Italian lira
Lira italiana(Italian) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
ISO 4217 | |||||
Code | ITL | ||||
Unit | |||||
Plural | Lire | ||||
Symbol | ₤ None official (see§ Notation and symbols) | ||||
Denominations | |||||
Subunit | |||||
1⁄100 | Centesimo (withdrawn afterWorld War II) | ||||
Plural | |||||
Centesimo | Centesimi | ||||
Banknotes | |||||
Freq. used | 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000 lire | ||||
Rarely used | 20,000, 500,000 lire | ||||
Coins | |||||
Freq. used | 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 lire | ||||
Rarely used | 1 lira,2, 5, 10, 20 lire | ||||
Demographics | |||||
User(s) | None, previously:
Kingdom of Albania(1939–43) | ||||
Issuance | |||||
Central bank | Banca d'Italia | ||||
Website | www | ||||
Printer | Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato | ||||
Website | www | ||||
Mint | Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato | ||||
Website | www | ||||
Valuation | |||||
Inflation | 2.3% (2001) | ||||
EU Exchange Rate Mechanism(ERM) | |||||
Since | 13 March 1989, 25 November 1996 | ||||
Withdrawn | 17 September 1992 | ||||
Fixed rate since | 31 December 1998 | ||||
Replaced by euro, non cash | 1 January 1999 | ||||
Replaced by euro, cash | 1 March 2002 | ||||
1 €= | Lit 1,936.27 | ||||
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. |
Thelira(/ˈlɪərə/LEER-ə,Italian:[ˈliːra];pl.:lire,/ˈlɪəreɪ/LEER-eh,Italian:[ˈliːre])[1]was the currency ofItalybetween 1861 and 2002. It was introduced by theNapoleonic Kingdom of Italyin 1807 at par with theFrench franc,and was subsequently adopted by the different states that would eventually form theKingdom of Italyin 1861. It was subdivided into 100centesimi(sg.:centesimo), which means "hundredths" or "cents". The lira was also the currency of theAlbanian Kingdomfrom 1941 to 1943.
The term originates fromlibra,the largest unit of theCarolingian monetary systemused in Western Europe and elsewhere from the 8th to the 20th century.[2]The Carolingian system is the origin of the Frenchlivre tournois(predecessor of thefranc), the Italian lira, and thepoundunit ofsterlingand related currencies.
In 1999, theeurobecame Italy'sunit of accountand the lira became a national subunit of the euro at a rate of €1 = Lit 1,936.27, before being replaced as cash in 2002.
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
The Carolingian monetary system divided thelibrainto 20solidi(sg.:solidus) or 240denarii(sg.:denarius). These units translate in Italian tolira,soldoanddenaro;in French tolivre,souanddenier;and in English to pound, shilling and penny.
In France, the "franc" referred to a coin worth onelivre tournois.This term was also adopted in various Gallo-Italic languages in north-western Italy to refer to the Italian lira.[3]
Notation and symbols[edit]
There was no standardsignor abbreviation for the Italian lira. The abbreviationsLit.(standing forLira italiana) and L. (standing forLira) and the signs₤or£were all accepted representations of the currency. Banks and financial institutions, including theBank of Italy,[4]often usedLit.[5][6]and this was regarded internationally as the abbreviation for the Italian lira.[7]Handwritten documents and signs at market stalls would often use "£" or "₤",[8][9]while coins used "L."[10][11]Italian postage stampsmostly used the wordlirein full but some (such as the 1975 monuments series) used "L."
The name of the currency could also be written in full as a prefix or a suffix (e.g. Lire 100,000 or 100,000 lire).
TheISO 4217currency codefor the lira wasITL.
The UnicodeCJK Compatibilityblock includes square versions of currency names in Japanesekatakanafor compatibility with earlier character sets which would display them in tables orvertical writing. Thus,U+3352㍒SQUARE RIRAstands forリラrira. It is not intended for use in new applications.
Introduction of the lira[edit]
TheNapoleonic Kingdom of Italyintroduced the Italian lira in 1807 at par with theFrench franc,worth 4.5 grams of fine silver or 0.29032 gram of fine gold (gold-silver ratio 15.5). Despite the kingdom's fall in 1814, this new lira eventually replaced the currencies of the different Italian states untiltheir unification in 1861,replacing, among others:
- ThePiedmontese scudo,Sardinian scudoand theGenoese liraafter 1800, by the Italian lira;
- TheMilanese lira,Venetian lira,Lombardo-Venetian liraandParman liraafter 1814, at the rate of 270 Milanese lire = 45 Milanese scudi = 405 Venetian lire = 855 Parman lire = 207.23 Italian lire;[12]
- TheTuscan fiorinoand theTuscan lirain 1859, at 1francescone= 4fiorini=6+2⁄3Tuscan lire = 5.6 Italian lire;
- ThepiastraofNaplesandSicilyin 1861, at 1piastra= 1.2ducat di regno= 5.1Neapolitan lire,the latter at par with the Italian lira; and
- Thescudoof Rome and thePapal Statesin 1866, at 1 scudo = 5.375Papal lire,the latter at par with the Italian lira.
In 1865, Italy formed part of theLatin Monetary Unionin which the lira was set as equal to, among others, theFrench,BelgianandSwiss francs.TheU.S. dollarwas worth approximately 5.18 Italian lire until 1914.
20th century[edit]
World War Ibroke theLatin Monetary Unionand resulted in prices rising several fold in Italy.Inflationwas curbed somewhat byMussolini,who, on 18 August 1926, announced a new exchange rate between the lira andsterlingof £1 = Lit 92.46 (the so-calledQuota 90) although the free exchange rate had been closer to Lit 140–150 to the pound, causing a temporarydeflationand widespread problems in the real economy. In 1927, the lira was pegged to theU.S. dollarat a rate of $1 = Lit 19. This rate lasted until 1934, with a separate "tourist" rate of $1 = Lit 24.89 being established in 1936. In 1939, the "official" rate was Lit 19.80.
After the Allied invasion of Italy, an exchange rate was set at $1 = Lit 120 (£1 = Lit 480) in June 1943, reduced to Lit 100 the following month. In German-occupied areas, the exchange rate was set at 1ℛ︁ℳ︁= Lit 10. After the war, the value of the lira fluctuated, before Italy set a peg of $1 = Lit 575 within theBretton Woods Systemin November 1947. Following the devaluation of the pound, Italy devalued to $1 = Lit 625 on 21 September 1949. This rate was maintained until the end of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s. Several episodes of high inflation followed until the introduction of the euro.
Lira pesante[edit]
Due to the lira's low value after thewareconomic calculations and price displays became unwieldy because of the large number of zeroes. As early as the 1950s suggestions were made to redenominate the lira but no serious efforts were made at that time. In the 1970s a plan known aslira pesante (English:hard lira) orlira nuova(new lira) was proposed. Thelira pesantewould have redenominated the currency at 1,000:1, removing 3 zeroes. However the project went dormant for several years before being revived in 1984. Ongoing heavy inflation saw thelira pesantepushed back until it was permanently abandoned in 1991 because of plans for asingle European currency.
Introduction of the euro[edit]
The lira was the official unit of currency inItalyuntil 1 January 1999, when it was replaced by theeuro(the lira was officially a national subunit of the euro until the rollout of euro coins and notes in 2002). Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on 28 February 2002. The conversion rate was Lit 1,936.27 to the euro.[13]
All lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, and all post-World War IIcoins, were exchanged by the Bank of Italy up to 6 December 2011. Originally, Italy's central bank pledged to redeem Italian coins and banknotes until 29 February 2012, but this was brought forward to 6 December 2011.
Coins[edit]
Napoleonic coins[edit]
The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy issued coins between 1807 and 1813 in denominations of 1 and 3 centesimi and 1soldo(5 centesimi) in copper, c.10 in 20% silver alloy, s.5, s.10 and s.15 (or c.25, c.50 and c.75 centesimi), 1 lira, 2 lire and 5 lire in 90% silver and 20 lire and 40 lire in 90% gold. All except the c.10 bore a portrait ofNapoleon I,with the denominations below 1 lira also showing aradiate crownand the higher denominations, a shield representing the various constituent territories of the Kingdom.
Kingdom of Italy, 1861–1946[edit]
In 1861, coins were minted inFlorence,Milan,NaplesandTurinin denominations ofc.1,c.2, c.5, c.10 and c.50, 1 lira, 2, 5, 10 and 20 lire, with the lowest four in copper, the highest two in gold and the remainder in silver. In 1863, silver coins below 5 lire were debased from 90% to 83.5% and silver c.20 coins were introduced. Minting switched toRomein the 1870s.
Apart from the introduction in 1894 of cupro-nickel (later nickel) c.20 coins and of nickel c.25 pieces in 1902, the coinage remained essentially unaltered until theFirst World War.
In 1919, with the purchasing power of the lira reduced to one fifth of that of 1914, the production of all earlier coin types except for the nickel c.20 halted, and smaller, copper c.5 and c.10 and nickel c.50 coins were introduced, followed by nickel 1 lira and 2 lire pieces in 1922 and 1923, respectively. In 1926, silver 5 and 10 lire coins were introduced, equal in size and composition to the earlier 1 lira and 2 lire coins. Silver 20 lire coins were added in 1927.
In 1936, the last substantial issue of silver coins was made, whilst, in 1939, moves to reduce the cost of the coinage led to copper being replaced by aluminium bronze and nickel by stainless steel. All production of coinage halted in 1943.
In 1943 theAM-lirawas issued, in circulation in Italy after the landing in Sicily on the night of 9 July 1943. After 1946, the AM-lira ceased to be the currency of employment and was used along with normal notes, until 3 June 1950.
Between 1947 and 1954, zone B of theFree Territory of Triesteused theTriestine lira.
Italian Republic, 1946–2002[edit]
Coin production resumed slowly in 1946, reaching 1 million minted in 1948, with the purchasing power of the lira reduced to 2% of its value in 1939. Initially, 1 lira, 2, 5 and 10 lire coins were issued in aluminium. These coins were in circulation together with theAM-lireand some of the old, devalued coins of theItalian Kingdom.In 1951, the government replaced all circulating coins and notes with new smaller-sized aluminium 1 lira, 2, 5 and 10 lire (although the 2 lire coin was not minted in 1951 or 1952), and in 1954–1955,Acmonital(stainless steel) 50 and 100 lire coins were introduced, followed by aluminium-bronze 20 lire in 1957 and silver 500 lire in 1958. Increases in the silver bullion price led to the 500 lire coins being produced only in small numbers for collectors after 1967. The 500 lire (and later the 1,000 lire) also appeared in a number ofcommemorative coinissues, such as the centennial ofItalian unificationin 1961. Between 1967 and 1982, two types of "paper money" were issued with a value of 500 lire. These were not issued by "Banca d'Italia", but directly by the government bearing the title "Repubblica Italiana".
In 1977, aluminium-bronze 200 lire coins were introduced, followed in 1982 by the bimetallic 500 lire. This was the firstbi-metallic cointo be produced for circulation, minted using a system patented byIPZS.It was also the first to feature the value inbraille.[14]
Production of 1 lira and 2 lire coins for circulation ceased in 1959; their mintage was restarted from 1982 to 2001 for collectors' coin sets. Production of the 5 lire coin was greatly reduced in the late 1970s and ceased for circulation in 1998. Similarly, in 1991 the production of 10 and 20 lire coins was limited. The sizes of the 50 and 100 lire coins were reduced in 1990, but then they were completely redesigned 1993. A bimetallic 1,000 lire coin was introduced in 1997 and stopped in 1998 due to the impending introduction of the euro.
Coins still being minted for circulation at the time of the changeover to euro (in 2000 and 2001 only lire for collectors coins sets were minted) were:[15]
- 1 lira (0.05 cents, only for collectors)
- 2 lire (0.10 cents, only for collectors)
- 5 lire (0.26 cents, only for collectors)
- 10 lire (0.52 cents, only for collectors)
- 20 lire (1.03 cents, only for collectors)
- 50 lire (2.58 cents)
- 100 lire (5.16 cents)
- 200 lire (10.33 cents)
- 500 lire (25.82 cents)
- 1,000 lire (51.65 cents)
Coins of the Italian lira | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Image | Value | Equivalent ineuros | Diameter | Weight | Material | Obverse | Reverse | Dates of issue |
1 lira | €0.0005 | 17.2 mm | 0.625 g | Aluminium | Weighing scales; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "1"; Cornucopia | 1951-2001 | |
2 lire | €0.001 | 18.3 mm | 0.8 g | Aluminium | Bee; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "2"; Olive branch | 1953-2001 | |
5 lire | €0.0026 | 20.2 mm | 1.0 g | Aluminium | Rudder; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "5"; Dolphin | 1951-2001 | |
10 lire | €0.0052 | 23.25 mm | 1.6 g | Aluminium | Plough; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "10"; Two ears of wheat | 1951-2001 | |
20 lire | €0.0103 | 21.25 mm | 3.6 g | Bronzital | Profile of a woman at left with ears of wheat in her hair; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "L 20"; Oak branch | 1957-2001 | |
50 lire | €0.0258 | 24.8 mm | 6.25 g | Acmonital | Profile of a woman at right with oak wreath; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "L 50"; god Vulcan beating iron on an anvil | 1954-1989 | |
50 lire | €0.0258 | 17 mm | 2.7 g | Acmonital | Profile of a woman at right with oak wreath; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "L 50"; god Vulcan beating iron on an anvil | 1990-1995 | |
50 lire | €0.0258 | 19.2 mm | 4.5 g | Copper-nickel | Profile of a woman at left with a towered crown and hair swathed in fabric; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | Text "50 LIRE"; a bunch of grapes, a laurel branch, an oak branch, a cornucopia and a gear | 1996-2001 | |
100 lire | €0.0516 | 27.8 mm | 8 g | Acmonital | Profile of a woman at left with a laurel crown; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "L 100"; goddess Minerva holding an olive tree and a long spear | 1955-1989 | |
100 lire | €0.0516 | 18.20 mm | 3.30 g | Acmonital | Profile of a woman at left with a laurel crown; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | "L 100"; goddess Minerva holding an olive tree and a long spear | 1990-1992 | |
100 lire | €0.0516 | 22 mm | 4.5 g | Copper-nickel | Profile of a woman at left with a towered crown and hair swathed in fabric; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | Text "100 LIRE"; a bird in flight, a wheat stalk, a dolphin and an olive branch | 1993-2001 | |
200 lire | €0.1033 | 24 mm | 5.0 g | Bronzital | Profile of a woman at right; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | Text "200 LIRE" within a gear wheel | 1977-2001 | |
500 lire | €0.2582 | 29.3 mm | 11 g | .835silver | Christopher Columbus's ships the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria; text "REVBBLICA ITALIANA", "L. 500" | Bust of a woman in Renaissance dress, representing Italy, surrounded by 19 shields | 1958-2001 | |
500 lire | €0.2582 | 25.8 mm | 6.8 g | Bi-metallic (Bronzital center plug in an acmonital outer ring) | Profile of a woman at left with wings; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | Piazza del Quirinalein Rome; "L. 500" | 1982-2001 | |
1,000 lire | €0.5165 | 27 mm | 8.8 g | Bi-metallic (Copper-nickel center plug in bronzital outer ring) | Profile of a woman at left with a towered crown and hair swathed in fabric; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" | Map of Europe; "L. 1000" | 1997-2001 |
Banknotes[edit]
In 1882, the government began issuing low-denomination paper money bearing the title "Biglietto di Stato" (meaning "Ticket of the state" ). To begin with, there were 5 lire and 10 lire notes, to which 25 lire notes were occasionally added from 1895. The government also issued notes titled "Buono di Cassa" between 1893 and 1922 in denominations of 1 lira and 2 lire. Production of Biglietti di Stato ceased in 1925 but resumed in 1935 with notes for 1 lira, 2, 5 and 10 lire being introduced by 1939.
TheBank of Italybegan producing paper money in 1896. To begin with, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 lire notes were issued. In 1918–1919, 25 lire notes were also issued but no other denominations were introduced until after theSecond World War.
In 1943, the invading Allies introducednotesin denominations of 1 lira, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 lire. These were followed in 1944 by a series of Biglietti di Stato for 1 lira, 2, 5 and 10 lire, which circulated until replaced by coins in the late 1940s. The Bank of Italy introduced 5,000 and 10,000 lire notes in 1947 and 1948, respectively.
In 1951, the government again issued notes, this time simply bearing the title "Repubblica Italiana". Denominations were of 50 and 100 lire (replacing the Bank of Italy notes) and they circulated until coins of these denominations were introduced in the mid-1950s. In 1966, 500 lire notes were introduced (again replacing Bank of Italy notes) which were produced until replaced in 1982 by a coin.
50,000 and 100,000 lire notes were introduced by the Bank of Italy in 1967, followed by 2,000 lire notes in 1973, 20,000 lire notes in 1975 and 500,000 lire notes in 1997.
In the mid-1970s, when coinage was in short supply, Italian banks issued "miniassegni"in several low denominations. Technically bearer cheques, they were printed in the form of banknotes and were generally accepted as substitute legal currency.
Notes in circulation when the euro was introduced were:
- 1,000 lire,Maria Montessori(€0.516)
- 2,000 lire,Guglielmo Marconi(€1.03)
- 5,000 lire,Vincenzo Bellini(€2.58)
- 10,000 lire,Alessandro Volta(€5.16)
- 20,000 lire,Tiziano Vecellio(€10.32)[16]
- 50,000 lire,Gian Lorenzo Bernini(€25.82)
- 100,000 lire,Caravaggio(€51.65)
- 500,000 lire,Raffaello(€258.23)
Image | Value | Dimensions | Equivalent in euros(€) |
Main colors | Obverse | Reverse | Watermark |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,000 lire | 112 x 62 mm | €0.516 | Red-violet | Maria Montessori | Montessori education | Maria Montessori | |
2,000 lire | 118 x 60 mm | €1.03 | Dark brown | Guglielmo Marconi | Marconi's yacht "Elettra"; Radio towers at Marconi's stationGlace BayinNova Scotia;telegraph | Guglielmo Marconi | |
5,000 lire | 126 x 70 mm | €2.58 | Olive-green and blue | Vincenzo Bellini;interior ofTeatro Massimo Bellini(Catania) | Scene from Bellini's opera "Norma"; Allegory of "Lyrics" | Vincenzo Bellini | |
10,000 lire | 133 x 70 mm | €5.16 | Dark blue | Alessandro Volta;theVoltaic pile | TheTempio VoltianoMuseum inComo | Alessandro Volta | |
50,000 lire | 150 x 70 mm | €25.82 | Red-violet or Violet and dull green | Gian Lorenzo Bernini;Triton FountaininRome | Equestrian statue (by Bernini), interior ofSt. Peter's Basilica(Vatican City) | Gian Lorenzo Bernini | |
100,000 lire | 156 x 70 mm | €51.65 | Dark brown, reddish brown and pale green | Caravaggio,couple from Caravaggio's painting "The Fortune Teller" | Fruit basketin the background | Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi) | |
500,000 lire | 163 x 78 mm | €258.23 | Deep purple, dark blue and bright green | Raffaello;Triumph of Galatea | The School of Athens | Raphael |
Gallery[edit]
-
500 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1947
-
1,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1947
-
5,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1947
-
10,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1948
-
500 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1966
-
1,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1969
-
5,000 lire – obverse and reverse – 1971 (1964)
-
10,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1962
-
50,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1967
-
100,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1967
-
500 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1974
-
1,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1982
-
2,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1973
-
5,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1979
-
10,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1976
-
20,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1975
-
50,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1977
-
100,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1978
-
1,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1990
-
2,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1990
-
5,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1985
-
10,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1984
-
50,000 lire – obverse and reverse – 1992 (1984)
-
100,000 lire – obverse and reverse – 1994 (1983)
-
500,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1997
[edit]
Vatican City[edit]
TheVatican lira(pl.:lire) was the official unit of theVatican CityState. It was at par with the Italian lira under the terms on the concordat with Italy. Italian lira notes and coins were legal tender in the Vatican City, and vice versa. Specific Vatican coins were minted in Rome, and were legal tender also in Italy and San Marino.
The Vatican City switched to the euro along with Italy and San Marino. As with old Vatican lira coins, the Vatican City hasits own setofeuro coins.
San Marino[edit]
TheSammarinese lira(pl.:lire) was the official unit ofSan Marino.Like the Vatican lira, the Sammarinese lira was at par with the Italian lira.
Italian lira notes and coins were legal tender in San Marino (and vice versa). Specific Sammarinese coins were minted in Rome, and were legal tender in Italy, as well as the Vatican City.
San Marino switched to the euro along with Italy and the Vatican City. As with old Sammarinese lira coins, the country hasits own setofeuro coins.
Miniassegni[edit]
Miniassegni(sg.:miniassegno) were a type ofnotgeldthat circulated in Italy in the late 1970s in place of change, as in that period small-denomination coins were scarce and were often substituted with candy,stamps,telephone tokens,or even public transport tickets. The first miniassegni appeared in December 1975, and they were subsequently issued by many banks; they had nominal values of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 lire.
Restoration[edit]
In 2005, theLega Nordlaunched a campaign to reintroduce the lira as a parallel currency.[17]In 2014,Beppe Grillo,leader of theFive Star Movement,also raised the same point.[18]
See also[edit]
- History of coins in Italy
- Economy of Italy
- Italian euro coins
- Economy of San Marino
- Sammarinese euro coins
- Economy of Vatican City
- Vatican euro coins
References[edit]
- ^"lira".The Chambers Dictionary(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.ISBN0-550-10105-5.
- ^The last country to abandon the Carolingian system wasNigeriain 1973, when thepoundwas replaced by thenaira.
- ^"Poesie e Prose in dialetto".dialettando.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-07-02.Retrieved2009-07-30.
- ^"Banca d'Italia Annual Report for 1982 - page 187"(PDF).bancaditalia.it.31 May 1983.Retrieved2022-06-20.
- ^"Aminiassegniissued by the Banca Popolare di Milano using "LIT." as the currency sign ".20 June 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-12-06.Retrieved2022-06-20.
- ^"A cheque issued by the Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana di Gaudiano di Lavello using a script version of" Lit. "".30 August 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-12-06.Retrieved2022-06-20.
- ^"Italy".CIA World Factbook 1990 - page 178.1 April 1990.Retrieved2022-06-21.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - ^"1933 Registration Form of the Reale Automobile Club d'Italia prominently displaying" £50'000 "in handwriting".Archivedfrom the original on 2022-12-06.Retrieved2022-06-20.
- ^"An old price display sign in use in Sicily marked with both the lira and euro signs".Archivedfrom the original on 2022-12-06.Retrieved2022-06-20.
- ^"Category:Coins of the Kingdom of Italy by year".
- ^"Category:Coins of the Italian Republic by year".
- ^Kelly, Patrick (1821)."Venice".The Universal Cambist, and Commercial Instructor: Being a Full and Accurate Treatise on the Exchanges, Monies, Weights and Measures of All Trading Nations and Their Colonies; with an Account of Their Banks, Public Funds, and Paper Currencies, Volume 1.London: Lackington Allen and Co. p. 344.See also Milan p 254; Parma p 275
- ^European Central Bank (31 December 1998)."Determination of the euro conversion rates".ecb.europa.eu.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-06-27.Retrieved2015-06-26.
- ^Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).Standard Catalog of World Coins:1801–1991(18th ed.). Krause Publications.ISBN0873411501.
- ^"Libero - Community - I siti personali".digilander.libero.it.
- ^This note was issued briefly in 1975, with a limited reprinting in 1985, so there were few of them in circulation
- ^"Northern League launch campaign to revive lira".euobserver.20 June 2005.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-10-21.Retrieved2014-10-17.
- ^Squires, Nick (4 March 2013)."Grillo warns of return to the lira".Sydney Morning Herald.Retrieved18 June2022.
External links[edit]
- Overview of Italian lira from the BBC
- The pre-euro banknotes of Italy(in English and German)
- Currencies with ISO 4217 code
- Pound (currency)
- 1861 establishments in Italy
- Currencies of Italy
- Currencies replaced by the euro
- Currencies of Europe
- Finance in Italy
- Franc
- Modern obsolete currencies
- Currencies of San Marino
- Currencies of Vatican City
- Currencies introduced in 1861
- Obsolete Italian currencies
- 2002 disestablishments in Italy