Invasion of Ceylon

Invasion of Ceylon
Part of theFrench Revolutionary Wars
Dutch Ceylon, 1789
Date 21 July 1795 – 15 February 1796 Location Dutch Ceylon Result British victory
Belligerents
Great Britain	Batavian Republic
Commanders and leaders
Peter Rainier James Stuart	Johan van Angelbeek
Casualties and losses
16 killed, 60 wounded,HMSDiomedewrecked	The island, entire garrison and large quantities of military equipment captured.

TheInvasion of Ceylonwas a military campaign fought as a series ofamphibious operationsbetween the summer of 1795 and spring of 1796 between the garrison of the Batavian colonies on theIndian Oceanisland ofCeylon(now Sri Lanka) and a British invasion force sent fromBritish India.TheDutch Republichad been a British ally during theFrench Revolutionary Wars,but was overrun by theFrench Republicin the winter of 1794 and reformed into theclient stateof theBatavian Republic.The British government, working with the exiledStadtholderWilliam of Orange,ordered the seizure of Batavian assets including colonies of the formerDutch Empire.Among the first territories to be attacked were those on the coast of the island ofCeylon,with operations initially focused on the trading port atTrincomalee.

To achieve the seizure of the colony, the British government instructedLord Hobart,Governor of Madrasto use the forces at his disposal to invade and capture the Batavian-held parts of the island. Prosecution of the campaign was given to ColonelJames Stuart,supported by naval forces under Rear-AdmiralPeter Rainier.Stuart called on Batavian governorJohan van Angelbeekto surrender the colony peacefully and many trading posts were taken without resistance, but Stuart's forces were opposed at Trincomalee in August 1795 and briefly atColomboin February 1796. Following short sieges British forces were able to secure control of the Dutch colony, and Ceylon would remain a part of theBritish Empirefor the next 153 years.

Background

In 1793, theKingdom of Great Britainand theDutch Republicwent to war with theFrench Republic,joining the ongoingFrench Revolutionary Wars.Despite resistance from theDutch Armyand a British expeditionary force, the Dutch Republic was overrun by the French in the winter of 1794–1795, the French reforming the country into theBatavian Republic,aclient stateof the French regime.Although war between Britain and the Batavian Republic had not been declared, the British government sent instructions on 19 January for Batavian shipping to be seized and, in conjunction withStadtholderWilliam of Orange,living in exile in London, for Batavian colonies to be neutralised in order to deny their use to the French. On 9 February these orders culminated in the outbreak of war between Britain and the Batavian Republic.

News of the conflict took some months to reach the East Indies, where British and French naval forces had fought an inconclusive campaign for control of the Indian Ocean trade routes since 1793. British forces, supporting those of theEast India Company,were principally operating fromMadrasandCalcuttain India, the French from their island bases ofÎle de France(nowMauritius) andRéunion.Following an inconclusive engagement offÎle Rondeon 22 October 1794, the French squadron on Île de France had remained underblockadeatPort Louisand thus most of the British naval forces in the East Indies were available for the campaign against the Batavian territories.Dutch colonisation of Ceylon did not span the whole island, which was mostly ruled by the interiorKingdom of Kandy.European settlement was instead concentrated at coastal strips surrounding the significant ports ofColomboon the west coast andTrincomaleeon the east, supplemented by smaller trading factories and settlements elsewhere.Trincomalee was particularly important as raiding forces based in the port could easily strike against British trade routes in theBay of Bengal,but the port had limited food supplies, poorly-developed facilities and a small garrison.

Planning

Upon receiving the news of the hostilities between Britain and the Batavian Republic,Lord Hobart,Governor of Madras,conferred with Rainier and ordered the invasion of Ceylon.Command of land forces was given to ColonelJames Stuart,whose forces consisted of the71st,72ndand73rdRegiments of Foot,1stand 23rd battalionsMadrasNative Infantry and detachments from theRoyal Artilleryand Madras Artillery and auxiliary forces, totaling 2,700 men.This force was supported by a Royal Navy force led by Rainier in the 74-gunship of the lineHMSSuffolkand the 50-gunfourth rate shipHMSCenturion,which sailed from Madras on 21 July.Suffolkescorted a large convoy of East India Company merchant ships transporting troops and supplies, augmented offNegapatnamby additional reinforcements protected by thefrigatesHMSDiomedeandHMSHeroine.

It was hoped by Stuart and Rainer that the Batavian governorJohan van Angelbeekmight be persuaded to allow a peaceful occupation of Ceylon by British forces, especially in light of theKew Lettersfrom William of Orange, which advocated cooperation with British forces.A Major Agnew was sent ashore at Colombo to negotiate and his attempts to persuade van Angelbeek to allow 300 British troops to land at Fort Oostenberg, which overlooked Trincomalee, were successful.On arrival off the port on the eastern coast of Ceylon on 1 August however the commander of the defences refused to acknowledge the instruction, citing problems with the wording of the instructions.For two days attempts were made to convince the Batavian commander, the British position partially undermined by the destruction ofDiomedein Trincomalee harbour after striking an uncharted rock. Although all of the crew and passengers were saved, large quantities of military stores sank with the frigate.

Invasion

Siege of Trincomalee

On 3 August, with negotiations fruitless, Rainier and Stuart ordered the invasion to go ahead. The troops landed 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) north of Trincomaleee unopposed and advanced slowly though the sandy terrain. Due to heavysurfand high winds the disembarkation was not completed until 13 August, and the first emplacements approaching Trincomalee were not begun until 18 August.Throughout this period the Batavian garrison made no effort to oppose or impede the advance British forces. After five days the British forces had emplaced eight18-pounder long gunsand a number of smaller cannon, some borrowed fromSuffolk,in firing positions, opening a heavy fusillade which by the following day had created a sizeable breach in the walls of Trincomalee. Preparations were made for an assault and messages sent to the fort's commander demanding his surrender.

After some negotiation followed by a brief resumption of the bombardment, the Batavian commander surrendered. The garrison of 679 troops were taken prisoner and more than 100 cannon seized by the British. British losses in the brief campaign amounted to 16 killed and 60 wounded.Following the fall of Trincomalee, nearby Fort Oostenberg was summoned to surrender on 27 August.Four days later the commander turned his position over to the British under the same terms offered to the garrison of Trincomalee. With resistance broken, Batavian trading posts along the Ceylon coastline surrendered in quick succession,Batticaloato the22nd Regiment of Footon 18 September,Jaffnato Stuart directly on 27 September after a landing in force,Mullaitivuto a detachment of troops from52nd Regiment of FootinHMSHobarton 1 October, and the island ofMannaron 5 October.

Fall of Colombo

In September, Rainier took most of his squadron eastwards to operate againstBatavia,leaving CaptainAlan Gardnerin command of the blockade of Colombo, the last remaining Batavian territory on the island. In January 1796, command of the East Indies was assumed bySir George Keith Elphinstone,who ordered ships of the lineHMSStatelyandHMSArrogantto assist Gardner.

In February a final expedition was prepared against Ceylon, with instructions to seize Colombo and the surrounding area. Stuart again took command, supported by Gardner inHeroineand thesloopsHMSRattlesnake,HMSEchoandHMSSwift,as well as five EIC ships.Stuart's force disembarked atNegombo,a Dutch fort abandoned the previous year, on 5 February and marched overland to Colombo, arriving without opposition on 14 February. The garrison was issued with a demand requiring their surrender or to expect an immediate assault, and storming parties were prepared, but on 15 February van Angelbeek agreed to capitulate and Stuart took possession of the city peacefully.

Aftermath

The value of the captured goods from Colombo alone amounted to more than £300,000.More importantly for the British, Ceylon was not one of the colonies returned to the Batavian Republic following theTreaty of Amienswhich brought the war to a brief close in 1802.Britain retained coastal regions of Ceylon as part of theBritish Empireuntil independence was granted in 1948.

References

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