Jèrriais
Jèrriais | |
---|---|
jèrriais | |
Native to | JerseyandSark |
Native speakers | 1,900 (2011 census)[1] 2,800L2 speakersof Jersey and Guernsey [citation needed] |
Early forms | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Jersey |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | nrf (incl.Guernésiais) |
Glottolog | jerr1238 |
ELP | Jèrriais |
Linguasphere | 51-AAA-hc |
IETF | nrf-JE[3][4] |
Jèrriais is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger[5] | |
Jèrriais(French:Jersiais[ʒɛʁzjɛ];also known as theJersey language,Jersey FrenchandJersey Norman Frenchin English) is aRomance languageand the traditional language of theJersey people.It is a form of theNorman languagespoken inJersey,an island in theChannel Islandsarchipelago off the coast ofFrance.Its closest relatives are the other Norman languages, such asGuernésiais,spoken in neighbouringGuernsey,and the otherlangues d'oïl.
Use ofJèrriaishas been in decline over the past century, asEnglishhas increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration on Jersey. There are very few people who speak Jèrriais as a mother tongue and, owing to the age of the remaining speakers, their numbers decrease annually. Despite this, efforts are being made to keep the language alive.
The language ofSark,Sercquiais,is a descendant of the Jèrriais brought by the Jersey colonists who settled Sark in the 16th century, withmutual intelligibilitywith theNorman languageof mainlandNormandy.
Jèrriais is often called "Jersey French" or "Jersey Norman French" in English (though this may give the impression that the language is adialectofFrench) andjersiaisornormand de Jerseyin French. Jèrriais is distinct from theJersey Legal Frenchused for legal contracts, laws and official documents by the government and administration of Jersey. For this reason, some prefer using the term "Jersey Norman" to avoid ambiguity and to dissociate the language from standard French.
History[edit]
Although few now speak Jèrriais as a first language, until the 19th century it was used as the everyday language for the majority of the population of Jersey; even as late as the beginning of theSecond World War,up to half the population could still communicate in the language.[a]Despite this, awareness of the decline of language use became apparent in the 19th century in scholarly circles. Among foreign linguists,Louis Lucien Bonapartevisited Jersey and interested himself in the language and its literature.Victor Hugo,during his exile in Jersey, took an interest in the language and numbered some Jèrriais writers among his circle of acquaintances and supporters.
Sir Robert Pipon Marett's prestige and influence helped to reinforce the movement toward standardisation of the writing system based on French orthography, a trend which was also helped by the Norman literary revival beginning in the neighbouringCotentin Peninsulaof mainlandNormandy,where writers inspired by the example of the Norman writers of Jersey and Guernsey, also began to produce literary works. However, differing (if mutually comprehensible) writing systems have been adopted in Jersey, Guernsey, and mainlandNormandy.It is sometimes asked whether Jèrriais should move to a writing system based on Frenchorthography;however, this would have implications for the continuity of the literary tradition over two centuries or more, though some features of the language's writing system, such as the digraph "th" for the typicaldental fricativeof Jèrriais, have evidently been borrowed from English orthography.
As English became dominant in Jersey in the 20th century, efforts were made to preserve the Jèrriais language. TheJersey Eisteddfodhas included a Jèrriais section since 1912. Associations were founded;L'Assembliée d'Jèrriaiswas founded in 1951, whileLe Don Balleineis a trust set up in accordance with the will of Arthur E. Balleine (1864–1943), who bequeathed funds for the promotion of the language.L'Assembliée d'Jèrriaislaunched a quarterly magazine in 1952, which has been published since (with the occasional hiatus, and latterly under the editorship ofLe Don Balleine); a standard grammarLé Jèrriais pour tous(by Paul Birt) appeared in 1985; cassettes, booklets and other materials have also been produced.
George d'la Forge's maintenance of the language in the North American diaspora is not as surprising as it might seem, as considerable numbers of Jersey people had been involved in the economic development and exploitation of the New World (seeNew Jersey). Much of the concentration focused on thecodfisheries of theGaspé peninsulainQuebec,Canada,which were controlled into the early 20th century by Jersey-based companies or companies of Jersey origin employing Jersey labour. The common language of business was Jèrriais, and it is reported[by whom?]that there were still some Jèrriais-speakers in Gaspé villages in the 1960s. The Gaspesian expression"faire une runne"(to go and work outside the region) comes from the Jèrriais word "run" applied to a fishing station.[6]
The use of Jèrriais is also noted during the GermanOccupation of the Channel Islandsduring the Second World War; the local population used it among themselves as a language which neither the occupying Germans, nor their French interpreters, could understand. However, the social and economic upheaval of the War meant that use of English increased dramatically after the Liberation.
It is considered that the last monolingual adult speakers probably died in the 1950s[citation needed],although monolingual children were being received into schools in St. Ouen as late as the late 1970s.[citation needed]
Famous Jèrriais speakers includeLillie Langtryand SirJohn Everett Millais,thePre-Raphaelitepainter, who are reported to have spoken to each other in the language when he was painting her portrait.
Dictionaries[edit]
The history of Jèrriaisdictionariesgoes back to 19th centurymanuscriptglossariesof Philippe Langlois, A. A. Le Gros, and Thomas Gaudin. These were later revised and expanded into theGlossaire du Patois Jersiaispublished in 1924 byLaSociété Jersiaise.The 1960Glossary of Jersey French(Nichol Spence) recorded Jèrriais in a phonetic script. The 1924Glossaireinspired the research by Frank Le Maistre that culminated in theDictionnaire Jersiais–Françaispublished in 1966 to mark the 900th anniversary of the Norman Conquest of England. The first practical English–Jèrriais dictionary was theEnglish-Jersey Language Vocabulary(Albert Carré in collaboration with Frank Le Maistre and Philip de Veulle, 1972) which was itself based on theDictionnaire Jersiais–Français.A children's picture dictionary,Les Preunmié Mille Mots,was published byLa Société Jersiaisein 2000. In 2005, a Jèrriais–English dictionary,Dictionnaithe Jèrriais-Angliaiswas published byLa Société Jersiaise,in collaboration withLe Don Balleine.A revised, modernised and expanded English–Jèrriais dictionary,Dictionnaithe Angliais-Jèrriais,was published in 2008 byLe Don Balleine.[7]
Status[edit]
The latest figures come from the Jersey Annual Social Survey issued on 5 December 2012.[8]The survey of 4200 households took place in June 2012 and resulted in 2400 returns. It showed that 18% of the population could speak some Jèrriais words and phrases, with more than 7% of those over 65 being fluent or able to speak a significant amount of Jèrriais. Two-thirds of adults said that they could not understand spoken Jèrriais, but more than a quarter were able to understand some, and 5% could usually or fully understand someone speaking Jèrriais. 4% of people said that they could write some Jèrriais, although under 1% could write fluently. Just under a third (32%) said that they could understand something written in Jèrriais.
These figures update those of the census of 2001, which showed that approximately 3% of the island's population spoke Jèrriais in their personal interactions, although research suggests that up to 15% of the population have some understanding of the language. The latest census figures also showed an increase in declarations of children speaking the language: the first such increase recorded in census figures (although this may be due to greater consciousness among parents rather than to language use), doubtless encouraged by the introduction of a Jèrriais teaching programme into Jersey schools.
Theparishwith the highest proportion of Jèrriais speakers (8%) isSaint Ouen,and the parish with the lowest proportion (2.1%) isSaint Helier,although that is the largest parish and has the highest number of Jèrriais speakers. The number of census respondents who stated that they "usually" spoke Jèrriais was 113; 2,761 respondents stated that they "sometimes" spoke it. A survey carried out among a sample of Jèrriais speakers in 1996 found that 18% spoke the language more often than English, 66% spoke it as often as English, and 16% spoke it less often than English.[9]
TheStates of Jerseyfund the teaching programme in schools and provide some support in terms of signage, such as welcome signs at harbours and the airport. Ratification of theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languagesis under discussion. In September 2005, the States approved the development of a cultural strategy, one of whose strategic objectives was as follows:
Jersey almost lost its language in the 20th century. By 2001 there were less than 3,000 speakers of Jèrriais. In the 21st century strenuous efforts are being made to re-establish it.Le Don Balleine,funded by the States, is leading a programme in schools teaching Jèrriais.L'Assembliée d'Jèrriaispromotes the language generally. Language brings distinctiveness, a sense of localness and a whole new set of skills all of which are important qualities in attracting the creative economy. It is fundamental to the Island's identity. This objective is to work with these organisations to help in the revival and status of the language.[10]
In September 2009, a partnership agreement was signed by the Minister for Education, Sport and Culture and the President ofLe Don Balleineto formalise the role ofL'Office du Jèrriaisin protecting and promoting Jèrriais and to develop a language plan to help make the language more prominent on a daily basis; there is newspaper and radio output in the language, and as part of the language's promotion, from 2010,Jersey banknotescarry the value of the note written out in Jèrriais.[11]Jèrriais is currently classified as "threatened" by theEndangered Languages Project.[12]
Jèrriais is recognised as a regional language by the British and Irish governments within the framework of theBritish–Irish Council.On 13 February 2019, the States of Jersey adopted Jèrriais as an official language, and the language is set to be used on signage and official letter headings.[13]
Literature[edit]
The tradition of literature in Jèrriais can be traced back toWace,a 12th century Jersey-born poet, although there is little surviving literature in Jèrriais dating to before the introduction of the first printing press in Jersey in the 1780s. The first printed Jèrriais appeared in the first newspapers at the end of the 18th century, and the earliest identified dated example of printed poetry is a fragment byMatchi L'Gé(Matthew Le Geyt1777 – 1849), dated to 1795. A boom in competing newspapers and journals throughout the 19th century provided a platform for poets and writers to publish regularly – typically, satirical comment on the week's news, elections, Jersey politicians and notables. The first printed anthology of Jèrriais poetry,Rimes Jersiaises,was published in 1865.
Influential writers include "Laelius" (SirRobert Pipon Marett1820 – 1884,Bailiffof Jersey, 1880–1884), "A.A.L.G." (Augustus Aspley Le Gros,1840–1877), and "St.-Luorenchais" (Philippe Langlois,1817–1884). "Elie" (Edwin J. Luce,1881–1918) was editor of the French language newspaperLa Nouvelle Chronique de Jersey,and a poet who wrote topical poems for the newspaper. He was also active in promoting the development of drama in Jèrriais and organised performances, ultimately leading to the establishment of a Jèrriais section of theJersey Eisteddfodin 1912.
During theGerman occupation of the Channel Islands,Nazi censors permitted little original writing to be published. However, many older pieces of literature were re-published in the newspapers as an act of cultural self-assertion and morale-boosting. Following the end of Occupation, and with the re-establishment of the free press,Edward Le Brocq(1877–1964) revived a weekly column in 1946 with a letter from"Ph'lip et Merrienne",supposedly a traditional old couple who would comment on the latest news or recall times past.
The most influential writer of Jèrriais in the 20th century was a U.S. citizen,George Francis Le Feuvre(1891–1984), whose pen-name was "George d'la Forge". He emigrated to North America after theFirst World War,but for almost forty years maintained a flow of articles in Jèrriais back to Jersey for publication in newspapers. Selections of his articles have been published in book form.
Frank Le Maistre(1910–2002), compiler of the dictionaryDictionnaire Jersiais–Français,maintained a literary output starting in the 1930s with newspaper articles under the pseudonym"Marie la Pie",poems, magazine articles, research into toponymy and etymology. Since Le Maistre,Geraint Jenningshas been influential in preserving the language by compiling thousands of pages of Jèrriais text online inLes Pages Jèrriaises,including parts of theBible.
Vocabulary[edit]
Although Jèrriais is occasionally misleadingly described as a mixture ofOld Norseand French, it is more linguistically accurate to describe the language as Norse adapted tolangue d'oïl;when Norse-speakingNormans(lit. "North-man" ) conquered the territory now known asNormandy,they began speaking the language of their new subjects, leading to its influence on the language. The Norman language is therefore in essence a Romance language with a certain amount of vocabulary of Norse origin, with the inclusion of laterloanwordsfrom other languages.[14]
Influence of Norse[edit]
Norse origins can be seen in Jèrriais words such as these:
- mielle(sand dune)
- mogue(mug)
- bel(yard)
- gradile(blackcurrant)
- mauve(seagull)
- graie(to prepare)
- hèrnais(cart)
- bète(bait)
- haûter(to doze)
Influence of Breton[edit]
Jèrriais has also adopted a small number of words from theBreton language(e.g.pihangne'spider crab', from Bretonbihan'small';quédaine'fast', from Bretongaden'hare'), although the influence on today's language has overwhelmingly been from French and, increasingly, English.
Influence of French[edit]
A large number ofgallicismshave been introduced into the language due to the use of French as an official language and the cultural influence of France and French literature. Some French words have displaced in modern usage Jèrriais words that can still be found in older texts from the 18th and 19th centuries, for example:
- Frenchleçon(in the formléçon) has displaced nativelichon(lesson)
- Frenchgarçonhas displaced nativehardé(boy)
- Frenchchansonhas displaced nativecanchon(song)
Efforts are being made to maintain some Jèrriais words which are competing in usage with French forms, for example:
- nativehielleis being promoted over Frenchhuile(oil)
- nativehuiptante(eighty) is being promoted over Frenchquatre-vingts(fourscore)
Influence of English[edit]
Some maritime vocabulary was borrowed from English at an early date, for examplebaûsouîn(boatswain), but by the late 18th century some domestic vocabulary, such as:
- bliatchinner(to polish shoes, fromblacking)
- coutchi(to cook)
- grévîn(gravy)
- ouâchinner(to rub in soapy water, fromwashing)
- scrobbine-broche(scrubbing brush)
- sâsse-paine(saucepan)
- stchilet(skillet)
- ticl'ye(fromtea-kettle)
- code à phôner(phone code)
entered the language through the employment of Jèrriais-speaking servants in the houses of bourgeois English-speaking immigrants.
Other words borrowed from English before 1900 include:
- chârer(to share)
- drâses(underpants, fromdrawers)
- ouothinner(to worry)
- ouadinne(cotton wool, fromwadding)
- nosse(nurse)
- souîndgi(to throw, fromswing)
- sténer(to stand, to endure)
However, care needs to be taken in attempting to identifyanglicismsbecause some words, such asmogue(mug) andcanne(can), which are often assumed to have been borrowed from English, were in fact Norman words exported to England in the wake of theNorman Conquest;and words such asfliotchet(flock) andridgi(rig) are Normancognatesof English words.
More recently, words such asboutchi(to book),partchi(to park) andtyeur(tyre) have been absorbed into the language, although current initiatives in creatingneologismsfor technological and social innovations prefer to avoid wholesale borrowing where possible. Among recent coinings are words such astextéthiefortexting,maître-pêtreforwebmaster(literallymaster-spider) andmégabouochiformegabyte.
Phonology[edit]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar/ glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
Plosive/ affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ||
voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | |||
Rhotic | r | ||||||
Approximant | plain | l | j | ||||
labial | ɥ | w |
/r/may also be heard as an approximant sound[ɹ].
The phonological influence of Norse is debated, although the aspirated "h" may be due to Norse influence.[citation needed]
|
|
Palatalisation[edit]
ThepalatalisationofLatin/k/and/ɡ/before/a/that occurred in the development of French did not occur in northern dialects of Norman, including Jèrriais:
Jèrriais | English | French |
acater | to buy | acheter |
cat | cat | chat |
cow | vache | |
caud | warm | chaud |
gardîn | garden | jardin |
gambe | leg | jambe |
However the palatalisation of/k/beforefront vowelproduced different results in the Norman dialect that developed into Jèrriais than in French. (Many developments are similar to those inItalian,cf.cento-hundred andfaccia-face).
Jèrriais | English | French |
bachîn | basin | bassine |
face | face | |
faichon | fashion | façon |
chent | hundred | cent |
At a later date surviving/k/and/ɡ/underwent a secondary process of palatalisation:
Jèrriais | English | French |
motchi | to mock | moquer |
patchet | packet | paquet |
dgide | guide | guide |
idgiot | idiot | idiot |
This palatalisation continues to operate (except in initial position) as can be seen by recent borrowings from English:
Jèrriais | English |
beustchi | to busk |
coutchi | to cook |
pliodgi | to plug |
braidgeux | bragger |
Dental fricative[edit]
A feature of Jèrriais that is immediately noticeable and distinguishes it from neighbouring languages is thevoiced dental fricative/ð/,writtenth,that typically occurs in intervocalic position:
Jèrriais | French | English |
bathi | barril | barrel |
m'suther | mesurer | to measure |
paiethie | paierie(payment office) | payment |
ouothilyi | oreiller | pillow |
Or in final position:
Jèrriais | French | English |
méthe | mère | mother |
braithe | braire(bray) | to cry |
The fricative devoices to assimilate with a neighbouring unvoiced consonant in words such aspaqu'thie(packing) ormalaûc'theux(disgusting).
The fricative developed from/r/+ front vowel, but evidently after the 16th century as this feature is unknown in the language of Sark (colonised by Jersey families). Although the voiced dental fricative is standard in the literary language, it is not found in the eastern dialects.
Some older speakers in St. Ouen use a dental fricative in positions where other dialects show a/z/.This may be represented in the orthography of particular writers.
standard Jèrriais | St. Ouennais | English |
maîson | maiethon | house |
ouaîselîn | ouaiethelîn | birds (collective) |
tchaîse | tchaîthe | chair |
anglyiciser | anglyicîther | anglicise |
The dental fricative in the dialect of such speakers may also be heard inliaison:
standard Jèrriais | St. Ouennais | English |
ous êtes | ous'th êtes | you are |
ches ôtis | ches'th ôtis | these tools |
nou-s-a | nou-th-a | one has |
Length[edit]
Length is phonemic in Jèrriais. Long vowels are usually indicated in writing by acircumflex accent.A noun ending in a vowel lengthens the final vowel to indicate the plural (shown in writing by adding ans).
Geminationoccurs regularly in verb tenses, indicated by a consonant-apostrophe-consonanttrigraph,for example:ou pâl'la(she will speak);jé c'mench'chons(we will begin);i' donn'nait(he would give).Gerundswill also regularly contain geminate consonants, for example:faîs'sie(doing, making);chant'tie(singing);tith'thie(shooting);brîng'gie(sweeping);gângn'nie(winning).
Orthography[edit]
IPA | English equivalent | Examples | |
---|---|---|---|
b | [b] | b | bé, bouon |
c | [k] | k | couochi, cat |
c (before e, i, y) | [s] | s | cidre, cŷnge |
ç | |||
ch | [ʃ] | sh | fache, scienche |
d | [d] | d | dithe, d'vanté |
dg | [dʒ] | j | dgèrre, Dgèrnésy |
f | [f] | f | fé, f'nêntre |
g | [ɡ] | g | Galles, g'nachon |
∅ | silent | vîgnt | |
g (before e, i) | [ʒ] | zh (French j; s as in measure or vision) | géniche, g'nors |
h | ∅ | silent | histouaithe, êbahi |
[h] | h | happer, hâvre | |
i | [j] | y | ièrs, ieux |
j | [ʒ] | zh (French j; s as in measure or vision) | janne, Jèrri |
k | [k] | k | kilomètre |
l | [l] | l | labouother, oulle |
l (before i or y)
except l'ye |
∅ | silent | pliatmeubl'ye |
-ill | [j] | y | travailli(ex.mille) |
m | [m] | m | méthe, èrmèrtchi |
n | [n] | n | nouvé, nièr |
ngn | [ɲ] | ny (onion); think Spanish "ñ" | gâgni |
p | [p] | p | péthe, pommyi |
∅ | silent | corps, sept | |
qu | [k] | k | qui, quédaine |
r | [r] | rr in Spanish | vèr, hardi |
∅ | silent | haler, aimer | |
s | [s] | s | saver, sé |
[z] | z | rose, loûser | |
sc | [s] | s | scîn |
t | [t] | t | tither, té |
tch | [tʃ] | ch | motchi, patchet |
ti(on) | [s] | s | suffocâtion |
th | [ð] | "hard" or "voiced"th-sound(as inthat) | péthe, muthâle |
[θ] | "soft" or "voiceless"th-sound(as inthin) | maqu'thé | |
v | [v] | v | vèrt, vyi |
w | [w] | w | loan words |
x | [s]/[z] | s or z | souaixante |
y | [j] | y | yi, preunmyi |
z | [z] | z | gâzette, zoulou |
IPA | English equivalent | Examples | |
---|---|---|---|
i | i | ||
iː | î | ||
y | u | ||
yː | û | ||
u | ou | ||
uː | oû | ||
e | é | ||
eː | ée | ||
ø | oe | ||
øː | oê | ||
o | o | ||
oː | oê | ||
ɛ | è | ||
ɛː | ê | ||
œ | òe | ||
œː | òê | ||
a | a | ||
aː | â | ||
ẽ | in | ||
ẽː | în | ||
ø̃ | un | ||
ø̃ː | ûn | ||
õ | on | ||
õː | ôn | ||
ɛ̃ | en | ||
ɛ̃ː | ên | ||
ɑ̃ | an | ||
ɑ̃ː | ân |
Grammar[edit]
Verbs[edit]
Aspect[edit]
Jèrriais distinguishes between simple,progressiveandperfectaspect:
Past:
preterite | j'pâlînmes | we spoke |
progressive | ou 'tait à pâler | she was speaking |
perfect | ous avez pâlé | you have spoken |
imperfect | j'pâlais | I spoke |
Future:
simple | j'pâl'lai | I will speak |
progressive | tu s'sa à pâler | you will be speaking |
perfect | oulle étha pâlé | she will have spoken |
Present:
simple | j'pâle | I speak |
progressive | i' sont à pâler | they are speaking |
Iterative[edit]
Verbs can be made iterative in aspect by prefi xingèr-(long form) orr'(short form):
aver | have |
èraver | have again |
êt' | be |
èrêt' | be again |
netti | clean |
èrnettit | clean again |
muchi | hide |
èrmuchi | hide again |
èrgarder | watch |
èrèrgarder | watch again |
téléphoner | phone |
èrtéléphoner | phone again |
Gerunds[edit]
Verbs can be transformed intogerunds,which are commonly used:
chanter | sing |
chant'tie | singing |
faithe | make |
faîs'sie | making |
haler | pull |
hal'lie | hauling, haulage |
partchi | park |
parqu'thie | parking |
liéthe | read |
liéthie | reading |
faxer | fax |
faxéthie | fa xing |
Examples[edit]
Jèrriais | French | English |
Jèrri | Jersey | Jersey |
beinv'nu | bienvenue | welcome |
bel | cour | garden (yard) |
bieauté | beauté | beauty |
bouônjour | bonjour | hello |
pantalon | trousers | |
brînge | brosse | brush |
chièr | cher | dear |
compather | comparer | compare |
l'êtrangi | l'étranger | abroad |
janmais | jamais | never |
lian | lien | link |
sac | bag | |
tchaîse | chaise | chair |
chien | dog | |
ticl'ye | bouilloire | kettle |
viages | voyages | journeys |
yi | œil | eye |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^There is, conversely, no complete Bible in Jèrriais; despite the widespread use of the language, French was the predominant language used by the Church in Jersey until the 20th century. However, versions of well-known Bible texts in Jèrriais do exist, and most sermons would be preached, or passages of the Bible explained, in Jèrriais in country areas.
References[edit]
- ^JèrriaisatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022)."Oil".Glottolog.Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2022.Retrieved7 October2022.
- ^"Jèrriais/Guernésiais".IANA language subtag registry.Retrieved11 February2019.
- ^"Jersey".IANA language subtag registry.Retrieved11 February2019.
- ^"World Atlas of Languages: Jèrriais".en.wal.unesco.org.Retrieved4 December2023.
- ^Fallu, Jean-Marie."La Gaspésie jersiaise"(PDF).Magazine Gaspésie, Été 2012, no 174.Musée de la Gaspésie. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 July 2013.Retrieved22 July2012.
- ^Dictionnaithe Angliais-Jèrriais,Jersey 2008,ISBN1-904210-09-0
- ^"Jersey Annual Social Survey 2012"(PDF).2012.
- ^Jèrriais: Jersey's Native Tongue,Jones 2003
- ^"Development of a Cultural Strategy for The Island - States of Jersey".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2011.Retrieved31 May2011.
- ^Jersey, States of."Jersey's bank notes".gov.je.
- ^"Endangered Languages Project - Jèrriais".Retrieved10 September2019.
- ^"States agree to promote Jèrriais".statesassembly.gov.je.
- ^"Jèrriais words of Norse origin".members.societe-jersiaise.org.
- ^Liddicoat, Anthony (1994).A Grammar of the Norman French of the Channel Islands The Dialects of Jersey and Sark.De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 103–140.
Literature[edit]
- Lé Jèrriais Pour Tousby Paul W. Birt, 1985.
- Dictionnaire Jersiais–Français,1966.
- A Grammar of the Norman French of the Channel Islands: The Dialects of Jersey and Sarkby Anthony J. Liddicoat, 1994.ISBN978-3-11-087728-1
- Jersey Norman French: A Linguistic Study of An Obsolescent Dialect.Mari C. Jones, 2001
- Jèrriais: Jersey's Native Tongueby Mari C. Jones, 2003.ISBN978-1-904210-03-0
- Dictionnaithe Jèrriais-Angliais.2005.ISBN0-901897-40-X
- Les Chroniques du Don Balleine/Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine(magazine). Jersey 1979 – current.
External links[edit]
- Media related toJèrriaisat Wikimedia Commons
- L'Office du Jèrriais
- La Société Jersiaise – La Section de la langue Jèrriaise
- La Société Jersiaise – Les Pages Jèrriaises
- BBC Radio Jersey – Jèrriais
- The Lord's prayer in Jèrriais
- Jèrriais and Sercquiais todayby Mari C. Jones – from theBBC
- “The secret British language that was used to outwit the Nazis”, BBC