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Ioan Kalinderu

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Ioan Lazăr Kalinderu
Born(1840-12-28)December 28, 1840
Bucharest,Wallachia
DiedDecember 11, 1913(1913-12-11)(aged 72)
Other namesIoan Calenderoglu, Iancu Kalinderu, Ioan Kelenderu, Ioanŭ Calenderu, Jean Kalindéro, Un Paysan du Danube
Academic background
InfluencesSpiru Haret,Julius Kühn,Gabriel Millet
Academic work
School or traditionAgrarianism
Main interests
Signature

Ioan Lazăr Kalinderu(bornCalenderoglu,[1]also known asIancu Kalinderu,Ioan Kelenderu,Ioanŭ Calenderu,orJean Kalindéro;[2]December 28 or 29, 1840 – December 11, 1913) was aWallachian,laterRomanianjurist and confidant ofKingCarol I,who served for thirty years as the administrator ofcrown domains,and for three years as president of theRomanian Academy.Educated in France, he was the son of a rich and influentialGreek-Romanianbanker, Lazăr Kalenderoglu, and the brother of physicianNicolae Kalinderu.Like them, he was a sympathizer of theNational Liberal Party,with which he debuted in politics in the 1880s.

Kalideru was an expert inRoman law,but his attempts in the field, as well as his later studies in the history ofAncient Rome,are generally seen as minor contributions. His overall competence as an interpreter of law was questioned following his handling of theStrousberg Affair,although he served on theCourt of Cassationand on international bodies of experts. Kalinderu stayed on as Carol's legal adviser, also helping him in direct negotiations with the National Liberal andConservativepolitical machines, and was several times considered for the office ofPrime Minister.

As administrator for the crown, Kalinderu enacted his vision of rural improvement, setting upmodel farmsand a cottage industry, promoting literacy and the arts, and encouraging entrepreneurship. He viewed these methods as a working alternative toland reform,defending property rights during and after thepeasants' revolt of 1907.He was praised for his passion and dedication, but also criticized for the uncertainty of their outcome. In addition to his agrarian project and his social work, Kalinderu played a significant part in promotingmountaineeringand modernforestry,set up the resort ofBușteni,and created his own art museum. A picturesque figure with eccentric customs, and often regarded as snobbish and servile, he became astock characterfor the writers and cartoonists atFurnicamagazine. His unfulfilled promise to donate his fortune to the public bled into a posthumous scandal which lasted into the interwar years.

Biography

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Origins and early life

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Born inBuchareston December 28 or 29, 1840,[3][4][5]his father was Lazăr (Lazaros) Kalenderoglu (or Calenderoglu). Of possibleSmyrnioteorigin,[6]the family functioned as one of the largest banking and exporting institutions in Wallachia, and then in theUnited Principalities.[7]Lazăr had risen into the ranks of Wallachia'sboyar nobility:joining the Bucharest local government in 1838, 1844, and 1847, he was awarded the title ofpitar,[8]advancing topaharnicin the 1850s.[9]His son would later falsely claim that the Kalenderoglus played a part in theWallachian Revolution of 1848,[10]although Lazăr is known to have held relevant positions in theNational Partyin 1857, briefly serving as its chairman alongsideConstantin A. Crețulescu.[11]The last-ever tenant and tax collector ofPredealcustoms, Kalenderoglu had his estate inOlt County,outsideColonești,reduced during theland reform of 1864.[12]Another of his estates, atBălcești,was repurchased by the Bălcescu boyars.[13]However, he still left Ioan the manor ofSchitu-Greci.[14][15]

Although a Wallachian native and relatively assimilated,[16]Lazăr was sometimes regarded as anethnic Turk,owing to his Turkish-sounding surname,[17]or anArmenian.[18]He identified asGreek-Romanianand, as late as 1879, wasktitorof an eponymousGreek Orthodoxchurch in Bucharest. His fully assimilated son later barred the Greek colony from attending the church, and rededicated it toRomanian Orthodoxy.[19]According to polemicistAlexandru Candiano-Popescu,the future Ioan Kalinderu was snobbish and "could not bear his descent from some obscure lineage"; he therefore claimedEastern Romandescent, "having found a name that matched his own" in the books ofJoseph von Hammer.[18]Ioan and his brother Nicolae were educated in Greek,[1]before graduating high school in Bucharest.[5]

Ioan studied law at theUniversity of Paris.Taking his license degree with a study of dowries inRoman law(1860), and earning a doctorate with a thesis onex post factolaws(De la non-rétroactivité des lois,1864),[20]he returned home to take up positions as a judge, serving as the first president of Bucharest Tribunal.[3]He then became a counselor with theCourt of Cassation.[3][4][5][21]From 1872, theMinistry of Justiceemployed him as an adviser for penal reform, alongsideVasile Boerescu,Nicolae Mandrea,Grigore Păucescu,Mihail PherekydeandGrigore Triandafil.Boerescu referred to Kalinderu as "a man of the new world, with very progressive ideas, and an excellent jurisconsult."[22]At the time, his family was involved with theliberal-radical movement.Brother Nicolae, a Paris-trained physician, became one of the founders of theNational Liberal Partyin 1875.[23]The aged Kalenderoglu was founder ofCreditul Rural,acredit unionfor the benefit of peasants, alongside major liberal figures.[24]

In 1875, Ioan also joined the National Liberals in opposing the concession of thePredeal railwayto the Englishman George Crawley; alongside party leadersIon BrătianuandDimitrie Sturdza,he created an investment firm that tried to compete with Crawley for the contract.[25]Kalinderu advanced on the public scene following theStrousberg Affair,during which Romania purchased back her railways from the bankruptPrussianinvestorB. H. Strousberg.In February 1880, he and Strudza were dispatched to Berlin to negotiate payment of Strousberg'sgovernment bondswith theImperial Germanauthorities.[26]In April,DomnitorCarol Iappointed him on the Princely Commission for the Administration of Railways, the embryonicCăile Ferate Române.The other members of this directorial triumvirate wereEugeniu StătescuandȘtefan Fălcoianu.[27]Kalinderu maintained his office in Berlin until 1882,[4]representing the newly establishedKingdom of Romania.In 1882, he published a French-language tome dealing specifically with the legal implications of the Strousberg Affair:De la compétence des tribunaux et particulièrernent des tribunaux prussiens dans toute contestation relative aux biens mobiliers qu'un état étranger peut posséder en Prusse.[28]

As noted at the time byTitu Maiorescu,Kalinderu was responsible for placing his government in a humiliating position, and it was surprising that such a mission was entrusted to so unqualified an individual.[10]Brătianu, who had taken over asPrime Minister,arrived in Berlin to personally supervise the negotiations, reportedly because the hastiness on the German side to seal off the deal "inspired in him grave disquietude".[29]According to one account, he viewed Kalinderu as incompetent, arranging forEugeniu Caradato replace him as the actual negotiator, in all but name.[30]Nevertheless, Kalinderu's authority in international law was recognized following his employment by thePermanent Court of Arbitration.[5][31]From 1888, he was also an associate member of theInstitut de Droit International.[3]

Kalinderu earned additional favors from Carol I, crownedKing of Romania,who appointed him his adviser on legal and agricultural matters.[5]For a while, he served as administrator of the state-owned forest and fields.[3]In June 1884, Kalinderu was named the first administrator ofcrown domains,which had been set aside by organic law,[5][10][32]resigning from his position at the railways company in December 1885.[33]Owned by the state and managed by theHouse of Hohenzollern(through Kalinderu), the domains originally included twelve country estates and two mountains of theSouthern Carpathians:Clăbucetul TauruluiandCaraiman.[5]During the first years of his new assignment, Kalinderu tried to pursue a parallel career in politics. He ran forBucharest Councilin 1886, second on the National Liberal list.[34]He withdrew upon winning, citing his "many other engagements".[35]During theelection of 1888,"I. Calenderoglu" ran at Olt as an independent, but lost, collecting 55 of 165 votes.[36]He eventually handled the purchase of Strousberg railways, negotiating a loan for 175 millionleiin 1889.[4]In 1891, following the resignation of aConservative Partygovernment underGheorghe Manu,Carol reportedly proposed Kalinderu as Prime Minister of an independent cabinet. This maneuver was rejected by the opposition National Liberals—the refusal was instigated by a moribund Brătianu.[37]

Academy presidency

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By 1888, Kalinderu was elected a corresponding member of theRomanian Academy.[3]As reported by Candiano-Popescu, this was a meritless advancement, done "without the God of literature having been made aware [of his existence]".[18]Made titular in March 1893, Kalinderu became chairman of its Historical Section in 1895–1897, and again in 1907–1910.[31]He also served as Academy president from 1904 to 1907.[5][31]The administrator of theIoan Oteteleșanuestate after winning the trial against his relatives in 1889,[38]he donated most of it to the academy. The fund included 900hectaresof land,[5]and ran at 4 million gold lei.[39]During his tenure there, Kalinderu marginalizedIoan Slavici,who had criticized his management,[40]and tried but failed to do the same with historianRadu Rosetti.[41]He was also confronted with criticism fromDuiliu Zamfirescu,who, in 1904, claimed that the academy was turning into an "asylum for the intellectually impaired."[42]

Meanwhile, he continued to work as an envoy of the king. By 1899, with Romania hit by a major economic crisis, Kalinderu and Manu were sent abroad to negotiate loans—as Ornea notes, theirs was a "dilettante" adventure.[43]Kalinderu also reported to his former Berlin colleague Sturdza, by then the National Liberal Prime Minister, that Carol had dismissed him,[44]then negotiated a reunification of the Conservatives andJunimeadefectors, prompted by the king's wish to have a stable government party.[45]He had declined offers to replace Sturdza himself, favoringTheodor RosettiorIoan Lahovaryfor that position.[46]

In 1896, Kalinderu restored the church on his own estate of Schitu-Greci, radically altering the overall design.[47]He was particularly concerned with building and restoring Orthodox religious buildings on the king's domain,[5][48][49]personally involved in restoring and refurbishing the church ofBălteni-Periș.[50]He supervisedmodel farms,[5][21][51]wrote a textbook for crown agents,[52]and ordered the founding of cultural societies, the first appearing on a domain in 1897.[48]It published the eponymous "people's encyclopedic magazine",Albina( "The Bee" ), appearing between October 1897 and 1916. Kalinderu was the head editor, withGeorge Coșbuc,Petre Dulfu,andPetre Vasiliu-Năsturelserving as co-editors.[53]His work in public literacy also led him to establish Steaua Association. Joined byConstantin BanuandSpiru Haret,and later byBarbu ȘtirbeyandAlexandru Lapedatu,it had as its object the promotion of "moral, patriotic and useful publications", and the prevention, "by all lawful meas, of immoral writings and publications".[54]

Kalinderu was also editor ofCulture Ministry's newsletter,Buletinul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice,and of the forestry magazine,Revista Pădurilor,[55]serving as chairman of the Historical Monuments Commission, the Progress in Forestry Society, and the Royal Geographical Society.[31]He was also offered chairmanship of theRomanian Athenaeum,but regretfully declined, arguing that he was caught up in his agricultural work. Instead, he promised to bequeath a "handsome sum" of money to the Athenaeum upon his death.[56]In 1906, following Sturdza's second fall from office, Kalinderu was again tipped as the likely Prime Minister.[57]

Described byZigu Orneaas a "pseudo-historian", Kalinderu authored "risible" studies on Roman hairstyles,[58]which also drew much amusement from contemporaries.[59]They were published in 1900–1901 asPortul barbeĭ și pĕruluĭ la Romanĭ( "Beard and Hair Styling among the Romans" ) andPortul perucilor și bărbieriĭ la Romanĭ( "Wigs and Barbers of the Romans" ).[52]Kalinderu's other publications have been characterized by Maiorescu as "compilations with no value".[10]They include monographs on thepraetorium ius(1885), on Roman municipal law and on theByzantine Senate(both 1887), on theTwelve Tables(1888), on Roman vacationing (1895), onAugustusand his literary retinue (1897–1898), onCaesar's Civil War(1902), onclothing in ancient Rome(1903–1904), and on social life during the times ofPliny the Elder(1904).[60]He also published an homage toStephen the Great,medievalPrince of Moldavia,studies of succession to the Romanian throne, and an academy-sanctioned biography ofMelchisedec Ștefănescu.[61]In an 1888 polemical tract,Une poignée de vérités à nos prétendants( "A Fistful of Truths for Our Detractors" ), Kalinderu andAlexandru Candiano-Popescu,using the shared pseudonymUn Paysan du Danube( "A Peasant of the Danube" ), defended their work alongside the king.[62]

Agrarian reformer

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Kalinderu largely owed his ascent into prominent positions to his work at the crown domains and his influence with Carol I.[58]However, his activity in agricultural and social improvement earned him respect. As early as 1898,Angelo de Gubernatisreferred to his "powerful and positive work", calling Kalinderu "one of the most noble figures in today's Romania".[63]Another visitor,André Bellessort,joked that the perpetually youthful "Mr. Kalindero" resembled "a rustic god", a patron of the farmers with "nitrogen eyes".[64]Kalinderu's contributions to agricultural science and his activism, covered in a 1903 monograph by the agrarianistVasile Kogălniceanu,[65]were praised by the sociologists:Dimitrie Drăghicescusaw them as marked by an "entrepreneurial spirit, unrelenting in its activity";[66]Nicolae Mihăescu-Nigrim called Kalinderu "one of the country's most eminent economists" and an "indefatigable administrator".[67]As chemist Amuliu Proca notes, Kalinderu turned the domains into an "institution for defeating poverty, a factor in educating and culturally improving the villages". It "set an example of what may be accomplished, in a short while, by a country that was taking major steps in her development."[5]

As summarized by the official press of his time, he "put all his efforts into directing peasants toward the cottage industry", created "home economics classes and adult education courses", and "was the first to speak" at educational conferences. He established a dairy factory, as well as shops for weavers, ropemakers,wainwrightsandwoodturners,and showcased their products at the1900 World's Fair.[49]FollowingJulius Kühn,Kalinderu insisted that the precondition of a "rational economy" was good livestock, so he inaugurated a freely accessiblebreeding program,also providing tenants withcultivars,or with beekeeping andsericultureimplements.[68]He also reintroducedreforestationandforest farmingwhere bad practices had affected the environment.[69]Kalinderu held the notion that the Romanian peasant was miserable for being illiterate, and that "all it takes is a set of favorable circumstances for him to display [his] talents".[70]The efforts to educate his tenants were conjugated with those ofSteaua's Haret, by then National LiberalMinister of Education,providing young students with work experience andphysical culture,as well as inculcating in them a patriotic awareness.[71]A significant portion of his time was spent on teaching peasants to diversify their diet, including providing hired hands with daily rations of vegetables, meat and milk. This helped to prevent outbursts ofpellagra.[72]

In the Tavern,1907 painting byLudovic Bassarab

In 1901, agronomistConstantin Sandu-Aldeaacknowledged that there was a stark difference between "the mass of cultivators, who fall behind progress", and those living and working on crown lands. As he noted, the "intelligent and energetic" Kalinderu was managing his estate and his tenants backed by "all scientific data in modern agriculture."[73]Modeling his effort on theAustrian colonization of Bosnia,Kalinderu financed research projects for his employees, sending many of them to study inAustria-Hungary.[74]On crown estates, management was divided between networks of forestry engineers, agricultural engineers, and accountants, who decided working hours and met budgetary requirements; workers received social security, includingdisability insurance.[75]These and other contracts excluded drunkards and unmarried couples, with a view to promoting a stringent moral code.[76]However, his attempts to uproot alcoholism and promote personal hygiene had mixed results, according to the left-wingMihail Sadoveanu,who noted, sarcastically, "true enough, these days taverns have been replaced by bathhouses and libraries."[77]Likewise, a 1901 project to set up rural theaters was derided and parodied byIon Luca Caragiale,inMoftul Român.[77]Reportedly, his order to build model libraries on the domains was actively sabotaged by the local curators, who would not allow peasants to consult them, or even to set foot in the buildings.[78]

Kalinderu took over his father's seat atCreditul Rural,which financed the cottage industry and, in 1906, was chaired by Sturdza. The institution was rocked by scandals between its Conservative and National Liberal managers—when Sturdza stepped down in March 1906, Kalinderu became his replacement.[79]His belief in self-help and his defense of landed-property rights against another land reform were highlighted after thepeasants' revolt of 1907,during which his own estate at Schitu-Greci was ransacked.[15]At the Progress in Forestry Society, he condemned the peasants' belief that "the state has a duty to provide them with land", and insisted that the root cause of the revolt was their failure to accept modernity and practicality. As he noted at the time, "on the crown domains, [...] the peasants never rebelled, but quite the contrary, defended property against invaders."[80]

Mediating between the Conservatives and the king, Kalinderu obtained guarantees against the reform, although he and the crown advocated "a credit union under the control of the state, permitting peasants to accumulate more land of their own."[81]By then, he had resigned from his steering position atCreditul Rural,following an agreement withDinu Brătianu,who replaced him.[82]In 1908–1911, hisAlbinateam also put out a weekly "social bulletin", providing Orthodox parsons and rural teachers with guidance in the field social work.[83]

Art collector and courtier

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Kalinderu's other ambitious ideas manifested themselves erratically, including a project for a girls' boarding school inTurnu Măgurele,the "Oteteleșanu Institute",[84]which he launched without the academy's approval.[10]He was also involved in the development of theBuștenimountain resort, where he built a paper mill and a high school that today bears his name. He promoted ski, and a slope there is also named in his honor.[85]His own estate increased by 1907, with the addition of 401 hectares atSeaca—leased out to the Predescu brothers—and other plots inTecuci-Kalinderu.[86]From July 1906 onward,[87]his other pet project was art collecting, with the goal of setting up a museum at his villa on Vasile Sion Street, near theCișmigiu Gardens.The house itself, designed byIon D. Berindey,cost 2 million gold lei to build, and was lavishly furnished.[21]The collection includedAncient Greek potteryand works of design alongside art byDonatello,Andrea del Verrocchio,Giovanni Paolo Panini,Théodore Géricault,Léon Bonnat,Auguste Raffet,and the complete collection of etchings byPiranesi.These were matched by a Romanian hall, with canvasses byNicolae Grigorescu,Ștefan Luchian,Ion Andreescu,Camil Ressu,and various others.[21]

The art world was skeptical of his tastes:Tudor ArgheziandAlexandru Lapedatuboth noted that Kalinderu had amassed hisobjetswithout much discernment; later, art historian Petre Oprea concluded that Kalinderu was driven by "vainglory and a thirst for fame."[88]Similarly, criticGeorge Oprescusuggests that Ioan's taste in art was eclipsed by that of his physician brother Nicolae, who selected "all that is best" in the Kalinderu collection.[89]According to the fellow collectorKrikor Zambaccian:"dapper, distant and implacable, the Smyrniote was haughty and did not tolerate competition".[6]Zambaccian found his rival overall "harmless", even though he noted an incident in which an angry Kalinderu "decapitated" a work of sculpture.[90]

Kalideru's other eccentricities attracted attention in their own right. Seen by contemporaries and later historians as excessively vain and hence susceptible, he was decorated with the ribbons of numerous European countries,[10][91]holding the Grand Cross of theOrder of the Star of Romania,theLegion of Honouras Grand Officer,[38]and, from 1903, the Grand Cordon of theOrder of Osmanieh.[92]In one of his charges, Arghezi claimed that Kalinderu, the "Man with Violet Eyes", was entirely alien to the nation he claimed to rescue, a "purulent flower on the heights of our national life."[17]Lapedatu commented on his "wicked half-closed Oriental eyes", his "black mustache like that ofNapoleon III",and his dress" in the English style, with wide pants, gray jacket, an enormous lapel flower and a tall gray hat ".[6]Constantin Argetoianuobserved that although Kalinderu lacked all inclination toward sport or riding, he would go out every morning on a nag he could barely ride.[6][93]Although this activity bored him, he would not have renounced it for anything, because he had read it was a habit of lords in London.[6]Later, he became an ardentvelocipedist,and was the only person with special permission to ride a velocipede in Cișmigiu.[6][93]

As seen byRadu R. Rosetti,Kalinderu appears "sententious, ridiculous, but very much appreciated by the King".[94]Reportedly, he worked for free at the crown domains, refusing to collect his salary: "The only rewards he desires are peasant blessings and his playing billiards with His Majesty."[95]The king's appreciation was strictly contextual, a fact noticed by the politicianIon G. Duca:although Kalideru "entertained illusions" that he was personal friends with Carol, the latter "made sure to dispel it"; the courtier could be the king's "servant and useful instrument, but never his friend."[96]Reportedly, Carol also ordered Kalinderu to admonishCrown Prince FerdinandandPrincess Mariefor their lavish spending.[97]The future Queen Marie was much amused by Kalinderu, describing him as "little, round, with a short beard and a pronouncedSemitic nose;one of his eyes sparkled wickedly, showing an unusually sharp intelligence ".[31][98]She recalled a visit with him toWindsor Castle,where "it was truly amusing to see the short gentleman very pleased with himself, catching everything with his glimpse, weighing, judging, taking the measure of people and things, with that small, penetrating, almost wicked eye". Even when meetingQueen Victoria,his eye "roved throughout, as if he feared missing something".[98]When he was shownthe castle's art treasures,he observed them "with the superior air of a man in the know, of a man who was familiar with valuable collections".[98][99]

Final years, death, and legacy

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As noted by the queen, Kalinderu's "vain, self-satisfied appearance" became "a tireless temptation for caricaturists".[31][98]During the nine years in which their activity overlapped, the magazineFurnicamade him a buffoonishstock characterin prose, poetry, and cartoons.[100]Furnica'sGeorge Ranettialso circulated serious charges against Kalinderu, accusing him of having run over a child with his car, and implying that he had used his connections to avoid prosecution.[101]During the peasants' revolt,Furnicapublished a cartoon showing Kalinderu as a personification of Cajolery, interposing himself between Carol and The Truth (personified by a tenant farmer);[102]issues of that period were confiscated by theMinistry of Internal Affairs.[103]Reportedly, Kalinderu himself was generally aware of the mockery, but pretended to be "inviolable",[91]and even incited Ranetti by riding his horse to his office.[21]However,Furnicagleefully reported, he lost his temper with the painterIon Theodorescu-Sion,who had contributed a set of cartoons to the campaign. According to the magazine, this incident showed his limitations as an art patron.[104]

Among Kalinderu's late contributions as a philanthropist was his involvement with theRomanian Red Cross.From October 1912, he served on its general council, alongside Sturdza,Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino,Grigore C. Crăiniceanu,Nicolae Filipescu,andAlexandru Obregia.[105]He spent the better part of 1913 in conflict with the Conservative government, headed by his old rival Maiorescu. Against Maiorescu, Kalinderu tried to persuade Carol not to renew the pact tying Romania to theTriple Alliance.Arguing that it constituted support for aGerman hegemony,he managed to postpone its ratification.[106]One of his final gestures was the intervention in favor of a protégé scholar,Orest Tafrali,for whom he obtained a chair atIași University.[107]He also made returns to scholarship, publishing in 1912 a commentary on the influence ofByzantine arton Romanian visual culture. It built on observations made byGabriel Millet.[108]

Kalinderu died in December 1913, and was buried atBellu Cemetery,Plot 5, next to his father and his brother.[109][110]The funeral witnessed speeches byConstantin C. Arion,Constantin Istrati,Basile M. Missir,andSabba Ștefănescu.[28]Kalinderu intended to disinherit his relatives and see his name praised after giving lavish donations to royal and academic institutions of culture; however, none of the wills were written in legal form, so that Kalinderu's wealth largely ended up going to his family.[10][56][111]Argetoianu claims that Kalinderu had prepared a will benefiting his favorite institution, but ended up "quarreling with the Academy one year before his death", and failed to clarify his intentions in due time.[112]The mystery and scandal surrounding Kalinderu's last wish inspired a novella byNicolae M. Condiescu.This fictionalizes one theory, according to which Kalinderu ( "Conu Enake" in the story) writes down a will donating his fortune to the academy, then destroys it on a whim.[113]According to historian Matei Cazacu, the same events are also echoed inMateiu Caragiale's 1929 novel,Craii de Curtea-Veche.[114]

From 1914, Kalideru's job at the crown domains went toBarbu Știrbey.[115]A museum bearing Ioan and Nicolae's names, containing their respective art collections, opened the same year. The first private art museum in the country,[5]it suffered damagesduring World War I:its Romanian-art section was evacuated during thebattle of Bucharest,then confiscated byBolshevik Russia.[21]Kalinderu's park at Schitu-Greci was vandalized during the war and, by 1934, had still not been repaired.[9]

Reopened during the interwar with the remainder of its collection,[21]the Kalinderu Museum hadJean Alexandru Steriadias its last director.[116]It was eventually closed in 1946,[6][117]shortly before the inauguration of aRomanian communist regime.Following theRomanian Revolution of 1989,Kalinderu's work and legacy were revisited: in 2005, a project to reestablish a Kalinderu Museum was being debated.[6][117]In January 2014, the centennial of Kalinderu's death was solemnly marked by the General Association of Romanian Engineers, which discussed opening up a museum of the crown domains inSegarcea.[5]

Notes

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  1. ^abNicolae Iorga,"Molière și Romînii. Comunicație comemorativă la Academia Romînă", inRevista Istorică,Nr. 1–3/1922, p. 5
  2. ^Baiculescuet al.,p. 793; Teodorescuet al,pp. 849–853
  3. ^abcdef"Notices biographiques et bibliographiques sur les associés élus à Heidelberg", inAnnuaire de l'Institut de Droit International,1888, p. 382
  4. ^abcdCorneliu Olaru, Vladimir Iovanov,Un secol de economie românească, 1848–1947,p. 149. Bucharest: Editura NEWA T.E.D., 2001.ISBN978-973-903-514-9
  5. ^abcdefghijklmn(in Romanian)Amuliu Proca,"SimpozionulAcademicianul Ioan Kalinderu, administratorul Domeniilor Coroanei, la 100 de ani de la dispariție",inUnivers Ingineresc,Nr. 1/2014
  6. ^abcdefgh(in Romanian)Simina Stan,"Muzeul Kalinderu, o restaurare fără sfărșit",inJurnalul Național,December 19, 2009
  7. ^Zane, pp. 332, 377, 402
  8. ^Lahovariet al.,pp. 6–7. See also Gheorghe G. Bibescu,Domnia lui Bibescu. Tomul al doilea: Legi și decrete, 1843–1848; Răsvrătirea din 1848: istoria și legenda,pp. 275–276. Bucharest: Typografia Curții Regale, F. Göbl Fii, 1894
  9. ^abIonașcu, p. 241
  10. ^abcdefgTitu Maiorescu(ed. Stelian Neagoe),Istoria politică a României sub domnia lui Carol I,p. 273. Bucharest:Humanitas,1994.ISBN978-973-280-509-1
  11. ^Vasile Maciu, "Organizarea mișcarii pentru Unire în anii 1855–1857 în Moldova și Țara Românească", inStudii. Revistă de Istorie,Nr. 1/1959, p. 69
  12. ^Lahovariet al.,pp. 476, 565
  13. ^Cornelia Bodea, Paul Cernovodeanu, Horia Nestorescu-Bălcești,Vatra Bălceștilor. Studii și documente,p. 30. Bălcești pe Topolog: Nicolae Bălcescu Memorial Museum, 1971.OCLC252339708
  14. ^Ionașcu, pp. 232, 240–242;(in Romanian)Ion D. Tîlvănoiu,"Câteva date noi despre familia gazetarului N. T. Orășanu"Archived2016-06-23 at theWayback Machine,inMemoria Oltului și Romanaților,Nr. 3/2015, p. 8
  15. ^ab(in Romanian)Costel Vasilescu,"File din istoria răscoalei țărănești de la 1907"Archived2016-09-16 at theWayback Machine,inMemoria Oltului și Romanaților,Nr. 11/2015, p. 39
  16. ^Zane, p. 332. See also Bellessort, pp. 849, 852
  17. ^abAlinuța Cofan, "Pamfletul arghezian sau 'arta de a spurca frumos' (II)", inCaiete Critice,Nr. 7/2013, p. 56
  18. ^abcAlexandru Candiano-Popescu(ed.: Constantin Corbu),Amintiri din viața-mi,p. 145. Bucharest:Editura Eminescu,1998.ISBN973-22-0673-X
  19. ^Cornelia Papacostea-Danielopolu, "La vie culturelle de la communauté grecque de Bucarest dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle", inRevue Des Études Sud-est Européennes,Nr. 2/1969, pp. 318–319
  20. ^Teodorescuet al,pp. 849, 850–851
  21. ^abcdefgTache Soroceanu, "Artistice. Muzeul Kalinderu: ctitorul și opera", inIlustrațiunea Română,Nr. 26/1934, p. 14
  22. ^Vasile Boerescu,Discursuri politice, 1859—1883. Volumul II: 1874—1883,p. 110. Bucharest:Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co.,1910
  23. ^Bacalabașa I, pp. 146, 153, 171, 258
  24. ^Bacalabașa I, p. 115; Zane, p. 375
  25. ^Bacalabașa I, pp. 168–169
  26. ^"Télégraphie privée (sérvice télégraphique de l'agence Havas)", inJournal des Débats,February 29, 1880, p. 1
  27. ^Constantin Gheorghe, Miliana Șerbu,Miniștrii de interne (1862–2007). Mică enciclopedie,p. 95. Bucharest:Romanian Ministry of the Interior,2007.ISBN978-973-745-048-7
  28. ^abTeodorescuet al,p. 849
  29. ^Documents diplomatiques français, 1871–1914. 1re série (1871–1900); Tome III (2 janvier 1880 – 13 mai 1881),p. 58. Paris: Alfred Costes & L'Europe Nouvelle, 1931
  30. ^Theodorian-Carada, pp. 86–88
  31. ^abcdefPădurean, p. 77
  32. ^Mihaesco, pp. 196–197
  33. ^"Informațiuni", inEpoca,December 22, 1885, p. 3
  34. ^"Candidații Partidului național-liberal pentru alegerile comunale din Capitală", inVoința Națională,November 2/14, 1886, p. 1
  35. ^"Ultime informațiunĭ", inVoința Națională,November 6/18, 1886, p. 3
  36. ^"Resultatul alegerei Col. I", inEpoca,October 14/26, 1888, p. 1
  37. ^Theodorian-Carada, pp. 106, 125
  38. ^abTeodorescuet al,pp. 849, 850
  39. ^Bacalbașa II, p. 152
  40. ^Ovidiu Papadima,"Ioan Slavici", inȘerban Cioculescu,Ovidiu Papadima,Alexandru Piru(eds.),Istoria literaturii române. III: Epoca marilor clasici,p. 390. Bucharest:Editura Academiei,1973
  41. ^Rosetti, p. 189
  42. ^Nastasă, pp. 497–498
  43. ^Z. Ornea,Junimea și junimismul,Vol. I, pp. 350–352. Bucharest:Editura Minerva,1998.ISBN973-21-0562-3
  44. ^Theodorian-Carada, p. 136
  45. ^Marghiloman, p. 21
  46. ^"Informații", inEpoca,July 21, 1898, p. 2
  47. ^Ionașcu, pp. 232, 241–242
  48. ^abMarie of Romania,Însemnări zilnice,p. 422. Bucharest:Humanitas,2006.ISBN978-973-876-888-8
  49. ^abMihaesco, p. 197
  50. ^"Donațiuni", inBiserica Orthodoxă Română. Revistă Periodică Eclesiastică,Nr. 12, March 1900, p. 1191
  51. ^Mihaesco, p. 197; Mitu, pp. 304–305
  52. ^abTeodorescuet al,p. 850
  53. ^Baiculescuet al.,pp. 14–15
  54. ^"«Steaua»", inAlbina. Revistă Enciclopedică Populară,Nr. 51/1901, p. 1976; "«Steaua»", inAlbina. Revistă Enciclopedică Populară,Nr. 22/1915, p. 839
  55. ^Baiculescuet al.,pp. 80, 550
  56. ^abȘtefan C. Ioan, "Amintiri din trecutul Ateneului Român", inCele Trei Crișuri,Nr. 3–4/1944, pp. 60–61
  57. ^C. Ulysse, "D. Sturdza la Rege. – Un guvern Kalinderu", inProtestarea,March 8, 1906, p. 1
  58. ^abTitu Maiorescu(ed.Z. Ornea),T. Maiorescu și prima generație de maiorescieni,p. 348. Bucharest:Editura Minerva,1978
  59. ^Gheorghe I. Bodea,Regele Carol al II-lea,p. 48. Cluj-Napoca:Editura Dacia,2000.ISBN978-973-350-925-7
  60. ^Teodorescuet al,pp. 849–851
  61. ^Teodorescuet al,pp. 849, 850, 851
  62. ^Teodorescuet al,p. 851
  63. ^Angelo de Gubernatis,La Roumaine et les roumains. Impressions de voyage et études,p. 21. Florence: Bernard Seeber libraire-éditeur, 1898
  64. ^Bellessort, pp. 849–851
  65. ^Teodorescuet al.,p. 877
  66. ^Drăghicescu, p. 559
  67. ^Mihaesco, pp. 196, 201
  68. ^Mitu, pp. 309–311
  69. ^Mitu, pp. 310–311
  70. ^Drăghicescu, p. 528
  71. ^Mitu, pp. 311–312, 313–315
  72. ^Mitu, pp. 315–316
  73. ^C. Sandu,"Les engagements agricoles en Roumanie", inJournal d'Agriculture Pratique, de Jardinage et d'Économie Domestique,Vol. 65, 1901, p. 705
  74. ^Mitu, pp. 312–313
  75. ^Mitu, pp. 303–306, 308–309
  76. ^Mitu, p. 315
  77. ^abPădurean, p. 84
  78. ^Al. Lascarov-Moldovanu,Cruce și naționalism. Însemnările unui trecător,pp. 72–73. Bucharest:Editura Cugetarea,1925
  79. ^Bacalbașa III, p. 113
  80. ^"Dl Kalinderu despre starea țăranilor", inTribuna,Nr. 105/1907, p. 3
  81. ^Marghiloman, p. 63
  82. ^"Din România", inTribuna,Nr. 235/1907, p. 5
  83. ^Baiculescuet al.,p. 71
  84. ^Pădurean, p. 85; Teodorescuet al,p. 849
  85. ^(in Romanian)Sorin Anghel,"Pârtia Kalinderu așteaptă schiorii",inJurnalul Național,November 24, 2005
  86. ^Steluța Chefani-Pătrașcu,Moșieri teleormăneni (1864–1949). Mărire și decădere (Publicațiile Muzeului Județean Teleorman, VI),pp. 283, 288, 294. Renaissance: Bucharest, 2011.ISBN978-606-637-009-7
  87. ^"Din România. Știri dela expoziție", inTribuna,Nr. 132/1906, p. 2
  88. ^Pădurean, pp. 81–82
  89. ^George Oprescu,"Colecția de tablouri a Clubului Tinerimii", inBoabe de Grâu,Nr. 2/1934, pp. 75–77
  90. ^Pădurean, pp. 82–83
  91. ^abPădurean, p. 78
  92. ^Pierre Quillard,"Nouvelles d'Orient. Condamnations et décorations", inPro Armenia,No. 65, July 15, 1903, p. 327
  93. ^abPădurean, p. 79
  94. ^Rosetti, p. 126
  95. ^Bellessort, p. 851
  96. ^Duca, p. 102
  97. ^(in Romanian)Ion Bulei,"Acum un veac (XLII). Talentele Mariei (II)",inZiarul Financiar,January 7, 2016
  98. ^abcd(in Romanian)"Maria Regina României. Un gentilom în care regele Carol avea cea mai mare încredere",inJurnalul Național,June 1, 2013
  99. ^Pădurean, p. 83
  100. ^Pădurean, pp. 79–81
  101. ^Kiriak Napadarjan,"Gardiștii șiFurnica",inFurnica,Nr. 196/1908, p. 5
  102. ^Rosetti, p. 90
  103. ^Baiculescuet al.,p. 269
  104. ^Pădurean, pp. 80–81
  105. ^"Parte neoficială. Anunțuri administrative", inMonitorul Oficial,Nr. 184/1912, p. 8685
  106. ^Nicolae Iorga,Memorii. Vol. III: Tristețea și sfârșitul unei domnii,p. 184. Bucharest:Editura Națională Ciornei,1931.OCLC5673988
  107. ^Nastasă, pp. 340, 518
  108. ^Em. E. Kretzulescu, "Dări de seamă. I. Kalinderu,Notă despre un studiu al d-lui Millet",inRevista pentru Istorie, Archeologie și Filologie,Vol. XIII, Parts I–II, 1912, pp. 385–387
  109. ^Gheorghe G. Bezviconi,Necropola Capitalei,p. 80. Bucharest:Nicolae Iorga Institute of History,1972
  110. ^Pia Dumitru-Danielopolu (April 19, 2013),"Profanare legală de morminte",Observator Cultural(in Romanian), no. 670,retrievedOctober 26,2024
  111. ^Cazacu, p. 27; Pădurean, pp. 83–84, 84–85
  112. ^Cazacu, p. 27
  113. ^Pădurean, p. 85
  114. ^Cazacu, pp. 26–27
  115. ^Duca, p. 125; Mitu, p. 303
  116. ^Adrian Cioroianu,Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc,p. 138. Bucharest:Editura Curtea Veche,2005.ISBN973-669-175-6
  117. ^ab(in Romanian)Doinel Tronaru,"Muzeul Kalinderu va renaște din propria-i cenușă",inRomânia Liberă,September 23, 2005

References

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