Ivan Shuvalov

In this name that followsEastern Slavic naming customs,thepatronymicisIvanovichand thefamily nameisShuvalov.

His Excellency Ivan Shuvalov
Иван Шувалов
Ivan Shuvalov in 1760, as painted byF. Rokotov A variation ofL. Tokke's composition Canvas, oil. 68.6 × 54.2 cm Hermitage Museum,St. Petersburg
Born	(1727-11-12)12 November 1727 Moscow
Died	26 November 1797(1797-11-26)(aged 70) Shuvalov Mansion,Saint Petersburg
Nationality	Russian
Occupation	Minister of education
Partner	Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
Parent(s)	Ivan Maximovich Shuvalov Jr. Tatiana Rodionovna Ratislavskaya
Family	Shuvalov
Honours	Order of St. Alexander Nevsky(1751) Order of St. Vladimir1st Class (1782) Order of St. Andrew the First-Called(1782)
1st Curator ofImperial Moscow University
In office 1755–1797
Monarchs	Elizabeth Petrovna Peter III Catherine II
1st Senior Director ofImperial Academy of Arts
In office 1757–1763
Monarchs	Elizabeth Petrovna Peter III Catherine II
Succeeded by	Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy
Senior Director of theFirst Cadet Corps
In office 1763–1767
Monarch	Catherine II
Preceded by	Yakov Larionovich Brandt
Military service
Rank	Lieutenant-general

Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov(Russian:Иван Иванович Шувалов;1 November 1727 – 26 November 1797) was called theMaecenas(patron) of theRussian Enlightenment,the first Russian Minister of Education andActive Privy Councillor(1773). Russia's first theatre, university, andacademy of artswere instituted with his active participation. AfavoriteofElizaveta PetrovnaofRussia;friend of the scientistM.V. Lomonosov.

Love affair with the Empress

He was born in Moscow, the only son of Ivan Menshoi Shuvalov, an army captain who died when the boy was ten, and Tatiana Rodionovna. TheShuvalov familyfortunes changed drastically in 1741, when EmpressElizabeth Petrovnaascended to the Russian throne with help from Ivan's powerful cousins –Peter ShuvalovandAlexander Shuvalov.The following year, they had the fourteen-year-old Ivan attached to the imperial court as apage.

In July 1749, when Ivan was visiting his brother-in-law PrinceGalitzineat his country estate near Moscow, the Shuvalov brothers arranged his meeting with the Empress, who was making a pilgrimage to theMonastery of St. Sabbas.The Shuvalovs were not disappointed in their calculations: the 40-year-old Empress took notice of the handsome page, who was 18 years her junior, and bid him accompany her in the upcoming pilgrimage to theNew Jerusalem Monastery.

Three months later, Shuvalov was appointed aGentleman-In-Waiting,and his liaison with the Empress began. Although the cousins planned to use him as a pawn in their court intrigues, Shuvalov refused to get enmeshed in their machinations. As his biographers like to point out, Shuvalov was "mild and generous to all" and "had no enemies whatsoever".

Ivan Shuvalov byAnton Losenko

His position at court grew stronger during Elizabeth's declining years, when he served as a virtual master of petitions to her, eclipsing her previous favourite and rumoured husband,Aleksey Razumovsky.Promoted general in 1760, Shuvalov refused most other honours that the Empress wished to bestow upon him, including the title of count.

Patronage of Lomonosov

Unlike the self-seeking favourites ofCatherine the Great,Shuvalov determined to put his good fortune to constructive use for the advancement of education and the promotion of fine arts in his country. A model of the enlightened courtier, he maintained correspondence with the leading French thinkers –Helvetius,d'Alembert,Diderot,andVoltaire.He supplied the latter with materials necessary for hisHistoire de l'empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grandand was later instrumental in publishing it in Russia.

Shuvalov's activity brought him in touch withMikhail Lomonosov,a Russian scholar who aspired to establish a university in Russia. Lomonosov found a loyal patron in Shuvalov and paid tribute to his accomplishments in his dedication of a couple of odes and "meditations" to him. On 23 January 1755 – the name-day of Shuvalov's mother Tatiana Rodionovna – the Empress endorsed their project to set up theImperial Moscow University"for all sorts and conditions of people".Tatiana Dayis still celebrated in Russia as "Students Day" (now falling on 25 January because of the increased difference between theJulianandGregoriancalendars).

Shuvalov became the university's first curator and attracted the finest scholars to teach there. He came up with the idea of establishingThe Moscow News(Московские ведомости), a newspaper published by the university press, which was also founded at Shuvalov's instigation. Apart from two colleges affiliated with Moscow University, he also helped establish the first Russian college outside Moscow – inKazan.He was elected aFellow of the Royal Societyin 1758.

Academy of Arts

In 1757, Shuvalov submitted to theGoverning Senatehis project for establishing the Academy of Three Noble Arts at his own palace inSaint Petersburg.This institution – later transformed into theImperial Academy of Arts– was envisioned by him for the education of the most gifted boys from all strata of society. At first no formal examination was required to enter the Academy; even peasants' children – likeFyodor RokotovandFedot Shubin– were admitted on Shuvalov's personal recommendation.

View of Ivan Shuvalov's art gallery.

Shuvalov served as the Academy's first president until 1763, when he was succeeded byIvan Betskoy.In 1758, he donated to the Academy his own collection of Western drawings and paintings, which formed the nucleus of its formidable holdings of fine art. At the time, his palace also hosted performances by Russia's first theatrical troupe, led byFyodor VolkovandIvan Dmitrievsky.

Upon Elizabeth's death and the ascension ofCatherine II,Shuvalov set off for Europe, ostensibly with the purpose of improving his frail health. During fourteen years of foreign travels, he acquired choice works of art for the Academy and theHermitage Museum.He also commissioned copies of the finest Roman sculptures in Rome,FlorenceandNaplesand later presented these to the Academy of Arts.

Later years

As regards politics, Shuvalov's life abroad was not as exciting as the previous period of his career. On Catherine II's request, he would go on diplomatic errands; thus it was he who persuadedPope Pius VIto replace Durini, aRussophobicnuncioatWarsaw,with the more pliant CountGiuseppe Garampi.

His eventual return to Russia in 1777 occasionedDerzhavin's well-knownepistle,while the Empress made him High Chamberlain. Shuvalov's mansion was to be frequented by the new generation of Russian intellectuals:Ekaterina Dashkova,Denis Fonvizin,Mikhail Kheraskov,Ivan Dmitriev,andAleksandr Shishkov– many of them products of the university he had established. While living at his palace, the poetErmil Kostrovproduced the first Russian translation of theIliad.

After his imperial lover's demise, Shuvalov never married and had no children. He died at theShuvalov MansioninSaint Petersburgon 14 November 1797. His tomb is in theAnnunciation Churchof theAlexander Nevsky Monastery.In 2003, a memorial statue of Shuvalov was unveiled in the inner court of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. Its sculptor isZurab Tsereteli,the current president of the Academy that Shuvalov founded. Another commemorative statue was erected in front of theMoscow State UniversityLibrary in 2004.

Bibliography

• Pavel Bartenev.Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov: A Biography.Moscow, 1857.
• Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727–1797): prosveshchonnaya lichnost' v rossiiskoi istorii.SPb, 1998.
• Zinko, M. A. (2023)."ШУВАЛОВ ИВАН ИВАНОВИЧ".Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version.Retrieved2 October2023.

External links

• (in Russian)Ivan Shuvalov on the website of the Russian Academy of Arts
• Ivan ShuvalovatFind a Grave