Jackson Square (New Orleans)

For other uses, seeJackson Square (disambiguation).

Jackson Square
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
U.S. National Historic Landmark District Contributing Property
Jackson Square, withJackson's statue at center, andSaint Louis Cathedralcenter-back.
Location	Bounded byDecatur,St. Peter, St. Ann, and Chartres Sts., New Orleans,Louisiana
Coordinates	29°57′27″N90°03′47″W
Area	2.5 acres (1.0 ha)
Built	1721
Part of	Vieux Carre Historic District(ID66000377)
NRHP referenceNo.	66000375
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 15, 1966
Designated NHL	October 9, 1960
Designated NHLDCP	December 21, 1965

Jackson Square,formerly thePlace d'Armes(French) orPlaza de Armas(Spanish), is a historic park in theFrench QuarterofNew Orleans,Louisiana.It was declared aNational Historic Landmarkin 1960, for its central role in the city's history, and as the site where in 1803 Louisiana was made United States territory pursuant to theLouisiana Purchase.In 2012 the American Planning Association designated Jackson Square as one of the Great Public Spaces in the United States.

Design and development

Jackson Square was designed after the famous 17th-centuryPlace des VosgesinParis,France,by thearchitectandlandscape architectLouis H. Pilié.Jackson Square is roughly the size of a city block (GPS +29.9575 -90.0630).

SculptorClark Mills'equestrian statueofAndrew Jackson(a recasting ofthe Washington, D.C., statue), hero of theBattle of New Orleansand seventh U.S. president for whom the formermilitary paradeground was named, was erected in 1856.Iron fences, walkways, benches, and Parisian-style landscaping remain intact from the original design byMicaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba,in 1851. She also built thePontalba Buildings,which flank theold square.

The flagpole, symbolizingthe 1803 ceremonial transfersfromSpaintoFranceand then from France to theUnited States,reflects Louisiana's rich colonial history. During the 1930s, theWorks Progress Administration(WPA) repainted façades, renovated buildings, and improved landscaping in and around the park.In 1971, thepedestrian zonein the vicinity of Jackson Square was created, when three surrounding streets were closed to vehicular traffic—Chartres, St. Peter, and St. Ann.

History

Place des Armes, 1815

Chartres Street side of the square, 1842, before the cathedral's remodeling and before thePontalba Buildings.

Jackson Square, 1885

Early French colonial New Orleans was centered on what was then called thePlace d'Armes(lit. 'weapons’ square'). Under Spanish colonial administration in the second half of the 18th century, the name wasPlaza de Armas,which also means aplace d'armes.Following theGreat New Orleans Fireof 1788, the Spanish officials rebuilt theSt. Louis Church(elevated to cathedral in 1793) in 1789 and the town hall (known as theCabildo) in 1795.

Following the 1815Battle of New Orleans,during the first half of the 19th century, the formermilitary plazawas renamed Jackson Square, for the battle's victorious GeneralJackson.In the center of the park stands anequestrian statueof Andrew Jackson erected in 1856, one of four identical statues in the U.S. by the sculptorClark Mills.The statue was dedicated in a grand ceremony on Saturday, February 9, 1856. The square also has four slightly older statues, neoclassical representations of personifications of the four seasons, one near each corner of the square.

The square originally overlooked theMississippi RiveracrossDecatur Street,but the view was blocked in the 19th century by the construction of higherlevees.The riverfront was long devoted to shipping docks. The 20th-century administration of MayorMoon Landrieuinstalled a scenicboardwalkon top of the levee to reconnect the city to the river; it is known as the "Moon Walk" in his honor, and has since been expanded and paved. The space between Decatur Street and the "Moon Walk" is designated as "Washington ArtilleryPark ".

On the north side of the square are three 18th-century historic buildings, which were the city's heart in the colonial era. The center of the three isSt. Louis Cathedral.The cathedral was designated as aminor basilicabyPope Paul VI.To its left is theCabildo,the old city hall, now a museum, where the final version of theLouisiana Purchasewas signed. To the cathedral's right is thePresbytère,built to match the Cabildo. The Presbytère was initially planned for housing the city'sRoman Catholicpriests and other church officials. At the start of the 19th century, it was adapted as a courthouse, and in the 20th century it became a museum.

The Place d'Armes was the site for public execution of criminals and rebellious slaves during the 18th and early 19th centuries. After the1811 German Coast Uprising,three slaves were hanged here. The heads of some of the executed rebels were put on the city's gates.(The same thing happened inSt. Charles Parish,and a third slave-trial tribunal was held inSt. John the Baptist Parish.)

In theReconstruction Era,Jackson Square served as an arsenal. During the insurrection following the disputed1872 gubernatorial election,in March 1873, it was the site of the Battle of Jackson Square. A several-thousand-man militia underJohn McEnery,theDemocraticclaimant to the office of theGovernor,defeated the New Orleans militia, seizing control of the state's buildings and armory for a few days. They retreated before the arrival of Federal forces, which temporarily re-established order.

Artists, musicians, and New Age

Portrait photograph of a local resident, taken in Jackson Square byBen Shahnin 1935.

From the 1920s through the 1980s the square was famous as a gathering place ofpaintersof widely varying talents, including proficient professionals, talented young art students, amateurs, andcaricaturists.

The 1960s and 1970s saw the beginnings of the square as a place of business for New Age and pagan devotees telling fortunes and reading palms and tarot cards. They sit on St. Ann or St. Peter street, alongside of the park.

The section of Chartres St. which comprises the parvis of Saint Louis Cathedral, the Presbytère, and the Cabildo is shared by visitors and artists, musicians, and varied street performers, such as jugglers and magicians. The performers generally work fortips.

Points of interest and events

Aerial photograph of Jackson Square

Mardi Gras revelers in Jackson Square, 1989

On the other two sides of the square are thePontalba Buildings,matching red-brick, block-long, four‑story buildings built in the 1840s. The ground floors house shops and restaurants; the upper floors are apartments, the oldest continuously rented apartments in North America.

Diagonally acrossDecatur Streetupriver from Jackson Square is theJax Brewerybuilding, the original home of a favorite local beer. After the company ceased to operate independently, the building was converted into several businesses, including restaurants and specialty shops. In recent years, some retail space has been converted into luxury condominiums.

Diagonally across Decatur Street downriver from the square isCafé du Monde,open 24 hours a day. Part of the historicFrench Market,it is known for itscafé au lait,prepared withchicory,and for itsbeignets,served there continuously since theCivil Wardays.

Jackson Square has been the site of hundreds of live music events.

Every year, the square hosts the French Quarter Festival and Caroling in Jackson Square.Occasionally, formal concerts are given in the park.

Representation in media

The square in 2012

Jackson Square has been filmed in numerous television shows and movies. Among these are the filmsAngel Heart,The Curious Case of Benjamin Button,King Creole, and television seriesK-Ville,Treme,Memphis BeatandThe Originals.

It is the setting of an early scene in the graphic novelPolly and the PiratesbyTed Naifeh.In theStar Trek: Deep Space Nineepisode "Image in the Sand",Joseph Sisko(Brock Peters) reveals that he met his first wife Sarah (Deborah Lacey) in Jackson Square. Jackson Square is one of the most important locations that can be visited in thecomputer gameGabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers.The park is a crucial site, with much of the game's action focusing on it and a number of characters making their appearance there.

In the 2017 novelPoisoned Tears,by Honduran author J. H. Bográn, one of the victims of the novel's serial killer is found in Jackson Square.

OnDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve '17 with Ryan Seacrest,Jackson Square rings in the new year for the first time during the broadcast with theFleur-de-lisdrop at midnight Central Time (1:00 a.m. ET in New York's Times Square).

See also

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana