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Ipswich

Coordinates:52°3′34″N1°9′20″E/ 52.05944°N 1.15556°E/52.05944; 1.15556
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This article is about the town in Suffolk, England. For other uses, seeIpswich (disambiguation).

Ipswich
Borough of Ipswich
Townandborough
Christchurch Mansion
Christchurch Mansion
St Mary-le-Tower
St Mary-le-Tower
The Ipswich Waterfront
Ipswich Waterfront
The Orwell Bridge
Orwell Bridge
The Ipswich High Street
Ipswich Town Centre
Coat of arms of Ipswich
Coat of arms
Motto(s):
Munia civitatis decus civium
(The functions of citizenship are the glory of the citizens)
Location within Suffolk
Location withinSuffolk
Ipswich is located in England
Ipswich
Ipswich
Location within England
Ipswich is located in the United Kingdom
Ipswich
Ipswich
Location within the United Kingdom
Coordinates:52°3′34″N1°9′20″E/ 52.05944°N 1.15556°E/52.05944; 1.15556
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionEast Anglia
CountySuffolk
DistrictIpswich
Areas of the town
List
Government
• TypeLeader and Cabinet
• BodyIpswich Borough Council
•MPsJack Abbott
Patrick Spencer
Area
–District ranked 262nd
• Total15.22 sq mi (39.42 km2)
Population
• TotalDistrict ranked 166th
133,384
• Density9,130/sq mi (3,524/km2)
•The town,2011 census
144,957[1]
•Built up area,2011 census
178,835[2]
Ethnicity(2021)
[3]
•Ethnic groups
List
Religion(2021)
[3]
•Religion
List
Postcode
IP
Area code01473
Vehicle registration area codeAV, AW, AX, AY
ONS code42UD
Websiteipswich.gov.uk

Ipswich(/ˈɪpswɪtʃ/ⓘ) is a port town andboroughinSuffolk,England. It is thecounty town,and largest in Suffolk, followed byLowestoftandBury St Edmunds,[4][5]and the second-largest population centre inEast Anglia,Norwichbeing the largest. It is 80 miles (130 km) northeast ofLondonand in 2011 had a population of 144,957. TheIpswich built-up areais the fourth-largest in theEast of Englandand the 42nd-largest in England and Wales.[6]It includes the towns and villages ofKesgrave,Woodbridge,BramfordandMartlesham Heath.[7]

Ipswich was first recorded during the medieval period asGippeswic,the town has also been recorded asGyppewicusandYppswyche.[8]It has been continuously inhabited since theSaxonperiod,[8]and is believed to be one of theoldest townsin theUnited Kingdom.[9]The settlement was of great economic importance to theKingdom of Englandthroughout its history, particularly in trade,[10]with the town's historical dock,Ipswich Waterfront,known as the largest and most important dock in the Kingdom.[10][11]

Ipswich is divided into variousquarters,with the town centre and the waterfront drawing the most footfall. The town centre features the retail shopping district and the historictown square,known as theCornhill.The waterfront, south of the town centre on a meander of the River Orwell, offers a picturesque setting with amarina,luxury yachts, high-rise apartment buildings, and a variety of restaurants and cafes. The waterfront is also home to theUniversity of Suffolkcampus.

Ipswich is surrounded by twoAreas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB):theSuffolk Coast and HeathsandDedham Vale.The town has a tourist sector, with 3.5 million people reported to have visited the town in 2016.[12]In 2020, Ipswich was ranked as an emerging global tourist destination byTripAdvisor.[13]

History

[edit]

Ipswich is one of England'soldest towns,[14][9]and is claimed to be the oldest still continuing town to have been established and developed by theEnglish,[9]with continuous settlement since earlyAnglo-Saxontimes.

Roman settlement

[edit]

A largeRoman fort,part of the coastal defences of Britain, stood atWaltonnearFelixstowe(13 miles (21 km),[15]and the largestRoman villain Suffolk (possibly an administrative complex) stood at Castle Hill (north-west Ipswich).[16]

Middle Ages

[edit]
Ancient House, Ipswichis decorated with a particularly fine example ofpargeting.

The modern town took shape in Anglo-Saxon times (7th–8th centuries) around thePort of Ipswich.As the coastal states of north-western Europe emerged from the collapse of the Roman Empire, essentialNorth Seatrade and communication between eastern Britain and the continent (especially toScandinavia,and through theRhine) passed through the former Roman ports ofLondon(serving the kingdoms ofMercia,theEast Saxons,Kent) andYork(Eoforwic) (serving theKingdom of Northumbria).

Gipeswic(also in other spellings such asGippeswich)[17]arose as the equivalent to these, serving theKingdom of East Anglia,[10][18][19][20][21][22]its early imported wares dating to the time ofKing Rædwald,ruler of the East Angles (616–624). The famous ship-burial and treasure atSutton Hoonearby (9 miles; 14 km) is probably his grave. TheIpswich Museumhousesreplicasof the RomanMildenhallandSutton Hoo treasures.A gallery devoted to the town's origins includesAnglo-Saxonweapons,jewelleryand other artefacts.

The seventh-century town was centred near the quay. Around 700 AD, Frisian potters from theNetherlandsarea settled in Ipswich and set up the first large-scale potteries in England since Roman times. Their wares were traded far across England, and the industry was unique to Ipswich for 200 years.[23][24]With growing prosperity, in about 720 AD a large new part of the town was laid out in the Buttermarket area. Ipswich was becoming a place of national and international importance.[25]Parts of the ancient road plan still survive in its modern streets.

After the invasion of 869, Ipswich fell underVikingrule. The earth ramparts circling the town centre were probably raised by Vikings in Ipswich around 900 to prevent its recapture by the English.[26][27]They were unsuccessful. The town operated amintunder royal licence from KingEdgarin the 970s, which continued through theNorman Conquestuntil the time ofKing John,in about 1215.[28]The abbreviationGipesappears on the coins.

King John granted the town its firstcharterin 1200, laying the medieval foundations of its modern civil government.[29][30]Thenceforth Ipswich strongly maintained its jurisdiction over the Liberty of Ipswich, an administrative area extending over about 35 square kilometres centred on the town.[31]

In the next four centuries it made the most of its wealth. Five large religious houses, including twoAugustinianPriories (St Peter and St Paul, and Holy Trinity, both mid-12th century[32][33]), and those of theIpswich Greyfriars(Franciscans,before 1298),Ipswich Whitefriars(Carmelitesfounded 1278–79) andIpswich Blackfriars(Dominicans,before 1263), stood in medieval Ipswich. The last Carmelite Prior of Ipswich was the celebratedJohn Bale,author of the oldest English historical verse-drama (Kynge Johan,c. 1538).[34]There were also several hospitals, including the leper hospital of St Mary Magdalene, founded before 1199.

During the Middle Ages theMarianShrine ofOur Lady of Gracewas a famouspilgrimagedestination, and attracted many pilgrims includingHenry VIIIandKatherine of Aragon.[35][36]At the Reformation the statue was taken away to London to be burned, though some claim that it survived and is preserved atNettuno,Italy.[37]

Around 1380,Geoffrey Chaucersatirised the merchants of Ipswich inThe Canterbury Tales.Thomas Wolsey,the futurecardinal,was born in Ipswich in 1473 as the son of a wealthy landowner. One ofHenry VIII's closest political allies, he founded acollegein the town in 1528, which was for its brief duration one of the homes of theIpswich School.[38]He remains one of the town's most famed figures.

Early-modern era

[edit]
Early map of Ipswich from Hodskinson's 1783 Map of Suffolk

During the 14th to 17th centuries Ipswich was akontorfor theHanseatic League,the port being used for imports and exports to theBaltic. In the time ofQueen MarytheIpswich Martyrswere burnt at the stake on the Cornhill for theirProtestantbeliefs. A monument commemorating this event now stands inChristchurch Park.Ipswich was a printing,booksellercentre, and an entrepôt for continental books in the 16th century.[39]From 1611 to 1634 Ipswich was a major centre for emigration toNew England.This was encouraged by the Town Lecturer,Samuel Ward.His brotherNathaniel Wardwas first minister ofIpswich,Massachusetts, where a promontory was named 'Castle Hill' after the place of that name in north-west Ipswich, UK. Ipswich was also one of the main ports of embarkation for puritans leaving otherEast Angliantowns and villages for theMassachusetts Bay Colonyduring the 1630s and what has become known as theGreat Migration.[40]

View of Ipswich fromChristchurch ParkbyThomas Gainsboroughc. 1746-49.

The painterThomas Gainsboroughlived and worked in Ipswich. In 1835,Charles Dickensstayed in Ipswich and used it as a setting for scenes in his novelThe Pickwick Papers.The hotel where he resided first opened in 1518; it was then known as The Tavern and later became known as theGreat White Horse Hotel.Dickens made the hotel famous in chapter XXII ofThe Pickwick Papers,vividly describing the hotel's meandering corridors and stairs.[41]

19th and 20th centuries

[edit]
Acirca1810 painting of outdoor bowling near Ransome & Son Foundry, an early embodiment of Ipswich's longtime agricultural equipment makerRansomes, Sims & Jefferies.

In 1824Dr George Birkbeck,with support from several local businessmen, founded one of the firstMechanics' Instituteswhich survives to this day as the independentIpswich Institute reading room and library.The building is located at 15 Tavern Street.

In the mid-19th centurycoprolite(fossilised animal dung) was discovered; the material was mined and then dissolved inacid,the resulting mixture forming the basis ofFisonsfertiliser business.[42]

TheTolly Cobboldbrewery, built in the 18th century and rebuilt in 1894–96, is one of the finestVictorianbreweriesin the UK. There was a Cobbold brewery in the town from 1746 until 2002 whenRidley's Breweriestook Tolly Cobbold over.[43]Felix Thornley CobboldpresentedChristchurch Mansionto the town in 1896. Smaller breweries include St Jude's Brewery, situated in an 18th-centurycoach-housenear the town centre.

Ipswich was subject to bombing by GermanZeppelinsduringWorld War Ibut the greatest damage by far occurred during the German bombing raids ofWorld War II.The area in and around the docks was especially devastated. Eighty civilians died by enemy action in the Ipswich county borough area during the latter war.[44]The last bombs to fall on Ipswich landed on Seymour Road at 2a.m. on 2 March 1945, killing nine people and destroying six houses.[45]

TheWillis Buildingis a glass-clad building owned byWillis.Designed byNorman Foster,the building dates from 1974, when it was known as the Willis Faber & Dumas building. It became the youngest grade Ilisted buildingin Britain in 1991, being at the time one of only two listed buildings to be less than thirty years old.[46]

In September 1993, Ipswich andArras,Nord Pas-de-Calais, France, became twin towns, and a square in the new Buttermarket development was named Arras Square to mark the relationship.[47]

Ipswich formerly had amunicipal airportto the south-east of the town, which was opened in 1929 by theIpswich Corporation.The airport was controversially closed in 1996. The site was redeveloped for housing as the Ravenswood estate.[48]

21st century

[edit]
TheIpswich Waterfront.

Ipswich has experienced a building boom in the early part of the 21st century. Construction has mainly concentrated around theformer industrialdock which is now known as theIpswich Waterfront.Regeneration to the area has made it a hub of culture in Ipswich, the area boasts fine dining restaurants, a boutique hotel, and the new regional university, theUniversity of Suffolk.The new high rise buildings of the Regatta Quay development has topped the list of thetallest buildings in Ipswich.The mixed-use high rise building, theThe Mill,is currently the tallest building in Suffolk.

Ipswich has made several unsuccessful bids forcity status.[49]The town does not have a cathedral, so theBishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswichis based atBury St Edmunds,the formercounty townofWest Suffolk.

Localities

[edit]
Christchurch Parkis a large 82-acre park in the centre of the town

The waterfront is now devoted primarily to leisure use and includes extensive recent development of residential apartment blocks and a university campus. Businesses operated from the dock include luxury boats and a timber merchant. Other industries have been established to the south of the wet dock. The area was flooded in 2013 during a tidal surge. In February 2019 aflood gate,which protects the "New Cut", was unveiled. The flood barrier, similar in design to theThames Barrier,cost £67m.[50] TheIpswich Village Development,begun in 2002 around Russell Road, is home toSuffolk County CouncilandIpswich Borough Council.

Shops along the Ipswich high street.

Holywells Ward, Ipswichis the area aroundHolywells Park,a 67-acre (27-hectare) public park situated near the docks, and the subject of a painting byThomas Gainsborough.Alexandra Park is the nearest park to the waterfront's northern quay, and situated on Back Hamlet, adjacent toUniversity of Suffolk.

Localities outside the town centre includeBixley Farm,Broke Hall,California,Castle Hill,Chantry,The Dales,Gainsborough,Greenwich,Maidenhall,Pinewood,Priory Heath,Racecourse,Ravenswood(built on a former airfield),Rose Hill,Rushmere,Springvale,St Margarets,Stoke,Warren Heath,Westbourne,WhitehouseandWhitton.

To the east of the town isTrinity ParknearBuckleshamthe home of the annualSuffolk Show,a typicalcounty show.The 'Trinity' is the name given to the three animals native to the county of Suffolk, namelyRed Pollcattle, the powerfulSuffolk Punchhorse and the black-facedSuffolksheep.

Culture

[edit]
TheIpswich Museum.

Ipswich is home to many artists and has a number of galleries, the most prominent of which are atChristchurch Mansion,the Town Hall,Ancient Houseand the Artists' Gallery in Electric House. The visual arts are further supported with many sculptures at easily accessible sites. The Borough Council promotes the creation of new public works of art and has been known to make this a condition of planning permission.[51]The town has three museums:Ipswich Museum,theIpswich Transport Museumand Christchurch Mansion.

TheNew Wolsey Theatreis a 400-seat theatre situated on Civic Drive. Although the Wolsey Theatre was built in 1979, The New Wolsey Company took on the management and running of the Wolsey Theatre in 2000, opening its first production in February 2001.

DanceEast, which has the primary aim of advocating innovation and development of dance in the East of England is now resident in their new premises as part of the waterfront development.[52]They are building new premises as part of the waterfront development. These are the first custom built dance facilities in the east of England at a cost of around £8 million.

Spill Festival of Performancewas launched in Ipswich in 2007 and alternates between London and Ipswich yearly. In 2018,Clarion Callis the signature installation in the Festival[53]Installed at the historic town centre and waterfront in Ipswich,Clarion Callis a sonic intervention calls out to the setting sun in daily incantations, its voices reflecting contemporary Britain while exploring the local history of theWorld War I,using audio technology originally employed in war and emergencies, and the voices and songs of women and girls, to create a soundscape of immense scale.

Ed Sheeranplaying at Ipswich Arts Festival 2010.

Eastern Angles Theatre Companyis based at the SirJohn MillsTheatre in Ipswich, named after the famous actor who lived in Felixstowe as a child. In 2012 it celebrated its 30th anniversary. The group engages in rural tours and seasonal performances.

The IpswichArts Festival,known as 'Ip-art' has been the town's annual summer arts festival since 2003 and seen a developing and varied programme of events from visual arts, performing arts, literature, film and music, notably a free music day inChristchurch Park.[54]TheUltrazangmonthly live music night began in 2009.[55]

TheIpswich Jazz Festivalis a jazz music and arts festival started in 2015 in partnership with the Ipswich Arts Festival and mixes established jazz talent, rising stars and regional players.[56]

Ipswich had a notable punk scene and influential grindcore bandExtreme Noise Terror,formed in the town in 1985.

It also features art and photography exhibitions, film screenings and workshops held in venues across the town.

Norwichremains the regional centre for TV broadcasting, but bothBBC EastandITV Angliahave presenters and offices in Ipswich. The town has five local radio stations,BBC Radio Suffolkcovering the entire county, where theEast Anglian Accentcan be heard on its many phone-ins, the commercial stationHeart Eastwhich was founded in 1975 as Radio Orwell covering the A14 corridor in Suffolk, andIpswich 102who took over the FM frequency in 2018, until 2020 when it rebranded asGreatest Hits Radio Ipswich & Suffolk.Then in September 2022, the station was rebranded again asNation Radio Suffolkwhere it has one local show on weekday afternoons 1pm-4pm, hosted by Rob Chandler (who hosted the local afternoon show prior to the rebrand). The younger audience was catered for with Suffolk-basedKiss 105-108,until September 2023 when its 106.4 frequency flipped over to carryingGreatest Hits Radio Ipswich & Suffolk.Ipswich Community Radiowas launched in 2007. The town's daily newspaper is theIpswich Stara sister title to the county's daily newspaper theEast Anglian Daily Times.

Buildings

[edit]
Main page:Category: Buildings and structures in Ipswich
Main article:List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich
Ipswich Town HallonThe Cornhilltown square.
Endeavour House,home ofSuffolk County Council.

In addition to the Christchurch Mansion and Ancient House, Ipswich in the 21st century has some important cultural buildings including theNew Wolsey Theatreand theRegent Theatre—the largest theatre venue in East Anglia where, in 1964,the Beatlesperformed when it was still known as the Gaumont.[57]There is also theCorn Exchangein King Street which was completed in 1882.[58]

There are several medieval Ipswich churches but the grandest isSt. Mary-le-Tower,[59]rebuilt by the Victorians. Holy Trinity Church by the waterfront is one of the few churches in the country which was built during the reign of William IV and whilst the outside looks plain, the interior is quite spectacular. The world's oldest circle of church bells is housed inSt Lawrence Church.[60]

TheAncient Housein theButtermarketis an example of a merchant house which features tudorpargetingand theIpswich window.

The formerEast Suffolk County Hallis just east of the centre of Ipswich. It is listed as a building at risk by theVictorian Society.[61]The Town Hall remains in use as an arts centre and events venue; it dates from 1866 (architects: Bellamy & Hardy of Lincoln). The 18th Century Grade II listed Old Post Office,[62]which was built in 1881, has been renovated and is now home to the Botanist bar.

Modern buildings includeEndeavour House(headquarters ofSuffolk County Counciland formerly home of theTXU Corporation),Grafton House(home ofIpswich Borough Council) andIpswich Crown Court,all located onRussell Roadin the area known as theIpswich Village Development,which includesPortman Roadstadium. The stadium has hosted England under-21, under-23, and internationalsoccermatches, as well asrugby unionand hockey matches.

In the waterfront areaThe Millis thetallest buildinginEast Anglia,reaching 23 storeys.

On the north-west side of Ipswich liesBroomhill Pool,a Grade II listed Olympic-sized lido which opened in 1938 and closed in 2002, since which time a campaign to see it restored and re-opened has been run by the Broomhill Pool Trust. On the southern side of Ipswich is historic Belstead Lodge, now theBelstead Brook Hotel.

Governance

[edit]
Main article:Ipswich Borough Council

The Municipal Borough of Ipswich was created in 1836[63]by theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835.[64]It was the form oflocal governmentfor theancient boroughof Ipswich until theLocal Government Act 1888replaced it with the County Borough of Ipswich in 1889. Both originated from theancient boroughof Ipswich. The local authority wasIpswich Corporation.Following the passage of theReform Act 1832,the government set up aRoyal Commissionin July 1833 to investigate how local councils worked.[65]In 1974 it was replaced by the non-metropolitan district of Ipswich andIpswich Borough Councilbecame the local authority, with county council duties fulfilled bySuffolk County Council.

Following theLocal Government Act 1888,the county ofSuffolkoutside of Ipswich was split intoEast SuffolkandWest Suffolkfor administrative purposes and the termadministrative countywas introduced. There was a level of continuity as Ipswich was still run by theIpswich Corporation,independently from East Suffolk (which surrounded it), although the county council was based in Ipswich atEast Suffolk County Hall.

In 1974 following theLocal Government Act 1972and Ipswich became anon-metropolitan districtwithborough statusin the administrative county ofSuffolkwith the same boundaries as the abolished county borough.[66]

Ipswich Borough Council offices atGrafton House,onRussell Road.

Ipswich is governed locally by a two-tier council system.Ipswich Borough Councilfulfilsdistrict councilfunctions such as refuse collection, housing and planning andSuffolk County Councilprovides thecounty councilservices such as transport, education and social services.

The town is covered by two parliamentary constituencies:Ipswich,which is represented by Conservative MPTom Huntand covers about 75% of the town, andCentral Suffolk & North Ipswich,which covers the remaining 25% and is represented by Conservative MPDan Poulter.

In April 2006 theboroughcouncil initiated public discussions about the idea of turning the borough into aunitary authority;[67]Ipswich had constituted acounty boroughfrom 1889 to 1974, independent of the administrative county ofEast Suffolk,and this status was not restored by theBanham/Cooksey Commissionin the 1990s. Ipswich, Norwich,ExeterandOxfordunited to campaign for unitary authority status for the four towns, hoping to use the window of opportunity presented by the October 2006Local Government White Paper.In March 2007, it was announced that Ipswich was one of 16 shortlisted councils[68]and on 25 July 2007, the secretary of state[who?]announced that she was minded to implement the unitary proposal for Ipswich, but that there were 'a number of risks relating to the financial case set out in the proposal',[69]on which she invited Ipswich to undertake further work before a final decision was taken.[70]In December 2007 plans were put into doubt as the government announced that it had "delayed" the unitary bids for Ipswich and Exeter.[71]In July 2008 theBoundary Committeeannounced its preferred option was for a unitary authority covering Ipswich and the south eastern corner of Suffolk, including Felixstowe.[72]

Industry

[edit]
FourFairline Yachtsoutside Fairline's Ipswich testing facility

Being the county town of agricultural Suffolk, industry around Ipswich has had a strong farming bias withRansomes, Sims & Jefferies Ltd,one of the most famous agricultural manufacturers, located in the town. The world's first commercialmotorised lawnmowerwas built by Ransomes in 1902.Ransomes & Rapierwas a major British manufacturer of railway equipment and later cranes, from 1869 to 1987. There was asugar beetfactory at Ipswich for many years; it was closed in 2001 as part of a rationalisation byBritish Sugar.This agricultural link is preserved in thelocal football club's nickname "The Tractor Boys". Phillips & Piper Ltd on Old Foundry Road employed many women who sewed equestrian and hunt jackets for Harrods, Pytchley, and other labels for 130 years, finally closing down in June 1982.[73]

TheWillis Buildingin Ipswich was one ofFoster + Partnersearliest commissions built in 1975

TheBritish Telecom Research Laboratorieswere located to the east of the town in 1975 atMartlesham Heath;it is now ascience parkcalledAdastral Park.The area was originallyRAF Martlesham Heath,a World War II airfield. Part of the old airfield is now the site ofSuffolk Constabulary's police headquarters.

A key employment sector is insurance, both wholesale and retail sectors. Some of the major players with a key presence in Ipswich includeAxa,Churchill,Legal & General,LVandWillis Towers Watson.Access to a skilled and experienced workforce has also led to the establishment of ancillary businesses serving these companies, including call centres dealing with sales and claims.

Ipswich is one of theHaven portsand is still a working port, handling several million tonnes ofcargoeach year. Prior to decommissioning,HMSGraftonwas a regular visitor to the port and has special links with the town and the county of Suffolk.HMSOrwell,named after the river, is also closely linked with Ipswich.

Demography

[edit]

Ethnicity

[edit]
Ethnic Group Year
1981 estimations[74] 1991[75] 2001[76] 2011[77] 2021[78]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White:Total 114,118 96.7% 111,691 95.5% 109,381 93.4% 118,596 88.9% 117,757 84.4%
White:British – – – – 106,309 90.8% 110,624 82.9% 104,208 74.6%
White:Irish – – – – 706 610 0.5% 587 0.4%
White:Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – – – 149 356 0.3%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – 663 0.5%
White:Other – – – – 2,366 7,213 5.4% 11,943 8.6%
Asian or Asian British:Total – – 1,609 1.4% 2,562 2.2% 5,740 4.3% 7,611 5.4%
Asian or Asian British:Indian – – 464 839 1,801 2,366 1.7%
Asian or Asian British:Pakistani – – 73 158 242 376 0.3%
Asian or Asian British:Bangladeshi – – 595 913 1,687 2,015 1.4%
Asian or Asian British:Chinese – – 312 449 666 749 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – 165 203 1,344 2,105 1.5%
Black or Black British:Total – – 2,991 2.6% 2,159 1.8% 3,096 2.3% 4,882 3.5%
Black or Black British:African – – 90 247 1,554 2,483 1.8%
Black or Black British:Caribbean – – 1,725 1,625 1,025 1,508 1.1%
Black or Black British:Other Black – – 1,176 287 517 891 0.6%
Mixed or British Mixed:Total – – – – 2,658 2.3% 4,816 3.6% 6,409 4.6%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – 1,545 2,579 3,016 2.2%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – 234 655 1,151 0.8%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – 333 637 820 0.6%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – 546 945 1,422 1.0%
Other: Total – – 675 0.6% 309 0.3% 1,136 0.9% 2,984 2.2%
Other: Arab – – – – – – 151 357 0.3%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – 675 0.6% 309 0.3% 985 2,627 1.9%
Non-White: Total 3,897 3.3% 5,275 4.5% 7,688 6.6% 14,788 11.1% 21,886 15.6%
Total 118,015 100% 116,966 100% 117,069 100% 133,384 100% 139,643 100%

Religion

[edit]
Religion 2001[79] 2011[80] 2021[81]
Number % Number % Number %
Holds religious beliefs 82,632 70.5 77,048 57.8 67,664 48.5
Christian 79,719 68.1 70,797 53.1 58,898 42.2
Buddhist 216 0.2 495 0.4 596 0.4
Hindu 489 0.4 1,102 0.8 1,342 1.0
Jewish 106 0.1 83 0.1 101 0.1
Muslim 1,462 1.2 3,577 2.7 5,433 3.9
Sikh 246 0.2 343 0.3 456 0.3
Other religion 394 0.3 651 0.5 838 0.6
No religion 23,813 20.3 46,687 35.0 63,256 45.3
Religion not stated 10,624 9.1 9,649 7.2 8,722 6.2
Total population 117,069 100.0 133,384 100.0 139,642 100.0

Transport

[edit]
Main article:Transport in Ipswich
Greater Angliaoperates train services in the Ipswich area, including toLondon Liverpool Street

Ipswich railway stationis on theGreat Eastern Main LinefromLondontoNorwich,theEast Suffolk LinetoLowestoftand theFelixstowe Branch Line.Trains are run byGreater Anglia,which operates direct services to cities including London,Cambridge,Chelmsford,NorwichandPeterborough.Ipswich engine shedopened in 1846 and closed in 1968. Ipswich is still a signing-on point for locomotive crews and astabling point.The town has a smaller suburban station atDerby Roadeast of the town centre, on the Felixstowe branch line.

Ipswich is close to theA12and theA14roads. TheOrwell Bridgewhich carries the A14 over theRiver Orwellconnects it to thePort of Felixstowe,a major container port 12 miles (19 km) to the east.

Bus services in Ipswich are operated byIpswich Buses,First Eastern Counties,Beestonsand several smaller companies. Town services operate mainly from Tower Ramparts bus station and regional services from the Ipswich Old Cattle Market bus station. Ipswich Airport closed in 1996.

Ipswich is onSustrans'sNational Cycle Route 1andNational Cycle Route 51.

Sport

[edit]
Portman Road,home ground ofIpswich Town

Ipswich's sole professionalassociation footballclub isIpswich Town,which was established in 1878 and play at the 30,300-capacityPortman Road stadium.They will play in thePremier Leaguefrom the 2024-25 season, having been promoted fromEFL Championshipas runners-up in the2023–24 season.Elected to theFootball Leaguein 1938,[82][83]they have a strongrivalrywithNorwich City,and were the previous club of the two most successfulEnglandmanagers;Alf Ramsey,who was buried in the Old Cemetery in the town on his death in 1999, andBobby Robson.Ipswich won the First Division title in1961–62in their first season as a top division club during Ramsey's reign, as well as the1978 FA Cupand the1981 UEFA Cupunder Robson. The club are also undefeated at home in all European competitions, having won 25 and drawn six of 31 matches.[84]

Ipswich is also home to severalnon-League footballclubs, includingIpswich WanderersandWhitton Unitedin theEastern Counties League,andAchilles,Crane Sports,andRansomes Sportsamong others in theSuffolk & Ipswich League.The town has representation in both codes ofrugby.There are tworugby unionteams – Ipswich RFC, who play in London 2 North East League, and Ipswich YM RUFC – and onerugby leagueside –Ipswich Rhinos,who play in theRugby League Conference.Ipswich Cardinalsare anAmerican footballteam, playing in the South-East Conference of BAFACL 1; the second tier of theBAFA Community Leagues.

Thespeedwayteam, theIpswich Witches,have ridden atFoxhall Stadiumon the outskirts of Ipswich since 1951[85]and have won the top-tier league title four times, the knock-out cup five times and the second-tier knock-out cup twice.[86]The stadium is also used regularly forHot Rod,Stock CarandBanger racingevents, hosting major events throughout the year on the stadium's outer tarmac oval.

Ipswich Gymnastics Centreis one of only three fullyOlympicaccreditedgymnasticsfacilities in theUK.[87][88]

Ipswich has a rich history of public swimming. During the 1830s, there were at least three designated swimming places - one was near St Cement's, the second was next toSt Mary-At-The Quayand the third not far fromStoke Bridge.These were all closed in the late 1830s during the building of the wet dock.[89]A designated enclosed area of theRiver Orwell,calledStoke Bathing Place,was created to cater for the swimmers. It was damaged in the floods of 1953 but maps show the swimming place still in situ as late as 1973. Ipswich Swimming,[90]formed in 1884 as Ipswich Swimming Club, used the Stoke Swimming Place.[91]Fore Street Swimming Poolopened in 1894. The pool is still in use and is the second oldest swimming pool in is in the UK.[92]Pipers Vale Poolopened in 1937 after replacing theWest End Bathing Place,which had closed in 1936 due to fears that it was polluting theRiver Orwell.[93]Broom Hill poolopened, in 1986, which was prompted to serve the western side of the town.[94]It closed in 2002 but is about to be restored with the plan of opening again in 2025/26.St Matthew's Bathswas opened in 1924 and closed in 1984 whenCrown Poolsopened, which is still in use.[95][96]The Ipswich Swimming Club, is based there although they use theFore Street swimming pool,too. The most successful Ipswich Swimming Club member isWorld Championshipgold medallistKaren Pickering.There are plans for a new "low carbon aquatics centre" with the intention of opening next toIpswich Town Football Clubin 2027.[97]

Ipswich had aracecoursewhich ran a mix of flat and National Hunt races.

Education

[edit]

Schools

[edit]
Main article:List of schools in Suffolk
Ipswich Schoolwas established in 1399
The Waterfront Building of theUniversity of Suffolk

State-funded secondary schools include comprehensive schools such asCopleston High School,St Alban's Catholic High School,Holbrook Academy, Holbrook Primary andNorthgate High Schooland academies such asIpswich AcademyandChantry Academy.Ipswich is also home to several independent schools, includingRoyal Hospital School,Ipswich School(both are co-educational and members of theHeadmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference),Ipswich High School(has recently changed from girls only to girls and boys) andSt Joseph's College(Catholic, co-educational) which hosts an international summer camp.

Further and higher education

[edit]

Suffolk New Collegeis afurther educationcollege located in Ipswich, serving students from the town and wider area. There is also asixth form college,One,which serves students from the same area.

Ipswich is the location of theUniversity of Suffolk,Suffolk's first Higher Education Institution (HEI), established in 2007. It was originally University Campus Suffolk, a collaborative venture involving theUniversity of EssexinColchester,theUniversity of East AngliainNorwich,various further education colleges and Suffolk County Council. However, the university was granted its own degree awarding powers in November 2015, and in May 2016 it was awarded university status. The university was renamed to the University of Suffolk in August 2016, prior to its former name University Campus Suffolk.[98][99]

Climate

[edit]

Ipswich experiences anoceanic climate,like the rest of the British Isles, with a narrow range of temperature and rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. One of the two nearest for which data is available is East Bergholt, about 7 miles (11 km) south west of the town centre and at a similar elevation, and similar river valley/estuary situation. The average July maximum of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F)[100]is the third-highest for a major settlement in the country, behind London and Colchester, illustrating the relative warmth of the area during the summer part of the year. The record maximum is 35.2 °C (95.4 °F),[101]set during August 2003. Typically, 24.9 days of the year will record a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above, and the warmest day of the year should reach 30.0 °C (86.0 °F),[102]on average.

The absolute minimum is −16.1 °C (3.0 °F),[103]set in January 1963, although frosts have been recorded in all months except July, August and September. In an average year, 55.33 nights will report an air frost. The lowest temperature to be recorded in recent years was −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) during December 2010.[104]

As with much of East Anglia, rainfall is low, averaging 569.3mm[105]in a typical year, with 103.8 days of the year[106]reporting over 1mm of rain. All averages refer to the period 1971–2000.

The weather station atLevingtonis even closer than East Bergholt at 5.8 miles (9.4 km) from the town centre further down the river estuary on the way toFelixstowe.It has a slightly more marine climate than East Bergholt, with slightly lower highs and milder lows throughout the year in the 1981–2010 average period. It is slightly less prone to frosts, averaging 35.5 such occurrences in a calendar year.[107]Sunshine levels at 1,707.7 hours per annum are relatively high for the British Isles, but not abnormal for southern parts of England.

Wattishamis 26 kilometres (16 mi) from Ipswich, but has a higher altitude of 282 feet (86 m). As a result, high temperatures there are a little lower than East Bergholt and Levington, but lows are similar. In average year, there are around 43 nights of frost recorded at Wattisham (as well as two days of frost), and one day when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F).

Climate data for East Bergholt, elevation 7 m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960–
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		28.9
(84.0) 		33.5
(92.3) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.2
(95.4) 		31.5
(88.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		35.2
(95.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		21.2
(70.2) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		14.7
(58.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6) 		0.8
(33.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.8
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F) −16.1
(3.0) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−4
(25) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.3
(36.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−14.5
(5.9) 		−16.1
(3.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 52.14
(2.05) 		34.07
(1.34) 		41.63
(1.64) 		42.06
(1.66) 		41.80
(1.65) 		51.86
(2.04) 		35.50
(1.40) 		49.12
(1.93) 		51.31
(2.02) 		58.14
(2.29) 		56.25
(2.21) 		54.52
(2.15) 		569.31
(22.41)
Source: KNMI[108]
Climate data for Levington, elevation 22 m, 5.8 miles (9.4 km) from Ipswich, 1991–2020 averages
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		14.7
(58.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		8.6
(47.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.2
(45.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 47.12
(1.86) 		42.05
(1.66) 		37.29
(1.47) 		34.78
(1.37) 		39.21
(1.54) 		50.51
(1.99) 		49.26
(1.94) 		47.93
(1.89) 		48.68
(1.92) 		59.87
(2.36) 		55.45
(2.18) 		56.75
(2.23) 		568.90
(22.40)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 68.2 85.3 126.6 184.6 222.4 214.5 227.4 202.3 158.4 119.0 73.4 60.4 1,741.6
Source: Met Office[109]
Climate data for Wattisham, elevation 86 m, 1991–2020, extremes 1973–
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.4
(68.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.6
(81.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		35.7
(96.3) 		35.3
(95.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.0
(59.0) 		35.7
(96.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.4
(57.9) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		14.1
(57.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.3
(39.7) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.1
(50.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		12.3
(54.1) 		9.9
(49.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.3
(43.3)
Record low °C (°F) −15
(5) 		−10
(14) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		0.5
(32.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−15
(5)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 41.92
(1.65) 		38.55
(1.52) 		45.50
(1.79) 		32.71
(1.29) 		47.15
(1.86) 		46.04
(1.81) 		49.25
(1.94) 		61.15
(2.41) 		43.89
(1.73) 		55.74
(2.19) 		57.26
(2.25) 		48.13
(1.89) 		567.291
(22.33)
Source: Meteostat[110]

People

[edit]
Main category:People from Ipswich
Statue ofThomas Wolseyon St Peters Street

The Tudor CardinalThomas Wolseywas born in the town.[111]SirSamuel Mayart,the judge and political theorist, was born in Ipswich in 1585. The artistThomas Gainsborough[112]and the cartoonist"Giles"worked here,Horatio, Lord Nelson,became Steward of Ipswich, andMargaret Catchpolebegan her adventurous career here.Alf RamseyandBobby Robsonwere both successful managers ofIpswich Town.Ipswich was the birthplace in 1741 ofSarah Trimmer,née Kirby, writer and critic of children's literature and among the first to introduce pictorial material and animals and the natural world into it.[113]Also born in Ipswich isSam Claflin,who appeared inThe Hunger GamesandPeaky Blinders.

Actor and directorRichard Ayoade,best known for his role as Maurice Moss inThe IT Crowd,was brought up in Ipswich,[114]as was the ceramic artistBlanche Georgiana Vulliamy,[115] and the musicianNandi Bushell. Hugh Catchpole(OBE,CBE,Hilal-i-Imtiaz), a noted educationist with over 60 years of association with military schools and colleges in India and Pakistan, was born in Ipswich.[116][117]

Jeremy Wade,an extreme angler known for hosting TV shows such as River Monsters and Dark Waters, was born in Ipswich.

Twin towns

[edit]

Ipswich istwinnedwith:

[edit]
  • InSerena Valentino's Villains novelPoor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch,Ursulaappears in Ipswich and proceeds to turn the citizens of the town into twisted sea creatures, reminiscent of the horror tales of authorHP Lovecraft.She is stopped upon the arrival ofKing Triton.
  • In theDead Parrot sketchbyMonty Python's Flying Circus,the Customer is sent toBoltonfor a replacement but was falsely told he was in Ipswich: "C: This is Bolton, is it? O: (with a fake moustache) No, it's Ipswich."
  • In the 1934Dennis WheatleynovelBlack Augustthe main characters, after a series of adventures, are held prisoners in Ipswich where a local Communist government has been set up; they are sentenced to death as enemies of the State, but are freed when the revolution is overthrown.

See also

[edit]

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[edit]
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Further reading

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