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Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria

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Ivan Alexander
Portrait, miniature from theGospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander(1355–1356)
Tsar of Bulgaria
Reign1331 – 17 February 1371
PredecessorIvan Stephen
SuccessorIvan Shishman
Ivan Sratsimir
Died(1371-02-17)17 February 1371
SpouseTheodora of Wallachia
Sarah (Theodora)
Issuesee below
DynastySratsimir
FatherSratsimir
MotherKeratsa Petritsa
ReligionEastern Orthodox

Ivan Alexander(Bulgarian:Иван Александър,transliteratedIvan Aleksandǎr,[1]pronounced[iˈvanɐlɛkˈsandɐr];original spelling:ІѠАНЪ АЛЄѮАНдРЪ),[2]also sometimesanglicizedasJohn Alexander,[3]ruled asEmperor(Tsar) ofBulgariafrom 1331 to 1371,[4]during theSecond Bulgarian Empire.The date of his birth is unknown. He died on 17 February 1371. The long reign of Ivan Alexander is considered a transitional period in Bulgarian medieval history. Ivan Alexander began his rule by dealing with internal problems and external threats from Bulgaria's neighbours, theByzantine EmpireandSerbia,as well as leading his empire into a period of economic recovery and cultural and religious renaissance.[5]

However, the emperor was later unable to cope with the mounting incursions ofOttomanforces,Hungarianinvasions from the northwest and theBlack Death.[4]In an ill-fated attempt to combat these problems, he divided the country between his two sons,[6][7]thus forcing it to face the imminent Ottoman conquest weakened and divided.[4][7]

Early rule

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Ivan Alexander was the son of theDespotSracimir ofKranbyPetrica,a sister ofMichael Asen III of Bulgaria.[8]Therefore, Ivan Alexander was a nephew of Michael Asen III.[5][6]Paternally, Ivan Alexander descended from theAsen dynasty.[5][6]By 1330 Ivan Alexander was himself adespotand governed the city ofLovech.Together with his father and his father-in-lawBasarabofWallachia,Ivan Alexander fought in theBattle of Velbazhdagainst the Serbs at modern-dayKyustendilin 1330, in which Bulgaria suffered defeat. The defeat, combined with the worsening relations with the Byzantine Empire, precipitated an internal crisis, which was exacerbated by an invasion of the Byzantines. Acoup d'étatdroveIvan Stefanout of the capitalTarnovoin 1331, and the conspirators placed Ivan Alexander on the throne.[9]

Contemporary mural portrait of Ivan Alexander from theRock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo

The new ruler set about consolidating his position by regaining territories recently lost to the Byzantine Empire. In 1331 Ivan Alexander campaigned aroundAdrianopleand reconquered northeasternThrace.[5][6]Meanwhile,Stefan Uroš IV Dušandeposed his fatherStefan Uroš III Dečanskiand becameSerbian kingin 1331. This helped normalize the previously tense relations between the two countries. Ivan Alexander and Stefan Uroš IV Dušan concluded an alliance, which was cemented by the marriage of the Serbian king toHelena of Bulgaria,a sister of Ivan Alexander, onEaster1332.[5][6][10]

At about the same time,Belaur,a brother of Michael Asen III, rebelled inVidin,probably in support of his deposed nephew Ivan Stefan's claim to the throne. The advance of the Byzantine EmperorAndronikos III Palaiologosagainst Bulgaria in the summer of 1332 protracted military operations against the rebels. The Byzantines overran Bulgarian-controlled northeastern Thrace, but Ivan Alexander rushed southward with a small army and swiftly caught up with Andronikos III at Rusokastro.[10]

Nobody of our first tsars seems to us like this great tsar Ivan Alexander, in his military power he looks to us like a second ancientAlexander the Great,in faith and piety he is a secondSaint Constantine;he captured thus all his enemies, put them under his knees and established firm peace in the Universe.[11]

— Praise to Ivan Alexander[12]by an anonymous contemporary of the tsar

After giving the impression that he wished to negotiate, Ivan Alexander, reinforced byMongolcavalry, overwhelmed the smaller but better organized Byzantine army in theBattle of Rusokastro.[6]The contested cities surrendered to Ivan Alexander, while Andronikos III sought refuge within the walls of Rusokastro. The war ended with Ivan Alexander meeting Andronikos and agreeing a peace based on thestatus quo.To seal the alliance, he betrothed his eldest son, Michael Asen IV, to Andronikos's daughter Maria (Eirene), the marriage eventually taking place in 1339.[6][13]The Bulgarian emperor was now free to turn his attentions to Belaur, but it was not until 1336 or 1337 that the rebellion in the northwest was put down.[14]

In about 1332 Ivan Alexander had crowned his eldest son Michael Asen IV co-emperor, perhaps to safeguard possession of the throne by his own family. He followed up this traditional association with the coronation of his younger sonsIvan Sracimirand Ivan Asen IV in 1337. Ivan Alexander may have intended the creation of two younger co-emperors to establish immediate control over important cities and regions, as Ivan Sracimir was eventually based in Vidin, and Ivan Asen IV perhaps inPreslav.Nevertheless, this was a marked departure from Byzantine practice, in which younger sons of the sovereign were made despots, whether they were charged with a territorial administration or not.[15]

Relations with the Byzantine Empire

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See also:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
The Bulgarian lands during the reign of Ivan Alexander[16]

In the early 1340s relations with the Byzantine Empire temporarily deteriorated. Ivan Alexander demanded the extradition of his cousinŠišman,one of the sons of Michael Asen III, threatening the Byzantine government with war. Ivan Alexander's show of force backfired, as the Byzantines managed to see through his intentions and sent against him the fleet of their ally, the Turkishemir of SmyrnaUmur Beg.Landing in theDanube Delta,they pillaged the countryside and attacked nearby Bulgarian cities. Forced to restrain his demands, Ivan Alexander invaded the Byzantine Empire again at the end of 1341, claiming that he was summoned by the people of Adrianople.[17]However, Ivan Alexander's troops were defeated twice by Turkish allies of the Byzantines near the city.[18]

In 1341–1347 the Byzantine Empire was plunged into aprotracted civil warbetween the regency for EmperorJohn V PalaiologosunderAnna of Savoyand his intended guardianJohn VI Kantakouzenos.The neighbours of the Byzantines took advantage of the civil war, and while Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia sided with John VI Kantakouzenos, Ivan Alexander backed John V Palaiologos and his regency.[6]Although the two Balkan rulers picked opposite sides in the Byzantine civil war, they maintained their alliance with each other. As the price for Ivan Alexander's support, the regency for John V Palaiologos ceded him the city of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and nine important fortresses in theRhodope Mountainsin 1344.[4][19]This peaceful turnover constituted the last major success of Ivan Alexander's foreign policy.[citation needed]

Rise of Serbia and the Ottoman threat

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See also:Serbian Empire,Rise of the Ottoman Empire,andBulgarian–Ottoman wars
Silver coin of Ivan Alexander, Bulgaria, 1331–1371

During the same period, the Serbian king took advantage of the Byzantine civil war to take possession of what is nowMacedonia,and of most ofAlbaniaand northernGreece.In 1345 he began to call himself "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks", and in 1346 he was crowned as such by the newly createdSerbian Patriarch.[6]These actions, which the Byzantines received with indignation, appear to have been supported by Bulgaria, as thePatriarch of BulgariaSimeon had participated in both the creation of aSerbian Patriarchate of Pećand the imperial coronation of Stefan Uroš IV Dušan.[20]

By the second half of the 1340s, little remained of Ivan Alexander's initial successes. John VI Kantakouzenos' Turkish allies pillaged parts of Bulgarian Thrace in 1346, 1347, 1349, 1352 and 1354, to which were added the ravages of the Black Death.[21]The Bulgarians' attempts to repel the invaders met with repeated failure, and Ivan Alexander's third son and co-emperor, Ivan Asen IV, was killed in battle against the Turks in 1349, as was his older brotherMichael Asen IVin 1355 or a little earlier.[22]

By 1351 the Byzantine civil war was over, and John VI Kantakouzenos had realized the threat posed by the Ottomans to theBalkan Peninsula.He appealed to the rulers of Serbia and Bulgaria for a united effort against the Turks and asked Ivan Alexander for money to construct warships,[6][23]but his appeals fell on deaf ears as his neighbours distrusted his intentions.[24]A new attempt for cooperation between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire followed in 1355,[25]after John VI Kantakouzenos had been forced to abdicate and John V Palaiologos had been established as supreme emperor. To cement the treaty, Ivan Alexander's daughterKeraca Marija[26]was married off to the future Byzantine EmperorAndronikos IV Palaiologos,[4]but the alliance failed to produce concrete results.[27]

Further stability problems and external conflicts

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Coin depicting Ivan Alexander with one of his sons, co-emperor Michael Asen IV (right)

At home Ivan Alexander compromised the internal stability of his realm by divorcing his first wifeTheodora of Wallachia(in about 1349) and marrying a convertedJew,also namedTheodora.[6]The new marriage produced new sons, whom Ivan Alexander proceeded to crown co-emperors,Ivan Šišmanin about 1356 andIvan Asen Vby 1359. Ivan Alexander's last surviving son from his first marriage, the co-emperor Ivan Sracimir, became effectively independent around 1356;[6]and Ivan Alexander's control over other powerful vassals, such as the rulers ofWallachiaandDobruja,who pursued their own foreign policies, was hardly stronger.[28]

From the middle of the 14th century, Bulgaria fell prey to the aspirations of theAngevinkingLouis I of Hungary,who annexedMoldaviain 1352 and established a vassal principality there, beforeconquering Vidinin 1365,[6][23]and taking Ivan Sratsimir and his family into captivity.[6][28]

Military campaign of Amadeus VI against Bulgaria (1366–67)

In the meantime Bulgarians and Byzantines had clashed again in 1364. In 1366, when EmperorJohn V Palaiologoswas returning from his trip to the west, the Bulgarians refused to let him pass through Bulgaria. This stance backfired, as another Byzantine ally, CountAmadeus VI of Savoy,leading theSavoyard crusade,captured several Bulgarian maritime cities in retaliation, including Ankhialos (Pomorie) and Mesembria (Nesebǎr), though he failed to takeVarna.Outmanoeuvred, Ivan Alexander was forced to make peace.[29]

The captured cities were turned over to the Byzantine Empire, while Emperor John V Palaiologos paid the sum of 180,000florinsto Ivan Alexander.[6]The Bulgarian emperor used this sum and territorial concessions to induce his at leastde jurevassalsDobroticaof Dobruja[30]andVladislav I of Wallachia[31][32]to reconquer Vidin from the Hungarians.[33]The war was successful, and Ivan Sracimir was reinstalled in Vidin in 1369, although the Hungarian king forced him to acknowledge his overlordship.[34]

The relatively successful resolution of the crisis in the northwest did nothing to help recover the losses in the southeast. To make matters worse, in 1369 (the date is disputed), the Ottoman Turks underMurad Iconquered Adrianople (in 1363) and made it the effective capital of their expanding state. At the same time, they also captured the Bulgarian cities of Philippopolis and Boruj (Stara Zagora).[35]As Bulgaria and the Serbian princes in Macedonia prepared for united action against the Turks, Ivan Alexander died on 17 February 1371.[36]He was succeeded by his sons Ivan Sracimir in Vidin[23]and Ivan Shishman in Tarnovo,[23]while the rulers of Dobruja and Wallachia achieved further independence.[citation needed]

Culture and religion

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See also:Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School
Contemporarydonor portraitinfrescoof Ivan Alexander from theBachkovo Monasteryossuary

During Ivan Alexander's rule, the Second Bulgarian Empire entered a period of cultural renaissance, which is sometimes referred to as the "Second Golden Age of Bulgarian culture",[37][verification needed]the original one being the rule ofSimeon the Great.[38]A large number of Bulgarian monasteries and churches were constructed or renovated on the order of Ivan Alexander.[4][39]Muralportraits of him as a donorcan be seen in theBachkovo Monastery's ossuary and in theRock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo.[citation needed]Donor's deeds of Ivan Alexander prove that the monasteries of the Holy Mother of God Eleoussa and St Nicholas in Nesebǎr were reconstructed during that period,[6][verification needed]as was theSt Nicholas monasterynearPernik,according to aHilandarmonastery deed.[citation needed]In addition, the tsar also initiated the construction of theDragalevciandKilifarevomonasteries.[6]

Literary activity also flourished during the reign of Ivan Alexander. Several important literary works were created in the period, such as theMiddle Bulgariantranslation of theManasses Chronicle(1344–1345), currently preserved in theVatican Secret ArchivesinRome,[6][40]the richly illustratedTetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander(1355–1356), now exhibited in theBritish Library,[41]theTomić Psalter(1360), today inMoscow,[6]and theSofia Psalter(1337).[42]

Ivan Alexander's rule was also marked by efforts to strengthen the position of theBulgarian Orthodox Churchby pursuinghereticsand Jews.[citation needed]He organized two anti-heretical church councils, in 1350 and 1359–1360,[citation needed]that condemned various sects[6][verification needed]such as theBogomils,theAdamitesand theJudaizers.[6][43]

The spiritual practice ofhesychasm,a form of incantatory prayer, deeply influenced certain areas of theEastern Orthodoxworld of the 14th century. A notable Bulgarian representative of the movement during Ivan Alexander's reign wasTheodosius of Tǎrnovo.[citation needed]

During this time, the Bulgarian Empire had trade relations with theMediterraneanmaritime powersVenice,GenoaandRagusa.[44]In 1353, Ivan Alexander issued a charter allowing Venetian merchants to buy and sell goods throughout Bulgaria afterDogeAndrea Dandoloassured him they would observe the prior treaties between the two countries.[45]

In modern times, the rule of Ivan Alexander inspired Bulgarian national writerIvan Vazovto write thenoveletteIvan-Aleksandǎr[citation needed]and thedramaKǎm propast(Towards an Abyss), in both of which the tsar is the main character.[citation needed]

A piece of a garment signed by Ivan Alexander and interwoven with gold was discovered in a noble's grave nearPirotin the 1970s; today it is preserved in theNational Museum of SerbiainBelgrade.It is the first find of its kind, demonstrating a medieval tradition attested in writing according to which Orthodox rulers would present their most eminent dignitaries with a piece of a garment they had worn.[46]

Ivan Alexander PointonNelson Islandin theSouth Shetland Islands,Antarcticais named after Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria.[47]

Family

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With his first wifeTheodora of Wallachia(nun Teofana), a daughter ofBasarab I,he had:

With his second wifeSarah-Theodora,Ivan Alexander had several other children:

Family tree of Ivan Alexander[8][26]
Sracimir of Krǎn Petrica
1 2
Theodora of Wallachia Ivan Alexander
(d. 1371, ruled 1331–1371) 		Sarah (Theodora)
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
Michael Asen IV Thamar (Kera Tamara) Ivan Šišman
(b. 1350–1351, d. 1395,
ruled 1371–1395) 		Ivan Asen V Vasilisa
Ivan Asen IV Ivan Sracimir
(b. c. 1324, d. c. 1397,
ruled 1356–1397) 		Keraca Marija
(b. 1348, d. 1390) 		Desislava

Timeline

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Timeline of Ivan Alexander's life

Notes

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  1. ^This article uses theUnited Nations-authorizedscientific transliterationsystem to romanizeBulgarian Cyrillic.For details, seeRomanization of Bulgarian.
  2. ^As spelled in theZograf and Orjahov Charters.Daskalova, Angelina; Marija Rajkova (2005).Gramoti na bǎlgarskite care(in Bulgarian). Sofia:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.pp. 58–59.ISBN954-322-034-4.
  3. ^For example in"John Alexander (emperor of Bulgaria)".Encyclopædia BritannicaOnline.Retrieved19 January2007.
  4. ^abcdefLalkov,Rulers of Bulgaria,pp. 42–43.
  5. ^abcdeBǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija,2.1
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuDelev,Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas
  7. ^abCastellan, Georges (1999).Histoire des Balkans, XIVe–XXe siècle(in French).Paris:Fayard.p. 42.ISBN2-213-60526-2.
  8. ^abcdBozhilov,Familiyata na Asenevtsi,pp. 192–235.
  9. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,p. 273.
  10. ^abFine,Late Medieval Balkans,p. 274.
  11. ^Originally from theSofia Psalter,folios 311a–312b. Adapted by Canev,Bǎlgarski hroniki,pp. 459–460.
  12. ^Full original text inMiddle Bulgarianavailable inArhangelskij, A. S. (1897)."Bolgarskij" pěsnivec "1337 goda." Pohvala "i otryvok psaltyrnago teksta".Izvestija ORJAS IAN(in Russian).Retrieved11 February2007.
  13. ^Božilov,Familijata na Asenevci,pp. 192–197.
  14. ^Andreev,Bǎlgarija prez vtorata četvǎrt na XIV v.,pp. 33–41.
  15. ^Andreev,Balgariya prez vtorata chetvart na XIV v.,pp. 23–52.
  16. ^Based on Lalkov,Rulers of Bulgaria
  17. ^Bakalov,Istorija na Bǎlgarija,"Esenta, 1341 g."
  18. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,pp. 292–293.
  19. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,p. 304.
  20. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,pp. 309–310.
  21. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,pp. 322, 325, 328.
  22. ^Andreev,Bǎlgarija prez vtorata četvǎrt na XIV v.,pp. 67–75.
  23. ^abcdBǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija,2.2
  24. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,p. 325.
  25. ^Bakalov,Istorija na Bǎlgarija,"1355 g."
  26. ^abBožilov, Ivan; Vasil Gjuzelev (2006).Istorija na srednovekovna Bǎlgarija VII–XIV vek (tom 1)(in Bulgarian). Anubis.ISBN954-426-204-0.
  27. ^Božilov,Familijata na Asenevci,pp. 218–224.
  28. ^abFine,Late Medieval Balkans,p. 366.
  29. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,p. 367.
  30. ^Bakalov,Istorija na Bǎlgarija,"Dobrotica (neizv.–okolo 1385)"
  31. ^Koledarov, Petǎr (1989).Političeska geografija na srednovekovnata bǎlgarska dǎržava 2 (1186–1396)(in Bulgarian).Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.pp. 13–25, 102.
  32. ^Miletič, Ljubomir (1896)."Dako-romǎnite i tjahnata slavjanska pismenost. Novi vlaho-bǎlgarski gramoti ot Brašov".Sbornik Za Narodni Umotvorenija, Nauka I Knižnina(in Bulgarian).2(13). Sofia: 47.Retrieved11 February2007.
  33. ^Bakalov,Istorija na Bǎlgarija,"Esenta, 1369 g."
  34. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,pp. 367–368.
  35. ^Tjutjundžiev and Pavlov,Bǎlgarskata dǎržava i osmanskata ekspanzija
  36. ^Fine,Late Medieval Balkans,p. 368.
  37. ^Kǎnev, Petǎr (2002)."Religion in Bulgaria after 1989".South-East Europe Review(1): 81. Archived fromthe originalon 29 July 2012.Retrieved18 February2007.
  38. ^ "1.2.3" Zlaten vek "na bǎlgarskata kultura".Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija(in Bulgarian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, Trud, Sirma. 2005. Archived fromthe originalon 7 September 2006.
  39. ^Sinodik na Car Boril,additions from the 13th and 14th century, cited in Canev,Bǎlgarski hroniki,p. 456.
  40. ^Gjuzelev, Vasil (1963)."Njakoi pametnici na starobǎlgarskata knižnina"(in Bulgarian). Kosmos. Archived fromthe originalon 24 February 2007.Retrieved19 January2007.
  41. ^"Gospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander".British Library. Archived fromthe originalon 13 February 2006.Retrieved25 March2006.
  42. ^Miltenova, Anisava (June 2005). "ИЗЛОЖБИ" [Exhibitions].Informacionen Bjuletin Na BAN(in Bulgarian) (89). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 24.ISSN1312-5311.
  43. ^Canev,Bǎlgarski hroniki,p. 457.
  44. ^glaven red.: Evgeni Golovinski (2005). "Ivan Aleksandǎr Asen (?–1371)".Bǎlgarska enciklopedija A–JA – treto osǎvremeneno izdanie(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Trud, Sirma.ISBN954-528-519-2.
  45. ^Bakalov,Istorija na Bǎlgarija,"Venecianska gramota"
  46. ^Beniševa, Daniela (18 November 2002)."Otkrita e unikalna zlatotkana dreha na Car Ivan Aleksandǎr"(in Bulgarian). Bǎlgarska armija. Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2007.Retrieved3 February2007.
  47. ^Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica:Ivan Alexander Point.
  48. ^Sugar, Pete (1983).Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804.University of Washington Press.p. 16.ISBN0-295-96033-7.
  49. ^Bozhilov, Familiyata na Asenevtsi, pp. 192–235.

References

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