofARIN.InterNIC is a registeredservice markof theU.S. Department of Commerce.The use of the term is licensed to theInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN).[1]
SRI
[edit]The first central authority to coordinate the operation of the network was the Network Information Center (NIC). The NIC was based inDoug Engelbart's lab, theAugmentation Research Center,at the Stanford Research Institute (nowSRI International) inMenlo Park, California.[2]
In 1972,Elizabeth J. Feinler,better known as Jake, became principal investigator of the project.[3][4]
TheInternet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigned the numbers, while the NIC published them to the rest of the network.Jon Postelfulfilled the role of manager of IANA, in addition to his role as the RFC Editor, until his death in 1998.
The NIC provided reference service to users (initially over the phone and by physical mail), maintained and published a directory of people (the "white pages" ), a resource handbook (the "yellow pages", a list of services) and the protocol handbook. After the Network Operations Center atBolt, Bernek and Newmanbrought new hosts onto the network, the NIC registered names, provided access control for terminals, audit trail and billing information, and distributed Request for Comments (RFCs).[5]Feinler, working withSteve Crocker,Jon Postel,Joyce Reynoldsand other members of the Network Working Group (NWG), developed RFCs into the official set of technical notes for the ARPANET and later the Internet. The NIC provided the first links to online documents using theNLSJournal system developed at SRI's Augmentation Research Center.[3]
On theARPANET,hosts were given names to be used in place of numeric addresses. Owners of new hosts sent email to[email protected]to request an address. A file namedHOSTS.TXTwas distributed by the NIC and manually installed on each host on the network to provide a mapping between these names and their corresponding network address. As the network grew, this became increasingly cumbersome. A technical solution came in the form of theDomain Name System,designed byPaul Mockapetris.
The Defense Data Network Network Information Center (DDN-NIC) at SRI handled all registration services, including thetop-level domainsmil,gov,edu,org,net,comandus.DDN-NIC also performedroot nameserveradministration and Internet number assignments under aUnited States Department of Defensecontract starting in 1984.[6]
In 1990, theInternet Activities Boardproposed changes to the centralized NIC/IANA arrangement.[7]TheDefense Information Systems Agency(DISA) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN-NIC, which had been managed by SRI since 1972, to Government Systems, Inc (GSI), which subcontracted it to the small private-sector firmNetwork Solutions.
On October 1, 1991, the NIC services were moved from aDECSYSTEM-20machine at SRI to aSun MicrosystemsSPARCserverrunningSunOS4.1 at GSI inChantilly, Virginia.[8]
By the 1990s, most of the growth of the Internet was in the non-defense sector, and even outside the United States.[7]Therefore, the US Department of Defense would no longer fund registration services outside of themildomain.
TheNational Science Foundationstarted a competitive bidding process in 1992; subsequently, in 1993, NSF created the Internet Network Information Center, known as InterNIC, to extend and coordinate directory and database services and information services for the NSFNET; and provide registration services for non-military Internet participants.[9]NSF awarded the contract to manage InterNIC to three organizations; Network Solutions provided registration services, AT&T provided directory and database services, andGeneral Atomicsprovided information services.[10]General Atomics was disqualified from the contract in December 1994 after a review found their services not conforming to the standards of its contract.[11]General Atomics' InterNIC functions were assumed by AT&T.
Inappropriate domain names
[edit]Beginning in 1996, Network Solutions rejected domain names containingEnglish languagewords on a "restricted list" through an automated filter. Applicants whose domain names were rejected received an email containing the notice: "Network Solutions has a right founded in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to refuse to register, and thereby publish, on the Internet registry of domain names words that it deems to be inappropriate." Domain names such as "shitakemushrooms" would be rejected, but the domain name "shit" was active since it had been registered before 1996.[12]
Network Solutions eventually allowed domain names containing the words on a case-by-case basis, after manually reviewing the names for obscene intent. This profanity filter was never enforced by the government and its use was not continued byICANNwhen it took over governance of the distribution of domain names to the public.[13]
Transfer to ARIN and ICANN
[edit]The InterNIC project included InternetIP number assignment,ASN assignment,and reverseDNS zone (in-addr.arpa) managementtasks until December 1997 when theAmerican Registry for Internet Numbers(ARIN) came into operation. At that time, responsibility for these tasks was transferred by theNational Science Foundationfrom the InterNIC project to ARIN via modification of the cooperative agreement with Network Solutions.[14]
The InterNIC Directory and Database services provided by AT&T were discontinued on March 31, 1998, after their cooperative agreement with NSF expired.[15]
In 1998, both IANA and InterNIC project were reorganized under the control of theInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN), aCalifornianon-profit corporationcontracted by theUS Department of Commerceto manage a number of Internet-related tasks.[16]The role of operating the DNS was privatized, and opened up to competition, while the central management of name allocations would be awarded on a contract tender basis.[17]In July 2010, theIABandNumber Resource Organizationagreed thatICANNshould perform the in-addr.arpa zone technical management tasks,[18]and this transition to ICANN was completed in February 2011.[19]
In popular culture
[edit]InUplink: Hacker Elitea database of InterNIC is featured. It can also be hacked in-game and it ironically has no security.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"InterNIC service mark registration, U.S. Registration No. 1,874,125".U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
- ^Elizabeth J. Feinler(July–September 2010). "The Network Information Center and its Archives".Annals of the History of Computing.32(3).IEEE:83–89.doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.54.S2CID206443021.
- ^ab"Elizabeth J. Feinler".SRI Alumni Hall of Fame.2000. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-02-01.Retrieved2012-11-18.
- ^Interviewed by Marc Weber (2009-09-10)."Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler"(PDF).Reference no: X5378.2009.Computer History Museum.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-08-11.Retrieved2011-04-08.
- ^Crocker, Steve(April 1969).Documentation Conventions.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC0003.RFC3.
- ^Jon Postel and Joyce Reynolds (October 1984)."Domain Requirements".RFC 920.Retrieved2011-04-08.
- ^abVint Cerf(August 1990)."IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment".RFC 1174.Retrieved2011-04-08.
- ^Scott Williamson and Leslie Nobile (September 1991)."Transition of NIC Services".RFC 1261.Retrieved2011-04-08.
- ^"NSF9224--Network Information Services Manager(s) for NSFNET and NREN".Division of Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure.National Science Foundation.1992-03-19.
- ^"NSF Network Information Services Awards (InterNIC)"(Press release). 1993-01-05.
- ^"InterNIC Midterm Evaluation and Recommendations: A Panel Report to the National Science Foundation"(PDF).December 1994.
- ^Festa, Paul (1998-04-27)."Food domain found" obscene "".CNET.Archived fromthe originalon 2012-07-16.
- ^"Internet Domain Names and Intellectual Property Rights".United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property.1999-07-28.
- ^NSF (3 December 1997)."Cooperative Agreement No. NCR-9218742 Amendment No. 07".
- ^"E-mail from Chuck Gomes of the InterNIC announcing that AT&T would discontinue its Directory and Database Services on March 31, 1998".IETF Mail Archive. December 1997.
- ^"Domain Names: Management of Internet Names and Addresses".National Telecommunications and Information Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce.
- ^"Registrar Accreditation: History of the Shared Registry System".ICANN.
- ^"Transition of IN-ADDR.ARPA generation".Internet Architecture Board.Retrieved16 March2013.
- ^"IN-ADDR.ARPA Zone Transfer Completed".American Registry For Internet Numbers.Retrieved16 March2013.
Further reading
[edit]- "About the InterNIC",archived web page from April 1996
- Interview by Marc Weber (September 10, 2009)."Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler"(PDF).Reference no: X5378.2009.Computer History Museum.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on August 11, 2011.RetrievedApril 8,2011.
- Frode Hegland and Fleur Klijnsma."Interview with Jake Feinler".Invisible Revolution Web documentary.London.RetrievedApril 13,2011.Video of interview.
External links
[edit]| International | |
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| National | |
