The Sun(United Kingdom)
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| Type | Daily newspaper (and Sunday newspaper from 26 February 2012) |
|---|---|
| Format | Tabloid |
| Owner(s) | News UK Independent |
| Editor | Victoria Newton[3] |
| Founded | 15 September 1964[4] |
| Political alignment | Swing allegiance[5][6] Conservatism[a] Populism[8] Right-wing politics[9] Euroscepticism |
| Headquarters | 1 London Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF |
| Circulation | 1,210,915 (as of March 2020)[10] |
| ISSN | 0307-2681 |
| OCLCnumber | 723661694 |
| Website | thesun |
The Sunis a Britishtabloidnewspaper,published by theNews Group Newspapersdivision ofNews UK,itself a wholly owned subsidiary ofLachlan Murdoch'sNews Corp.[11][12]It was founded as abroadsheetin 1964 as a successor to theDaily Herald,and became a tabloid in 1969 after it was purchased by its current owner.[13]The Sunhad thelargest daily newspaper circulation in the United Kingdom,[11]but was overtaken byfreesheetrivalMetroin March 2018.[14]
The paper became a seven-day operation whenThe Sun on Sundaywas launched in February 2012 to replace the closedNews of the World,employing some of its former journalists.[15][16][17]In March 2020, the average circulation forThe Sunwas 1.21 million,The Sun on Sunday1,013,777.[10]
The Sunhas been involved in many controversies in its history, among the most notable beingtheir coverageof the 1989Hillsborough disaster.Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland (The Scottish Sun), Northern Ireland (The Sun), and the Republic of Ireland (The Irish Sun) are published in Glasgow, Belfast, and Dublin, respectively. There is currently no separate Welsh edition ofThe Sun;readers in Wales receive the same edition as the readers in England.
History[edit]
The Sunbefore Rupert Murdoch[edit]
The Sunwas first published as abroadsheeton 15 September 1964,[18]with a logo featuring a glowing orange disc.[19]It was launched by ownersIPC(International Publishing Corporation) to replace the failingDaily Heraldon the advice of market researcherMark Abrams.The paper was intended to add a readership of "social radicals" to theHerald's"political radicals".[20]Of Abrams' work,Bernard Shrimsleywrote that 40 years later there supposedly was "an immense, sophisticated and superior middle class, hitherto undetected and yearning for its own newspaper.... As delusions go, this was in the El Dorado class."[21]Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000,[22]the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy" according toThe Times.[23]Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to "curiosity" and the "advantage of novelty",[23]and had declined to the previous circulation of theDaily Herald(1.2 million)[20]within a few weeks.
By 1969, according toHugh Cudlipp,The Sunwas losing about £2m a year,[24]and had a circulation of 800,000.[22]IPC decided to sell to stop the losses, according to Bernard Shrimsley in 2004, out of a fear that the unions would disrupt publication of theMirrorif they did not continue to publish the originalSun.[21]Bill Grundywrote inThe Spectatorin July 1969 that although it published "fine writers" inGeoffrey Goodman,Nancy Banks-SmithandJohn Akassamong others, it had never overcome the negative impact of its launch at which it still resembled theHerald.[24]The pre-MurdochSunwas "a worthy, boring, leftish, popular broadsheet" in the opinion of Patrick Brogan in 1982.[25]
Robert Maxwell,a book publisher andMember of Parliamenteager to buy a British newspaper, offered to take it off their hands and retain its commitment to the Labour Party, but admitted there would be redundancies, especially among the printers.Rupert Murdoch,meanwhile, had bought theNews of the World,asensationalistSunday newspaper, the previous year, but the presses in the basement of his building in London'sBouverie Streetwere unused six days a week.[26]
Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions,[26]promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments.[27]He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."[28]
Early Murdoch years[edit]
TheDaily Heraldhad been printed in Manchester since 1930, as was theSunafter its original launch in 1964. Murdoch stopped publication there in 1969; this put the ageing Bouverie Street presses under extreme pressure as circulation grew. Additionally, Murdoch found he had such a rapport withLarry Lambover lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the newSun.[29]Lamb wanted Bernard Shrimsley to be his deputy, which Murdoch accepted as Shrimsley had been the second name on his list of preferences.[30]Lamb was scathing in his opinion of theDaily Mirror,where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded theMirroras overstaffed, and too focused on an ageing readership.[28]Godfrey HodgsonofThe Sunday Timesinterviewed Murdoch at this time and expressed a positive view of the rival's "Mirrorscope" supplement. Dropping a sample copy into a bin, Murdoch replied: "If you think we're going to have any of that upmarket shit in our paper, you're very much mistaken."[25]
Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for availability rather than their ability.[28]This was about a quarter of what theMirrorthen employed, and Murdoch had to draft in staff on loan from his Australian papers. Murdoch immediately relaunchedThe Sunas atabloid,and ran it as a sister paper to theNews of the World.[28]The Sunused the same printing presses, and the two papers were managed together at senior executive levels. The tabloidSunwas first published on 17 November 1969, with a front page headlined "HORSE DOPE SENSATION", an ephemeral "exclusive".[31]An editorial on page 2 announced: "Today'sSunis a new newspaper. It has a new shape, new writers, new ideas. But it inherits all that is best from the great traditions of its predecessors.The Suncares. About the quality of life. About the kind of world we live in. And about people. "The first issue had an" exclusive interview "with the Labour Prime MinisterHarold Wilsonon page 9.[32]The paper copied the rivalDaily Mirrorin several ways. It was the same size and its masthead had the title in white on a red rectangle of the same colour as theDaily Mirror.These papers are now known asred tops.TheMirror's"Live Letters" was matched by "Livelier Letters".[33]
Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing of the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives.[29][34]The first toplessPage 3model appeared on 17 November 1970,Stephanie Rahn;she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunchedSun.[35]A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb later expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although he denied it was sexist.[29]A Conservative council inSowerby Bridge,Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content.[36]Shrimsley, Lamb's deputy, came up with the headline, "The Silly Burghers of Sowerby Bridge" to describe the councillors.[30]The decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.[36][37]
The Labour MPAlex Lyonwaved a copy ofThe Sunin the House of Commons and suggested the paper could be prosecuted for indecency. Sexually related features such as "Do Men Still Want To Marry A Virgin?" and "The Way into a Woman's Bed" began to appear. Serialisations of erotic books were frequent; the publication of extracts fromThe Sensuous Woman,at a time when copies of the book were being seized by Customs, produced a scandal and a significant amount of free publicity.[38]
Politically,The Sunin the early Murdoch years remained nominally Labour-supporting. It advocated a vote for theLabour Partyled byHarold Wilsonin the1970 UK general election,[39]with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour";[40]by February 1974, it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led byEdward Heathwhile suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led byJames CallaghanorRoy Jenkins.[39]In the October election, an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."[39]In the1975 referendumon Britain continuing membership of theEuropean Economic Community,it advocated a vote to stay in the Common Market.[41]The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background with a socialist upbringing, while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–1975) was a middle-class uncommittedConservative.An extensive advertising campaign on theITVnetwork in this period, voiced by actorChristopher Timothy,[42]may have helpedThe Sunto overtake theDaily Mirror'scirculation in 1978.[43]Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s – the so-called "Spanish practices"of the print unions –The Sunwas very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to theUnited Statesfrom 1973.
Thatcher years[edit]
Changes[edit]
The paper endorsed the ConservativeMargaret Thatcherin the1979 UK general electionat the end of a process which had been under way for some time, althoughThe Sunhad not initially been enthusiastic about Thatcher. On 3 May 1979, it ran the unequivocal front-page headline, "VOTE TORY THIS TIME".[44]TheDaily Starhad been launched in 1978 by Express Newspapers, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales ofThe Sun.Bingowas introduced as a marketing tool, and a 2p drop in cover price removed theDaily Star's competitive advantage, opening a new circulation battle which resulted inThe Sunneutralising the threat of the new paper.[45]The new editor ofThe Sun,Kelvin MacKenzie,took up his post in 1981 just after those developments,[46]and, according to Bruce Page, "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did". Under MacKenzie,[45]the paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".[47]
Falklands War[edit]
The Sunbecame an ardent supporter of theFalklands War.The coverage "captured the zeitgeist" according toRoy Greenslade,assistant editor at the time (though privately an opponent of the war) but was also "xenophobic, bloody-minded, ruthless, often reckless, black-humoured and ultimately triumphalist".[49]On 1 May,The Sunclaimed to have "sponsored"a British missile. Under the headline" Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri's gauchos ",[50]the newspaper published a photograph of a missile (actually aPolaris missilestock shot from theMinistry of Defence) which had a largeSunlogo printed on its side with the caption "Here It Comes, Senors..." underneath.[49][51]The paper explained that it was "sponsoring" the missile by contributing to the eventual victory party onHMSInvinciblewhen the war ended. In copy written byWendy Henry,the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces. Tony Snow,The Sunjournalist onInvinciblewho had "signed" the missile, reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target.[49][51]
One of the paper's best known front pages, published on 4 May 1982, commemorated the torpedoing of the Argentine ship theGeneral Belgranoby running the story under the headline "GOTCHA".[52]At MacKenzie's insistence, and against the wishes of Murdoch (the mogul was present because almost all the journalists were on strike),[53]the headline was changed for later editions after the extent of Argentinian casualties became known.[48][54]John Shirley, a reporter forThe Sunday Times,witnessed copies of this edition ofThe Sunbeing thrown overboard by sailors and marines onHMSFearless.[53]
AfterHMSSheffieldwas wrecked by an Argentinian attack,The Sunwas heavily criticised and even mocked in theDaily MirrorandThe Guardianfor its coverage of the war, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties,The Sungave its response. "There are traitors in our midst", wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May, accusing commentators onDaily MirrorandThe Guardian,plus the BBC's defence correspondentPeter Snow,of "treason" for aspects of their coverage.[55]ThesatiricalmagazinePrivate Eyemocked and lampooned what they regarded as the paper'sjingoisticcoverage, most memorably with the mock-Sunheadline "KILL AN ARGIE, WIN AMETRO!",to which MacKenzie is said to have jokingly responded," Why didn't we think of that? "[49]
The Sunand the Labour Party[edit]
These years included what was called "spectacularly malicious coverage"[56]of the Labour Party byThe Sunand other newspapers. During the1983 UK general election,The Sunran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph ofMichael Foot,then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to bePrime Ministeron grounds of his age, appearance and policies, alongside the headline "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?"[57]A year later,The Sunmade clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election ofRonald Reaganaspresident of the United States;Reagan was two weeks shy of his 74th birthday when he started his second term, in January 1985. On 1 March 1984, the newspaper extensively quoted an American psychiatrist claiming that British left-wing politicianTony Bennwas "insane", with the psychiatrist discussing various aspects of Benn's supposed pathology.[58]The story, which appeared on the day of theChesterfield by-electionin which Benn was standing, was discredited when the psychiatrist quoted byThe Sunpublicly denounced the article, describing the false quotes attributed to him as "absurd".The Sunhad apparently fabricated the entire piece. The newspaper made frequent scathing attacks on what the paper called the "loony left"element within theLabour Party,[59]and on institutions supposedly controlled by it.Ken Livingstone,the leader of the left-wingGreater London Council,was described as "the most odious man in Britain"[60]in October 1981.[61]
During theminers' strike of 1984–85,The Sunsupported the police andMargaret Thatcher's government against the strikingNUMminers, and in particular the union's president,Arthur Scargill.On 23 May 1984,The Sunprepared a front page with the headline "MineFührer"and a photograph of Scargill with his arm in the air, a pose which made him look as though he was giving aNazi salute.The print workers atThe Sunrefused to print it.[62]The Sunstrongly supported the April 1986 bombing ofLibyaby the US, which was launched from British bases. Several civilians were killed during the bombing. Their leader was "Right Ron, Right Maggie".[63]That year, Labour MPClare Shortattempted in vain to persuade Parliament to outlaw the pictures on Page Three, and gained the opprobrium of the newspaper for her stand. During the1987 UK general election,The Sunran a mock-editorial entitled "Why I'm BackingKinnock,byStalin".[64]
Murdoch's response[edit]
Murdoch responded to some of the criticisms of the newspaper by saying that critics were "snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else". MacKenzie claimed the same critics were people who, if they ever had a "popular idea", would have to "go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour". Both have pointed to the huge commercial success of theSunduring that period, and its establishment as Britain's top-selling newspaper, claiming that they are "giving the public what they want". That conclusion was disputed by critics.John Pilgersaid that a late-1970s edition of theDaily Mirror,which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of thegenocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia,not only outsoldThe Sunon the day it was issued, but became the only edition of theDaily Mirrorto ever sell every single copy issued, something never achieved byThe Sun.
In January 1986, Murdoch shut down the Bouverie Street premises ofThe SunandNews of the World,and moved operations to the newWappingcomplex in East London, substituting the electricians' union for the print unions as his production staff's representatives, and greatly reducing the number of staff employed to print the papers. A year-longpicketby sacked workers was eventually defeated (seeWapping dispute).
"Freddie Starr Ate My Hamster"[edit]
During that period,The Sungained a reputation for running sensationalist stories of questionable veracity. On 13 March 1986, the newspaper published one of its best known headlines: "FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER". The story alleged that British comedianFreddie Starr,while staying at the home of a writer and old friend of his named Vince McCaffrey and his partner Lea LaSalle[65]inBirchwood, Cheshire,had, after returning from a performance at a nightclub in the early hours, found little to eat in their house. LaSalle was reported as saying that Starr put her pet hamster "between two slices of bread and started eating it".[66]
According toMax Clifford:Read All About It,written by Clifford and Angela Levin, La Salle invented the story out of frustration with Starr, who had been working on a book with McCaffrey. She contacted an acquaintance who worked forThe Sunin Manchester. The story reportedly delighted MacKenzie, who was keen to run it, andMax Clifford,who had been Starr's public relations agent.[65]Starr had to be persuaded that the apparent revelation would not damage him, and the attention helped to revive his career.[67]In his 2001 autobiographyUnwrapped,Starr wrote that the incident was a complete fabrication: "I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, mouse, shrew, vole or any other small mammal."[68]
Elton John and other celebrities[edit]
Fuelled by MacKenzie's preoccupation with the subject, stories inThe Sunspread rumours about the sexual orientation of famous people, especially pop stars.[69]The Sunran a series of false stories aboutElton Johnfrom 25 February 1987, which eventually resulted in a total of 17 libel suits.[70]They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships withrent boys.The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story, as formerSunjournalistJohn Blake,recently poached by theDaily Mirror,soon discovered.[71]After further stories, in September 1987,The Sunaccused John of having hisRottweilerguard dogs'voice boxes surgically removed.[72]In November, theDaily Mirrorfound their rival's only source for the rent boy story, who admitted it was a totally fictitious concoction created for money.[73]The inaccurate story about his dogs, actuallyAlsatians,[72]put pressure onThe Sun,and John received £1 million in an out-of-court settlement, then the largest damages payment in British history.The Sunran a front-page apology on 12 December 1988, under the banner headline "SORRY, ELTON".[74]
Television personalityPiers Morgan,a former editor of theDaily Mirrorand ofThe Sun's "Bizarre" pop column, has said that during the late 1980s, atKelvin MacKenzie's behest, he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined "The Poofs of Pop".[75]He also recalls MacKenzie headlining a January 1989 story about the first same-sex kiss on the BBC television soap operaEastEndersas "EastBenders",[75]describing the kiss betweenColin RussellandGuido Smithas "a homosexual love scene between yuppie poofs... when millions of children were watching".[76]In 1990, the Press Council adjudicated againstThe Sunand columnistGarry Bushellfor their use of derogatory terminology about gay people.[77]
AIDS and homophobia[edit]
The Sunresponded to the health crisis on 8 May 1983 with the headline: "US Gay Blood Plague Kills Three in Britain".[78]In May 1987, the publication offered gay men free one-way airline tickets to Norway to leave Britain for good: "Fly Away Gays – And We Will Pay" was the paper's headline.[79]GayChurch of Englandclergymen were described in one headline in November 1987 as "Pulpit poofs".[80]
On 17 November 1989,The Sunheadlined a page 2 news story titled "STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS – OFFICIAL."[81]The Sunfavourably cited the opinions ofLord Kilbracken,a member of theAll Parliamentary Group on AIDS,who had said that only one person out of the 2,372 individuals withHIV/AIDSmentioned in a specificDepartment of Healthreport was not a member of a "high risk group", such as homosexuals and recreational drug users.The Sunalso ran an editorial arguing that "At last the truth can be told... the risk of catching AIDS if you are heterosexual is 'statistically invisible'. In other words, impossible. So now we know – everything else is homosexual propaganda". Although many other British press services covered Lord Kilbracken's public comments, none of them echoed the argument in theSun,and none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism.[81]
Critics stated that bothThe Sunand Lord Kilbrackencherry-pickedthe results from one specific study while ignoring other data on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection, which the critics viewed as unethical politicisation of a medical issue. Lord Kilbracken himself criticisedThe Sun'seditorial and the headline of its news story, stating that, while he thought that gay people were more at risk of developing AIDS, it was still wrong to imply that no one else could catch the disease.The Sun's article and editorial were reported to thePress Counciland an adjudication ruled that they were "misleading in its interpretation... and the headline... was a gross distortion of the statistical information supplied by the Minister."[82]The Sunlater published an apology, which was run on Page 28. JournalistDavid Randallargued in the textbookThe Universal Journalistthat the story inThe Sunwas one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history, putting its own readers in harm's way.[81][83]
Hillsborough disaster and its aftermath[edit]
At the end of the decade,The Sun's coverage of theHillsborough football stadium disaster,in which 97 people died as a result of their injuries, proved to be, as the paper later admitted, the "most terrible" blunder in its history.[85]Three days after the accident, editorKelvin MacKenziepublished an editorial which accused people of "scapegoating" the police, saying that the disaster occurred "because thousands of fans, many without tickets tried to get into the ground just before kick-off – either by forcing their way in or by blackmailing the police into opening the gates".[86][87]The next day, under a front-page headline "The Truth", the paper falsely accused Liverpool fans of theft and of urinating on and attacking police officers and emergency services.ConservativeMember of ParliamentIrvine Patnickwas quoted as claiming that a group of Liverpool supporters told a police officer that they would have sex with a dead female victim.[86]
MacKenzie maintained for years that his "only mistake was to believe a Tory MP".[86]In 1993, he told aHouse of Commonscommittee, "I regret Hillsborough. It was a fundamental mistake. The mistake was I believed what an MP said", but privately said at a 2006 dinner that he had only apologised under the instruction ofRupert Murdoch,believing: "all I did wrong was tell the truth... I was not sorry then and I'm not sorry now". OnQuestion Timethe next year, MacKenzie publicly repeated the claims he said at the dinner; he said that he believed some of the material they published inThe Sunbut was not sure about all of it.[88][89]He said in 2012, "Twenty-three years ago I was handed a piece of copy from a reputable news agency in Sheffield in which a senior police officer and a senior local MP were making serious allegations against fans in the stadium... these allegations were wholly untrue and were part of a concerted plot by police officers to discredit the supporters... I published in good faith and I am sorry that it was so wrong ". A member of the Hillsborough Families Support Group responded" too little, too late ".[90]
Widespread boycotts of the newspaper throughoutMerseysidefollowed immediately and continue to this day. Boycotts include both customers refusing to purchase it, and retailers refusing to stock it.[91][92]TheFinancial Timesreported in 2019 that Merseyside sales were estimated to drop from 55,000 per day to 12,000 per day, an 80% decrease.[93]Chris Horrieestimated in 2014 that the tabloid's owners had lost £15million per month since the disaster, in 1989 prices.[91]Sales also declined to a lesser degree in neighbouring parts ofCheshireandLancashire.[94]It was revealed in a documentary calledAlexei Sayle's Liverpool,aired in September 2008, that many Liverpudlians will not even take the newspaper for free, or will burn or tear it up.[95]The paper is referred to by Liverpudlians asThe Scum,with campaigners believing it limited their fight for justice.[96]
The Sunwas not the only newspaper to print similar stories about the alleged drunkenness and violence among Liverpool fans at the Hillsborough disaster. TheDaily StarandDaily Mailwere among the newspaper who printed claims that hooliganism was a major factor in the tragedy;[citation needed]however, other papers' stories were presented less prominently.[97]Alex Hern of theNew Statesmannoted that theDaily Express's headline on the day of "The Truth" reported claims about fans as accusations by the police, rather than fact.[98]
In April 1992, on the third anniversary of the Hillsborough disaster,The Sunprinted an exclusive interview with Liverpool managerGraeme Sounessas he celebrated Liverpool'sFA Cupsemi-final win overPortsmouthwhile recovering in hospital from heart surgery. Souness came under fire from Liverpool fans for conducting an interview with the newspaper, who made continued calls for him to be sacked. Liverpool's victory in the FA Cup final a month later did little to lessen the anger towards Souness, who was already under fire for Liverpool's inconsistent league form, although he did not resign from his position until January 1994.[citation needed]
Later repercussions and apologies[edit]
On 7 July 2004, in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool onWayne Rooney,just before his transfer fromEvertontoManchester United,who had sold his life story toThe Sun,the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the "awful error" of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney (who was only three years old at the time of Hillsborough) should not be punished for its "past sins". In January 2005,The Sun'smanaging editorGraham Dudmanadmitting the Hillsborough coverage was "the worst mistake in our history", added: "What we did was a terrible mistake. It was a terrible, insensitive, horrible article, with a dreadful headline; but what we'd also say is: we have apologised for it, and the entire senior team here now is completely different from the team that put the paper out in 1989."[99]
In May 2006,Kelvin MacKenzie,Suneditor at the time of the Hillsborough disaster, returned to the paper as a columnist. Furthermore, on 11 January 2007, MacKenzie stated, while a panellist on BBC1'sQuestion Time,that the apology he made about the coverage was a hollow one, forced upon him by Rupert Murdoch. MacKenzie further claimed he was not sorry "for telling the truth" but he admitted that he did not know whether some Liverpool fans urinated on the police, or robbed victims.[100]
On 12 September 2012, following the publication of the official report into the disaster using previously withheld Government papers which officiallyexoneratedthe Liverpool fans present, MacKenzie issued the following statement:
Today I offer my profuse apologies to the people of Liverpool for that headline. I too was totally misled. Twenty three years ago I was handed a piece of copy from a reputable news agency in Sheffield [White's] in which a senior police officer and a senior local MP [Sheffield Hallam MPIrvine Patnick] were making serious allegations against fans in the stadium. I had absolutely no reason to believe that these authority figures would lie and deceive over such a disaster. As the Prime Minister has made clear these allegations were wholly untrue and were part of a concerted plot by police officers to discredit the supporters thereby shifting the blame for the tragedy from themselves. It has taken more than two decades, 400,000 documents and a two-year inquiry to discover to my horror that it would have been far more accurate had I written the headline "The Lies" rather than "The Truth". I published in good faith and I am sorry that it was so wrong.
Trevor Hicks, chairman of the Hillsborough Family Support Group, rejected Mr MacKenzie's apology as "too little, too late", calling him "lowlife,clever lowlife, but lowlife ".[101]Following the publication of the reportThe Sunapologised on its front page, under the headline "The Real Truth". With the newspaper's editor at the time, Dominic Mohan, adding underneath:
It's a version of events that 23 years agoThe Sunwent along with and for that we're deeply ashamed and profoundly sorry. We've co-operated fully with The Hillsborough Independent Panel and will publish reports of their findings in tomorrow's newspaper. We will also reflect our deep sense of shame.[102]
The newspaper was banned byEverton F.C.in April 2017 afterThe Sunpublished a column by former editor Kelvin MacKenzie the day before the 28th anniversary of the disaster which included a passage about footballerRoss Barkleythat was considered "appalling and indefensible" and included a racist epithet and insults against the people of Liverpool.[103]Access to the club grounds and facilities forSunreporters were blocked. TheMayor of LiverpoolJoe Andersondescribed the article as "disgrace" and a "slur" on the city.[104]MacKenzie was suspended as a contributor to the paper on the day of publication.[105]
1990s[edit]
The Sunremained loyal to Thatcher until her resignation in November 1990,[107]despite the party's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of thepoll tax(officially known as the Community Charge). This change to the way local government is funded was vociferously supported by the newspaper, despite widespread opposition, (some from Conservative MPs), which is seen as having contributed to Thatcher's own downfall. The tax was quickly repealed by her successorJohn Major,whomThe Suninitially supported enthusiastically,[108]believing the formerChancellor of the Exchequerwas a radical Thatcherite. On the day of the general election of 9 April 1992, its front-page headline, encapsulating its antipathy towards the Labour leaderNeil Kinnock,read: "If Kinnock wins today, will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights". Two days later,The Sunwas so convinced its front page had swung a close election for the Conservatives it declared: "It's The Sun Wot Won It".The Sunled with a headline "Now we've all been screwed by the cabinet" with a reference toBlack Wednesdayon 17 September 1992, and the exposure a few months earlier of an extra-marital affair in which Cabinet MinisterDavid Mellorwas involved.[109]
On 14 October 1992,The SunattackedMichael Heseltinefor the mass coalmine closures.Despite its initial opposition to the closures, until 1997, the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies, such asRoyal Mailprivatisation,[110][verification needed]and social security cutbacks, with leaders such as "Peter Lilleyis right, we can't carry on like this ".[111][verification needed]The paper showed hostility to theEuropean Union(EU) and approval of public spending cuts, tax cuts, and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet, with leaders such as "More of the Redwood, not Deadwood".[112]The Suncriticised Labour leaderJohn Smithin February 1994, for saying that more British troops should be sent toBosnia.The Sun'scomment was that "The only serious radicals in British politics these days are the likes of Redwood, Lilley and Portillo".[113][verification needed]It also gradually expressed its bitter disillusionment with John Major as Prime Minister, with headlines such as "What fools we were to back John Major".[114]
Between 1994 and 1996,The Sun'scirculation peaked. Its highest average sale was in the week ending 16 July 1994, when the daily figure was 4,305,957. The highest ever one-day sale was on 18 November 1995 (4,889,118), although the cover price had been cut to 10p. The highest ever one-day sale at full price was on 30 March 1996 (4,783,359).[115]On 22 January 1997,The Sunaccused the shadow chancellorGordon Brownof stealing the Conservatives' ideas by declaring, "If all he is offering is Conservative financial restraint, why not vote for the real thing?"[116]and called the planned windfall tax, which was later imposed by the Labour government, "wrongheaded".[117]In February 1997 it told SirEdward HeathMP to stand down for supporting a national minimum wage.[118]
Support for New Labour[edit]
The Sunswitched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997, six weeks before the general election victory which saw theNew LabourleaderTony Blairbecome Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority, despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier. Its front-page headline read THE SUN BACKS BLAIR and its front-page editorial made clear that while it still opposed some New Labour policies, such as the minimum wage and devolution, it believed Blair to be "the breath of fresh air this great country needs".[119]It said that John Major's Conservatives were "tired, divided and rudderless".[119]Blair, who had radically altered his party's image and policies, noting the influence the paper could have over its readers' political thinking, had courted it and Murdoch for some time by granting exclusive interviews and writing columns. In exchange for Rupert Murdoch's support, Blair agreed not to join theEuropean Exchange Rate Mechanism,which John Major hadwithdrawn the country fromin September 1992 after barely two years.[120]Cabinet MinisterPeter Mandelsonwas "outed"byMatthew Parris(a formerSuncolumnist) on BBC TV'sNewsnightin November 1998. Misjudging public response,The Sun'seditor David Yelland demanded to know in a front-page editorial whether Britain was governed by a "gay mafia" of a "closed world of men with a mutual self-interest".[121]Three days later, the paper apologised in another editorial which saidThe Sunwould never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of "overwhelming public interest".[122]
In 2003, the paper was accused of racism by the government over its criticisms of what it perceived as the "open door" policy on immigration. The attacks came from the Prime Minister's press spokesmanAlastair Campbelland the Home SecretaryDavid Blunkett(later aSuncolumnist). The paper rebutted the claim, believing that it was not racist to suggest that a "tide" of unchecked illegal immigrants was increasing the risk of terrorist attacks and infectious diseases. It did not help its argument by publishing a front-page story on 4 July 2003, under the headline "Swan Bake", which claimed that asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans. It later proved to have no basis in fact. Subsequently,The Sunpublished a follow-up, headlined "Now they're after our fish!". Following aPress Complaints Commissionadjudication a "clarification" was eventually printed, on page 41.[123]In 2005,The Sunpublished photographs of Prince Harry sporting a Nazi costume to a fancy dress party. The photographs caused outrage across the world andClarence Housewas forced to issue a statement in response apologising for any offence or embarrassment caused.[124]
Despite being a persistent critic of some of the government's policies, the paper supported Labour in both subsequent elections the party won. For the2005 general election,The Sunbacked Blair and Labour for a third consecutive election win and vowed to give him "one last chance" to fulfil his promises, despite berating him for several weaknesses including a failure to control immigration. However, it did speak of its hope that the Conservatives (led byMichael Howard) would one day be fit for a return to government.[57]This election (Blair had declared it would be his last as prime minister) resulted in Labour's third successive win but with a much reduced majority.[125]
Editorial and production issues in the 2000s[edit]
WhenRebekah Wade(now Brooks) became editor in 2003, it was thought Page 3 might be dropped. Wade had tried to persuadeDavid Yelland,her immediate predecessors in the job, to scrap the feature, but a model who shared her first name was used on her first day in the post.[126]On 22 September 2003, the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health, as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxerFrank Bruno,who had been admitted to hospital, when the headline "Bonkers Bruno Locked Up" appeared on the front page of early editions. The adverse reaction, once the paper had hit the streets on the evening of 21 September, led to the headline being changed for the paper's second edition to the more sympathetic "Sad Bruno in Mental Home".[127]
The Sunhas been openly antagonistic towards other European nations, particularly the French and Germans. During the 1980s and 1990s, the nationalities were routinely described in copy and headlines as "frogs", "krauts" or "hun". As the paper is opposed to the EU, it has referred to foreign leaders who it deemed hostile to the UK in unflattering terms. Former PresidentJacques Chiracof France, for instance, was branded "le Worm". An unflattering picture of German chancellorAngela Merkel,taken from the rear, bore the headline "I'm Big in the Bumdestag" (17 April 2006).[128]
AlthoughThe Sunwas outspoken against the racism directed atBollywoodactressShilpa Shettyon television reality showCelebrity Big Brotherduring 2007, the paper captioned a picture on its website, from a Bollywood-themed pop video byHilary Duff,"HilaryPoppaDuff",[129]a very similar insult to that directed at Shetty. On 7 January 2009,The Sunran an exclusive front-page story claiming that participants in a discussion on Ummah, aBritish Musliminternet forum,had made a "hate hit list" ofBritish Jewsto be targeted by extremists over theGaza War.It was claimed that "Those listed [on the forum] should treat it very seriously. Expect a hate campaign and intimidation by 20 or 30 thugs." The UK magazinePrivate Eyeclaimed thatGlen Jenvey,a man quoted byThe Sunas a terrorism expert, who had been posting to the forum under the pseudonym "Abuislam", was the only forum member promoting a hate campaign while other members promoted peaceful advocacy, such as writing "polite letters". The story has since been removed fromThe Sun'swebsite following complaints to the UK'sPress Complaints Commission.[130]
On 9 December 2010,The Sunpublished a front-page story claiming that terrorist groupAl-Qaedahad threatened a terrorist attack onGranada Televisionin Manchester to disrupt the episode of the soap operaCoronation Streetto be transmittedlivethat evening. The paper cited unnamed sources, claiming "cops are throwing a ring of steel around tonight's live episode ofCoronation Streetover fears it has been targeted by Al-Qaeda. "[131]Later that morning, however,Greater Manchester Policecategorically denied having "been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation."[132]The Sunpublished a small correction on 28 December, admitting "that while cast and crew were subject to full body searches, there was no specific threat from Al-Qaeda as we reported."[133]The apology had been negotiated by the Press Complaints Commission.[134]For the day following the2011 Norway attacks,The Sunproduced an early edition blaming the massacre on al-Qaeda on its front page.[135]Later the perpetrator was revealed to beAnders Behring Breivik,afar-right terroristfrom Norway.[136]
In January 2008, theWappingpresses printedThe Sunfor the last time and London printing was transferred toWaltham Crossin the Borough ofBroxbournein Hertfordshire,[137]where News International had built what is claimed to be the largest printing centre in Europe with 12 presses. The site also producesThe TimesandSunday Times,Daily TelegraphandSunday Telegraph,Wall Street Journal Europe(also a Murdoch newspaper), theLondon Evening Standard,and local papers. Northern printing had earlier been switched to a new plant at Knowsley on Merseyside and theScottish Sunto another new plant at Motherwell near Glasgow. The three print centres represent a £600 million investment by NI and allowed all the titles to be produced with every page in full colour from 2008. The Waltham Cross plant is capable of producing one million copies an hour of a 120-pagetabloid newspaper.In early 2011, the company vacated the Wapping complex, which in November 2011 was put on the market for a reputed £200 million. In May 2012, it was reported the Wapping site had been sold for £150 million to St George, part ofBerkeley Group Holdings.[138]
2009:The Sunreturns to the Conservatives[edit]
Politically, the paper's stance was less clear under Prime MinisterGordon Brown,who succeeded Blair in June 2007. Its editorials were critical of many of Brown's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leaderDavid Cameron.Rupert Murdoch, head ofThe Sun's parent company News Corporation, speaking at a 2007 meeting with theHouse of LordsSelect Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, said that he acts as a "traditional proprietor". This means he exercises editorial control on major issues such as which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe.[139]With "Broken Britain"controversies on issues like crime, immigration and public service failures in the news, on 30 September 2009, following Brown's speech at the Labour Party Conference,The Sun,under the banner "Labour's Lost It", announced that it no longer supported the Labour Party:[140]"The Sunbelieves – and prays – that the Conservative leadership can put the great back into Great Britain ".[141]
That day at the Labour Party Conference, union leaderTony Woodleyresponded by ripping up a copy of that edition ofThe Sun,remarking as he did so in reference to the newspaper's Hillsborough Disaster controversy: "In Liverpool we learnt a long time ago what to do".[142]One attack onGordon Brownbackfired at around this time. After criticising him for misspelling a dead soldier's mother's name,The Sunwas then forced to apologise for misspelling the same name on their website.[143]TheScottish Sundid not back either Labour or the Conservatives, with its editorial stating it was "yet to be convinced" by the Conservative opposition, and editor David Dinsmore asking in an interview "what is David Cameron going to do for Scotland?".[144][145]Dinsmore also stated that the paper supported the Union, and was unlikely to back theScottish National Party.During the campaign for the2010 UK general election,The Independentran ads declaring that "Rupert Murdoch won't decide this election – you will." In responseJames MurdochandRebekah Wade"appeared unannounced and uninvited on the editorial floor" of theIndependent,and had an energetic conversation with its editorSimon Kelner.[146]Several days later theIndependentreportedThe Sun'sfailure to report its ownYouGovpoll result which said that "if people thought Mr Clegg's party had a significant chance of winning the election" theLiberal Democratswould win 49% of the vote, and with it a landslide majority.[147]
On election day (6 May 2010),The Sunurged its readers to vote for David Cameron's "modern and positive" Conservatives to save Britain from "disaster" which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected. The election ended in the firsthung parliamentafter an election for36 years,with the Tories gaining the most seats and votes but being 20 seats short of an overall majority. They finally came to power on 11 May whenGordon Brownstepped down as prime minister, paving the way for David Cameron to become prime minister by forming a coalition with theLiberal Democrats.[148]On 24 August 2012,The Sunsparked a controversy when it published photos ofPrince Harrytaken in a private situation with friends while on holiday inLas Vegas,USA. While other British newspapers had not published the photos in deference to the privacy of members of theRoyal Family,editorial staff ofThe Sunclaimed it was a move to test Britain's perception of freedom of the press. In the photos, which were published on the Internet worldwide, Prince Harry was naked.[149]
Since 2010[edit]
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Fallout from theNews of the Worldscandal[edit]
Following theNews of the Worldphone hacking affairthat led to the closure of that paper on 10 July 2011, there was speculation that News International would launch a Sunday edition ofThe Sunto replace theNews of the World.[150]The internet URLssunonsunday.co.uk,thesunonsunday.co.ukandthesunonsundaywere registered on 5 July 2011 by News International Newspapers Limited.[151]A similar URLsunonsundayis not affiliated, having been registered in Italy on 24 September 2007. On 18 July 2011, theLulzSecgroup hackedThe Sun'swebsite, where they posted a fake news story of Rupert Murdoch's death before redirecting the website to their Twitter page. The group also targeted the website ofThe Times.[152]
A reporter working forThe Sunwas arrested and taken to a south-west London police station on 4 November 2011. The man was the sixth person to be arrested in the UK under the News International related legal probe,Operation Elveden.[153]In January 2012, two current and two former employees were arrested. As of 18 January 2013, 22Sunjournalists had been arrested, including their crime reporter Anthony France. On 28 January 2012, police arrested four current and former staff members ofThe Sun,[154]as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information; a police officer was also arrested in the probe.TheSunstaffers arrested were crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman, who since became a columnist and media writer. All five arrested were held on suspicion of corruption. Police also searched the offices of News International, the publishers ofThe Sun,as part of a continuing investigation into theNews of the Worldscandal.[155][156]
On 11 February 2012, five senior journalists atThe Sunwere arrested, including thedeputy editor,as part ofOperation Elveden(the investigation into payments to UK public servants).[157]Coinciding with a visit toThe Sunnewsroom on 17 February 2012, Murdoch announced via an email that the arrested journalists, who had been suspended, would return to work as nothing had been proved against them.[15]He also told staff in the email thatThe Sun on Sundaywould be launched "very shortly";[15]it was launched on 26 February 2012.[158]On 27 February 2012, the day after the debut ofThe Sun on Sunday,Deputy Assistant CommissionerSue Akerstold theLeveson Inquirythat police were investigating a "network of corrupt officials" as part of their inquiries into phone hacking and police corruption. She said evidence suggested a "culture of illegal payments" atThe Sunauthorised at a senior level.[159]
World Cup 2014 free issue[edit]
On 12 and 13 June 2014, to tie in with the beginning of the2014 World Cupfootball tournament, a free special issue ofThe Sunwas distributed by theRoyal Mailto 22 million homes in England.[160]The promotion, which did not include a Page 3 topless model, was announced in mid-May and was believed to be the first such freesheet issued by a UK national newspaper.[161]The boycott in Merseyside following the newspaper's coverage of the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 meant that copies were not dispatched to areas with a Liverpool postcode.[162]Royal Mail employees in Merseyside and surrounding areas were given special dispensation by their managers to allow them not to handle the publication "on a case by case basis".[162]
The main party leaders (David Cameron,Nick Clegg,andEd Miliband) were all depicted holding a copy of the special issue in publicity material.[163]Miliband's decision to pose with a copy ofThe Sunreceived a strong response.[164][165]Organisations representing the relatives of Hillsborough victims described Miliband's action as an "absolute disgrace",[166]and he faced criticism too from Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson.[167]A statement was issued on 13 June explaining that Miliband "was promoting England's bid to win the World Cup", although "he understands the anger that is felt towards the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended."[166][168]Promoted as "an unapologetic celebration of England", the special issue ofThe Sunran to 24 pages.[160]
Collapse of Tulisa's trial for drug offences[edit]
On 2 June 2013,The Sun on Sundayran a front-page story on singer-songwriterTulisa.[169]The front page read: "Tulisa's cocaine deal shame"; this story was written byThe Sun On Sunday's undercover reporterMahzer Mahmood,who had previously worked for theNews of the World.It was claimed that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two otherSunjournalists) to a drug dealer and set up an £800 deal.[169]The subterfuge involved conning the singer into believing that she was being considered for a role in an £8 million Bollywood film.[170]
At her subsequent trial, the case against Tulisa collapsed atSouthwark Crown Courtin July 2014, with the judge commenting that there were "strong grounds" to believe that Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa.[171]Tulisa was cleared of supplyingClass A drugs.After these events,The Sunreleased a statement saying that the newspaper "takes the Judge's remarks very seriously. Mahmood has been suspended pending an immediate internal investigation."[172]
Trial of staff for misconduct in a public office[edit]
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In October 2014, the trial of six senior staff and journalists atThe Sunnewspaper began. All six were charged with conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office. They includedThe Sun's head of news Chris Pharo, who faced six charges, while ex-managing editorGraham Dudmanand ex-Sundeputy news editor Ben O'Driscoll were accused of four charges each. Thames Valley district reporter Jamie Pyatt and picture editor John Edwards were charged with three counts each, while ex-reporter John Troup was accused of two counts. The trial related to illegal payments allegedly made to public officials, with prosecutors saying the men conspired to pay officials from 2002 to 2011, including police, prison officers and soldiers. They were accused of buying confidential information about the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates. They all denied the charges.[173]
On 16 January 2015, Troup and Edwards were cleared by the jury of all charges against them. The jury also partially cleared O'Driscoll and Dudman but continued deliberating over other counts faced by them, as well as the charges against Pharo and Pyatt.[174]On 21 January 2015, the jury told the court that it was unable to reach unanimous verdicts on any of the outstanding charges and was told by the judge, Richard Marks, that he would acceptmajority verdicts.Shortly afterwards, one of the jurors sent a note to the judge and was discharged. The judge told the remaining 11 jurors that their colleague had been "feeling unwell and feeling under a great deal of pressure and stress from the situation you are in", and that under the circumstances he was prepared to accept majority verdicts of "11 to zero or 10 to 1".[175]On 22 January 2015, the jury was discharged after failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges. TheCrown Prosecution Service(CPS) announced that it would seek a retrial.[176]
On 6 February 2015, it was announced that Judge Richard Marks was to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial. Two days earlier, Marks had emailed counsel for the defendants, telling them: "It has been decided (not by me but by my elders and betters) that I am not going to be doing the retrial". Reporting the decision in UK newspaperThe Guardian,Lisa O'Carroll wrote: "Wide is the only judge so far to have presided in a case which has seen a conviction of a journalist in relation to allegations of unlawful payments to public officials for stories. The journalist, who cannot be named for legal reasons, is appealing the verdict". Defence counsel for the four journalists threatened to take the decision to judicial review, with the barrister representing Pharo, Nigel Rumfitt QC, saying: "The way this has come about gives rise to the impression that something has been going on behind the scenes which should not have been going on behind the scenes and which should have been dealt with transparently". He added that the defendants were "extremely concerned" and "entitled" to know why Marks was being replaced by Wide.[177]In a separate trial,Sunreporter Nick Parker was cleared on 9 December 2014 of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office but found guilty of handling a stolen mobile phone belonging to Labour MPSiobhain McDonagh.[178]
On 22 May 2015,Sunreporter Anthony France was found guilty of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office between 2008 and 2011. France's trial followed the LondonMetropolitan Police'sOperation Elveden,an ongoing investigation into alleged payments to police and officials in exchange for information. He had paid a total of more than £22,000 to PC Timothy Edwards, an anti-terrorism police officer based at Heathrow Airport. The police officer had already pleaded guilty to misconduct in a public office and given a two-year jail sentence in 2014, but the jury in France's trial was not informed of this. Following the passing of the guilty verdict, the officer leading Operation Elveden, Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs said France and Edwards had been in a "long-term, corrupt relationship".[179]The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time. As a result of the change in the CPS' policy, charges against several journalists who had made payments to other types of public officials – including civil servants, health workers and prison staff – had been dropped.[179]
In July 2015,Private Eyemagazine reported that, at a costs hearing at the Old Bailey,The Sun'sparent company had refused to pay for the prosecution costs relating to France's trial, leading the presiding judge to express his "considerable disappointment" at this state of affairs. Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France's illegal actions had been part of a "clearly recognised procedure atThe Sun",adding that," There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant ". ThePrivate Eyereport noted that despite thisThe Sun'sparent organisation was "considering disciplinary actions" against France whilst at the same time it was also preparing to bring a case to theInvestigatory Powers Tribunalagainst the LondonMetropolitan Police Servicefor its actions relating to him and two other journalists.[180]
End of the Page 3 feature (January 2015)[edit]
The SundefendedPage 3for more than 40 years, with (then) editor Dominic Mohan telling theLeveson Inquiryinto press standards, in February 2012, that "Page 3" was an "innocuous British Institution, regarded with affection and tolerance."[181]To mark the feature's 40th anniversary, feminist authorGermaine Greerwrote an article inThe Sunon 18 November 2010 published under the headline: "If I ask my odd-job man what he gets out of page 3, he tells me simply, 'It cheers me up'".[182]
In August 2013,The Irish Sunended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3.[183]The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report inThe Timesmade such an assertion.[184][185]After substantial coverage in the media about an alleged change in editorial policy, Page 3 returned to its usual format on 22 January 2015.[186]A few hours before the issue was published, the head of PR at the newspaper said the reputed end of Page 3 had been "speculation" only.[187]Apart from the edition of 22 January 2015, the conventional Page 3 feature of a topless model has not returned, and has effectively ended.[188]
Accusations of xenophobia[edit]
On 17 April 2015,The Sun'scolumnistKatie Hopkinscalledmigrantsto Britain "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus".[189][190]Her remarks were condemned by theUnited Nations High Commission for Human Rights.In a statement released on 24 April 2015, High CommissionerZeid Ra'ad Al Husseinstated that Hopkins used "language very similar to that employed by Rwanda'sKanguranewspaper andRadio Mille Collinesduring the run up to the1994 genocide",and noted that both media organisations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commitgenocide.[191]
In August 2017,The Sunpublished a column byTrevor Kavanaghwhich questioned what actions British society should take to deal with "The Muslim Problem". Numerous sources suggested the column used language reminiscent ofNazi propagandaandNazi phrases.[192]A joint complaint was made to theIndependent Press Standards Organisationby theBoard of Deputies of British Jews,Tell MAMAand Faith Matters. A statement by the groups said, "The printing of the phrase 'The Muslim Problem' – particularly with the capitalisation and italics for emphasis – in a national newspaper sets a dangerous precedent, and harks back to the use of the phrase 'TheJewish problem' in the last century, to which the Nazis responded with 'TheFinal Solution' – theHolocaust".[193]A cross-party group of over 100 MPs from the Conservatives, Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens subsequently signed a letter to the editor ofThe Sundemanding action over the column. The letter stated the MPs "were truly outraged by the hate and bigotry" in Kavanagh's column.[194]
Brexit[edit]
On 9 March 2016,The Sun's front page proclaimed that QueenElizabeth IIwas backingBrexit,a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union. It claimed that in 2011 atWindsor Castle,while having lunch with Deputy Prime MinisterNick Clegg,the monarch criticised the union. Clegg denied that the Queen made such a statement, and aBuckingham Palacespokesperson confirmed that a complaint had been made to theIndependent Press Standards Organisationover a breach of guidelines relating to accuracy.[195]
The Sunofficially endorsed the Leave campaign in the Britishreferendum to remain in or leavetheEuropean Union(EU) on 23 June 2016, urging its readers to vote for the United Kingdom to leave the EU.[196]The "BeLeave in Britain" front-page headline was only present on copies distributed in England and Wales; editions for Scotland, Northern Ireland (and the Republic of Ireland) led on other topics.[197]On 4 April 2017,The Sunprinted a headline "Up Yours, Senors" (cross-referring the 1990 headline "Up Yours, Delors" regarding theECU). It was in relation to disputes over the sovereignty ofGibraltarfollowing the EU referendum. The middle pages featured a poster with the message "Hands off our rock".[198]
Website redesign[edit]
In June 2016, a redesign ofThe Sun'swebsite went live.[199]
Ben Stokes and Gareth Thomas[edit]
In September 2019,The Suncame under strong criticism for a headline story concerning the family of cricket playerBen Stokes.Tom Harrison, chief executive of theEngland and Wales Cricket Board(ECB), stated he was "disgusted and appalled" by the newspaper's actions. The story prompted a statement from Stokes, calling the article the "lowest form of journalism" which dealt with "deeply personal and traumatic events" that affected his New Zealand-based family more than 30 years ago.The Sundefended its journalism; pointing out it had received the co-operation of a family member, it has commented that the events described were "a matter of public record" and "the subject of extensive front-page publicity in New Zealand at the time."[200]
Welsh rugby playerGareth ThomastoldBBC Radio 5 Livethat an unnamed journalist had revealed hisHIVstatus to his parents before he had had the opportunity to do so himself.[201]While Thomas declined to name the newspaper involved, he did say "everybody will know, especially of late", leading thePress Gazetteto suggest that it could beThe Sun,on the basis of the Stokes coverage.[201]
2019 Conservative leadership election[edit]
During the2019 Conservative Party leadership election,The SunendorsedBoris Johnson.[202]
Far-right conspiracy incident[edit]
In December 2019,The Sun'spolitical editor,Tom Newton Dunn,wrote an article for the paper titled "Hijacked Labour", alleging that "Jeremy Corbyn is at the centre of an extraordinary network of hard-left extremists pieced together by former British intelligence officers", a network ranging from Novara Media contributorAsh Sarkarto French philosopherMichel Foucault,who has been dead since 1984, that is alleged to be pulling Corbyn's strings.[203]It was later found that the ultimate sources for this claim included theantisemitic,far-rightwebsitesTheMillennium ReportandAryan Unity.The allegations were described by authorDaniel Trillingas "a far-right conspiracy theory".[204]The left-wing magazineTribunesuggested that such articles might get journalists or those on the political left assaulted or even killed.[205]Later on the same day the article was published, it was also deleted, without comment from the paper or Newton Dunn.[204][206][207]
2019 general election[edit]
In the2019 UK general electionThe Sunendorsed the Conservative Party.[208]
Wagatha Christie trial[edit]
On 9 October 2019,Coleen Rooneymade aTwitterpost saying that stories from her privateInstagramaccount were being leaked toThe Sun.[209]In order to determine who was selling the information, she restricted access to her Instagram stories and planted a number of fake stories; the only viewer of these posts was an account belonging toRebekah Vardy.The fake stories were published inThe Sun.Rooney's tweetwent viraland was dubbed "Wagatha Christie",aportmanteauof the term "WAG"[b]and the mystery writerAgatha Christie.[210][211]Vardy denied these claims and stated that her Instagram account had been hacked.[212]As a result, Vardy sued Rooney for libel.[213]Rooney asked Vardy to not take the case to court which she rejected. Therefore, it became Rooney's responsibility to prove Vardy was personally responsible for leaking stories toThe Sun,or convince the judge that publication of the allegation was in the public interest.[214]
It was alleged in court that Vardy was alsoThe Sun on Sunday'sSecret Wagcolumnist, which is an anonymous gossip column about the private lives of the wives and girlfriends of famous UK footballers which often made disparaging comments about the subjects. Vardy denied this claim.[215]On 29 July 2022,Karen Steyn,the judge in the case, dismissed Vardy's claim. She ruled that Rooney's accusation of Vardy leaking fake stories to the paper was "substantially true".[216]Steyn said that "The Secret Wag" "is highly likely... [to have been] a journalistic construct rather than a person ", saying that" the evidence connecting Ms Vardy to this column is thin. "[217][218]The case was a hugely popular story in the British media and whileThe Sundid cover it extensively, they failed to mention that they were the paper Vardy had leaked untrue stories to.
Caroline Flack[edit]
On 14 February 2020, a day beforeCaroline Flackwas found dead in herStoke Newingtonflat,The Sunpublished an article about a "brutal" Valentine's Day card mocking Flack on its website. It is unclear when the article, which was replaced with a legal warning by Saturday evening – amid concerns about how the media handled coverage of her arrest – was taken down.[219]Days after Flack's death, more than 200,000 people signed a petition calling for a Government inquiry into the British press and the hashtag #DontBuyTheSun began to trend on Twitter.[220]
J. K. Rowling[edit]
In June 2020, shortly afterJ. K. Rowlingpublished a blog in which she described her first marriage as "violent",The Suninterviewed Jorge Arantes, Rowling's former husband, and published a front-page article entitled "I slapped JK and I'm not sorry". In response, a number of domestic abuse charities criticised the newspaper for its handling of the story. The press regulatorIpsoreported that it had received more than 500 complaints about the article.[221]The article was also criticised by some British politicians with Labour MPJess Phillipsdescribing the headline as "awful," andEd Davey,the acting leader of the Liberal Democrats, adding, "This reporting is unacceptable, glorifies domestic violence & disparages the millions of victims of domestic violence."[222]
Jeremy Clarkson column on the Duchess of Sussex[edit]
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In December 2022, columnistJeremy Clarksonwas criticised for writing ofMeghan, Duchess of SussexinThe Sun:[223][224]
I hate her. Not like I hateNicola SturgeonorRose West.I hate her on a cellular level. At night, I'm unable to sleep as I lie there, grinding my teeth and dreaming of the day when she is made to parade naked through the streets of every town in Britain while the crowds chant, 'Shame!' and throw lumps ofexcrementat her.
He said this was a reference to a scene from the television seriesGame of Thrones.[225]He had used the same reference in an article published inThe Sunin December 2018 to defend Meghan.[226]TheIndependent Press Standards Organisation(IPSO) said it had received more than 25,100 complaints about the piece, surpassing the total number of complaints received in 2021 and making it the article with the most number of complaints attached to it since IPSO's establishment in 2014.[227][228]
In light of the controversy,Edward Faulks,the chair of IPSO, declined a private dinner invitation byRupert Murdoch.[229]The Scottish first minister,Nicola Sturgeon,whose name was also mentioned in the column, described Clarkson's comments as "deeply misogynist and just downright awful and horrible" and warned that "words have consequences".[230]The prime minister,Rishi Sunak,responded to the controversy by emphasising that "language matters".[231]In a letter to ITV chief executiveCarolyn McCall,SNPMPJohn Nicolsoncalled on the organisation to sack Clarkson from his job on the TV game showWho Wants to Be a Millionaire?.[231][232]
On 20 December 2022, over 60 cross-party MPs contactedThe Sun's editor,Victoria Newton,to demand an apology and called for "action [to be] taken" against Clarkson.[233]On 21 December,Kevin Lygo,the managing director of ITV, stated at aBroadcasting Press Guildevent that Clarkson would remain host ofWho Wants to Be a Millionaire?"at the moment" as ITV had "no control" over what he said inThe Sunnewspaper column, but added that what he wrote "was awful" and "he should apologise" for his comments.[234]On the same day the head of theMetropolitan PoliceSir Mark Rowleystated Clarkson would not face criminal proceedings for his actions as it was not the job of officers to "police people's ethics" and the police could generally get involved when "things are said that are intended or likely to stir up or incite violence".[235]
Peter Herbert,the chair of theSociety of Black Lawyers,wrote to theMetropolitan Policerequesting an investigation under thePublic Order Act 1986as he believed the column promoted racial hatred.[236]The letter was co-signed by the Society of Black Lawyers,Operation Black Voteand Bandung Africa, as well asLee Jasper,Viv Ahmun,Bell Ribeiro-Addy,andClaudia Webbe.[236]A spokesperson for the Metropolitan Police said "The allegations have been assessed, no offences have been identified, and no further action will be taken."[236]On 11 January 2023, culture secretaryMichelle Donelandescribed Clarkson's comments as "outrageous" but not "illegal".[237]
On 19 December 2022, Clarkson stated he was "horrified to have caused so much hurt" over his comments, which were also criticized by his own daughter Emily.[238]The Sun's website published a statement in response to the criticism: "In light of Jeremy Clarkson's tweet he has asked us to take last week's column down."[239]On 23 December,The Sunissued an apology, stating: "Columnists' opinions are their own, but as a publisher, we realise that with free expression comes responsibility. We at the Sun regret the publication of this article and we are sincerely sorry. The article has been removed from our website and archives."[240]
On 24 December, a spokesperson for theDukeand Duchess of Sussex issued a statement, saying: "The fact that the Sun has not contacted The Duchess of Sussex to apologise shows their intent. This is nothing more than a PR stunt... A true apology would be a shift in their coverage and ethical standards for all. "[241]In anInstagrampost on 16 January 2023, Clarkson revealed that he had emailed the Duke and Duchess on Christmas Day 2022 to apologise, saying that his language had been "disgraceful" and he was "profoundly sorry".[227]A spokesperson for the couple said Clarkson wrote solely to the Duke and the article was not an isolated incident considering "his long-standing pattern of writing articles that spread hate rhetoric, dangerous conspiracy theories and misogyny."[227]
In February 2023, IPSO announced that it was launching an investigation about the article, over two groups of complaints, from theFawcett Societyand the Wilde Foundation.[242]In June 2023, IPSO concluded that the column was sexist and contained a "pejorative and prejudicial reference" to Meghan's sex, but it rejected complaints that the piece was inaccurate, meant to harass her or included discriminatory references on the grounds of race.[243]
BBC explicit pictures controversy[edit]
On 7 July 2023, allegations were first reported by the newspaper that a "well known" name at the BBC had paid tens of thousands of pounds to a teenager, for sexually-explicit photographs, starting when they were aged 17.[244]The allegations had been made by the mother and stepfather of the alleged victim.[245]On 10 July, the lawyer of the alleged victim told the BBC that "nothing inappropriate or unlawful has taken place between our client and the BBC personality and the allegations reported inThe Sunnewspaper are rubbish ".[246]On 12 July, a statement issued on behalf of senior presenter and newsreaderHuw Edwards,by his wife Vicky Flind, named him as the subject of the allegations.[247]The statement said that Edwards was receiving hospital treatment for an episode of depression, following the publication of the allegations.[248]
A complaint about Edwards' behaviour had been made to the BBC by a family member of the alleged victim on 18 May 2023, and a further, detailed phone conversation took place the following day: it was concluded by the BBC's audience services team that there was no evidence of criminality but that further investigations needed to take place.[249]On 11 July, a second person accused the unnamed presenter of sending "abusive, expletive-filled messages." The same day, a 23 year old accused the unnamed presenter of breaking COVID lockdown rules in February 2021.[250]
On the same day that Edwards was named, theMetropolitan Policereported that "there is no information to indicate that a criminal offence has been committed" following an initial investigation into the matter and said that it would not investigate further. TheSouth Wales Policeissue a similar statement.[251]Following the statement by the police and that released by Edward's wife,The Sunstated that it had never insinuated criminality on the part of Edwards while also stating that it would cooperate with the BBC's internal investigation and that it would not publish any further allegations about him.[252]The Sunstated: "It is understood contact between the two started when the youngster was 17 years old", but that reporting did not mention whether explicit photos were exchanged when the alleged victim was 17 years old.[253]The wording of the allegations first reported inThe Sunsaid that a high-profile BBC presenter had given a young person "more than £35,000 since they were 17 in return for sordid images". Wording to this effect was used at least seven times online over the next three days, out of dozens of articles published on the subject by the newspaper[254]
Dan Wootton allegations[edit]
In July 2023, allegations were published by theByline Timesabout the conduct ofDan Woottonwhile he worked at The Sun. In 2014, Wootton became editor of the paper'sBizarrecolumn and remained with the paper until January 2021. An article byByline Timesalleged that during Wootton's tenure asBizarreeditor that he instructed malepornographic actorsto use equipment to secretly film themselves having sex with men he had spoken to onFacebook.The article also claimed Wootton paid the pornographic actors bymisappropriating fundsforsourcesfromNews UK.[255]
Another story published byByline Timesin late July 2023 claimed Wootton oversaw a culture ofsexual harassmentatThe Sunand was the subject of at least six bullying claims by colleagues, all of which resulted in large pay-offs and confidentiality agreements.[256]These allegations resulted in an investigation by an external law firm hired by News UK. On 2 October 2023, theMetropolitan Policeconfirmed that after seeking to "establish whether any criminal offence" had taken place, they had now commenced an investigation into the allegations. They added that no arrests had been made.[257]Wootton denied any wrongdoing and said that he was the victim of "a smear campaign".[258]
Luke Littler PR stunt[edit]
In December 2023,The Sunpublished an article where teenage darts sensationLuke Littlerwas photographed smiling holding a kebab and aSunnewspaper, with the caption "Sunreader Luke Littler celebrates his latest world championship victory with a trademark kebab. "This was seen as a PR stunt byThe Sun,and the teenager received backlash due to being fromRuncorn,which is nearLiverpool,the vitriol related to the newspaper's coverage of the Hillsborough disaster. Littler later clarified onTwitterthat he was not fully aware what was going on at the time.[259]
Iain Purslow death at Bolton[edit]
On 13 January 2024,Bolton WanderersEFL League One fixture withCheltenham Townwas abandoned after 29 minutes when 71-year old spectator Iain Purslow collapsed in the crowd and needed CPR. Mr Purslow later died in hospital andThe Sunwas heavily criticised for its headline and sub-headline the following day, withThe Bolton Newsdescribing it as "distasteful".[260]
Circulation and profitability[edit]
The Sundominated the circulation figures for daily newspapers in the United Kingdom from the late 1970s, at times easily outpacing its nearest rivals, theDaily Mirrorand theDaily Mail.For a brief period in the late 1990s and early 2000s, this lead was more than one million copies per day.[261]In January 2000, circulation was approximately 3.5 million per day, whilst daily circulation for those rivals was around 2.3 million. Sustained decline due to digital disruption[262]began in 2004, in line with print journalism as a whole, and it lost more than a million copies from its daily figures in the six-year period from 2012 to 2018.The Sun's long run at the top was finally broken in February 2018 when it was announced that the circulation of the freeMetronewspaper had overtaken it for the first time. However it remains the biggest-selling newspaper in the UK.[261]
In February 2020, it was revealed that daily sales ofThe Sunhad fallen 8% to 1.38 million in the year to July, but at the time the publication remained the UK's biggest-selling paid-for paper.The Sun on Sundaysold an average of 1.16 million copies a week, 111,000 fewer than the year before.[263]News Group Newspapers reported thatThe Sunlost £68m in 2019 with sales falling as the company continued to deal with costs arising from thephone-hacking scandal.[263]In April 2020, News UK instructedAudit Bureau of Circulationsthat its circulation data should be kept private, and would only be shared with advertising agencies in confidence.[264]In May 2020,The Sun's 42-year run as the top selling paper came to an end when eclipsed by theDaily Mail.[265]
In the year ending June 2020, the newspaper posted a pre-tax £202m loss, a significant increase from £67.8m the previous year. The majority of the loss, 80%, was thought to be from payments in damages from phone hacking, although revenue from sales and advertising was being affected by theCOVID-19 pandemic.The value of the newspaper was written down by £84m, in effect to zero, with the company believing thatThe SunandSun on Sundaywill not return to growth.[266][267]
Editors[edit]
- Sydney Jacobson(1964–1965, previously editor of theDaily Heraldbefore the name change)
- Dick Dinsdale(1965–1969)
- Larry Lamb(1969–1972)
- Bernard Shrimsley(1972–1975; Lamb was editorial director, supervising both theSunandNews of the World)
- Larry Lamb (1975–1980; Lamb took an enforced six-month sabbatical before being sacked by Murdoch)
- Kelvin MacKenzie(1981–1994)
- Stuart Higgins(1994–1998)
- David Yelland(1998–2003)
- Rebekah Wade(2003–2009)
- Dominic Mohan(2009–2013)
- David Dinsmore(2013–2015)[268]
- Tony Gallagher(2015–2020)[3]
- Victoria Newton(since 2020)
Political endorsements[edit]
United Kingdom general elections[edit]
Referendums[edit]
| England/Wales | Scotland | |
| 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum | Stay[41] | No separate edition[269] |
| 2014 Scottish independence referendum | N/A | Neutral[273] |
| 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | Leave[196] | Neutral[197] |
Other versions[edit]
The Scottish Sun[edit]
A Scottish edition ofThe Sunlaunched in 1987, known asThe Scottish Sun,recognising the distinctiveness of the Scottish media market.[269]Based in Glasgow, it duplicates much of the content of the main edition but with alternative coverage of Scottish news and sport. The launch editor was Jack Irvine who had been recruited from theDaily Record,its main rival in the Scottish tabloid market. By the mid-2000sThe Scottish Sunhad become the largest-selling newspaper in Scotland, overtaking theRecord.[269]
At first the Scottish edition followed the London edition in supporting theConservativesandMargaret Thatcher,but in 1992 it declared support forScottish independence.[269]It did not, however, support the pro-independenceScottish National Party(SNP).[269]By the time of the1997 UK general electionboth the Scottish and London editions were supportive ofLabour,led byTony Blair.[269]This attitude continued throughout the Blair premiership (1997–2007). For instance, during the2007 Scottish Parliament electionthe front page featured ahangman's noosein the shape of an SNP logo and stated "Vote SNP today and you put Scotland's head in the noose".[269][274]
TheScottish Sunswitched ahead of the2011 Scottish Parliament election,declaring support for the SNP.[269]It took a neutral stance on thereferendum on Scottish independence,commenting: "What we cannot do is tell you how we think you should vote".[273]At the2015 UK general election,The Scottish Sunurged its readers to back the SNP. While in England and Wales, the paper saw a vote for the Conservatives as a means to "stop [the] SNP running the country", the edition north of the border said the SNP would "fight harder for Scotland's interests at Westminster".[162]
The2019 UK general electionsaw the paper take a neutral stance stating that it was not backing the party for the first time since 2011 and claiming that 'There is a very real threat of Jeremy Corbyn walking into No10 on Friday and plunging Britain back to the bust ideology of the 1970s — an era of power blackouts and economic misery. The hard-left nationalisation and high-tax agenda of the crackpots who have hijacked Labour is nightmarish... Ms Sturgeon's tawdry flirting with Mr Corbyn — for a shot at securing an "IndyRef2020" that polls show a clear majority of Scots oppose — means we cannot endorse the SNP in the general election.'[272]It again chose not to endorse the SNP at the2021 Scottish Parliament election,describing it as 'a party that will undoubtedly win most seats despite being dogged by sleaze, scandals, underachievement and failures for the past five years' and arguing that Scottish voters should 'use their choices wisely in the two-vote Holyrood system to keep the SNP in check as a minority government'.[275]
The Irish SunandThe Irish Sun on Sunday[edit]
The Irish edition of the newspaper, based in Dublin, is known as theIrish Sun,with a regional sub-edition forNorthern Irelandwhere it is mastheaded asThe Sun,based in Belfast.[276][non-primary source needed]The Republic of Ireland edition shares some content – namely glamour and showbiz – with the editions published in Great Britain, but has mainly Irish news and editorial content, as well as sport and advertising. It often views stories in a very different light to those being reported in the UK editions. Editions of the paper in Great Britain described the filmThe Wind That Shakes the Barley(2006) as being "designed to drag the reputation of our nation through the mud" and "the most pro-IRA ever";[277]conversely, the Republic of Ireland edition praised the film and described it as giving "the Brits a tanning".[278]
Unlike its sisters papers in Great Britain,The Irish Sundid not have a designated website until late 2012. An unaffiliated news site with the nameIrish Sunhas been in operation since mid-2004.[279]There is also an Irish edition of theSun on Sunday,theIrish Sun on Sunday,which launched in February 2012.[280]
Polski Sun[edit]
Polski Sunwas a Polish-language version of the newspaper which ran for six issues in June 2008 during theUEFA Euro 2008football tournament, on the days of and the days after Poland played matches. Each issue had a circulation of 50,000–75,000, in relation to the estimated 600,000 Poles in the United Kingdom at the time.[281][282]
The U.S. Sun[edit]
The U.S. Sunis an online version of The Sun for the United States.[283]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^In general,The Sunshows populist views. It is generally classified as a pro-Tories and right-wing conservative newspaper. Some view it as acentre-leftnewspaper.[7]
- ^An acronym referring to the wives and girlfriends offootballers.
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Rooney accused Vardy of being a significant contributor to The Secret Wag column published byThe Sun on Sundayin 2019. The judge said the short-lived column seemed more 'a journalistic construct' and the evidence linking it to Vardy was 'thin'.
- ^Steyn, Karen(29 July 2022)."Approved Judgment"(PDF).judiciary.uk.Retrieved31 July2022.
First, it is highly likely that 'the Secret Wag' was a journalistic construct rather than a person. That being so, it is unsurprising, and provides no support for the allegation, that there are similarities between the attributes ascribed to the 'the Secret Wag' in the column and Ms Vardy. Secondly, the evidence connecting Ms Vardy to this column is thin. There is an email from the News Editor of the MailOnline in which he is asked for 'absolute confirmation that the Secret Wag is Rebekah' and responds 'Yeh, she is'. The author of the email has not given evidence. He did not work for the newspaper in which 'the Secret Wag' column was published, and his email discloses no basis for his assertion.
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External links[edit]
- Official website
- The Sun US
- "On This Day".BBC News.15 September 1964.
- "Forty Years of the Sun".BBC News. 14 September 2004.
- "Facts & Figures: The Sun".Newspaper Marketing Agency.
- "Wapping: legacy of Rupert's revolution".The Observer.15 January 2006.
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