Jacob Le Maire
Jacob Le Maire | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | c.1585 |
| Died | 22 December 1616 |
| Occupation | mariner |
| Known for | circumnavigation |
Jacob Le Maire(c. 1585 – 22 December 1616) was aDutchmariner who circumnavigated the Earth in 1615 and 1616. The strait betweenTierra del FuegoandIsla de los Estadoswas named theLe Maire Straitin his honour, though not without controversy. It was Le Maire himself who proposed to the council aboardEendrachtthat the new passage should be called by his name and the council unanimously agreed with Le Maire. The author or authors ofThe Relation[1]tookEendrachtcaptainWillem Schouten's side by proclaiming:
- “... our men had each of them three cups of wine in signe of ioy for our good hap... [and the naming of] theStraights of Le Maire,although by good right it should rather have been calledWillem Schouten Straight,after our Masters Name, by whose wise conduction and skill in sayling, the same was found.”.[2]
Eendrachtthen roundedCape Horn,proving thatTierra del Fuegowas not a continent.
Biography
[edit]Jacob Le Maire was born in eitherAntwerporAmsterdam,one of the 22 children of Maria Walraven of Antwerp andIsaac Le Maire(1558–1624) ofTournai,who was then already a prosperous merchant in Antwerp. Isaac and Maria married shortly before the Spanish siege of Antwerp in 1585 after which they fled to settle inAmsterdam.Jacob is thought to have been the oldest son, born perhaps the same year. Isaac was very successful in Amsterdam, and became one of the founders of theDutch East Indies Company(VOC). However, in 1605 Isaac Le Maire was forced to leave the company after a dispute and for the next decade tried to break the company's monopoly on the trade to the East Indies.
By 1615 Isaac had established a new company (theAustralian Company) with the goal to find a new route to the Pacific and theSpice Islands,thereby evading the restrictions of the VOC. He contributed to the outfitting of two ships, theEendrachtandHoorn,and put his son Jacob in charge of trading during the expedition.[3]The experienced ship masterWillem Schoutenwas captain of theEendrachtand a participant of the enterprise in equal shares with Isaac Le Maire.[4]
On 14 June 1615 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten sailed fromTexelin theUnited Provinces.On 29 January 1616 they roundedCape Horn,which they named for theHoorn,which was lost in a fire. The Dutch city ofHoornwas also the birthplace of Schouten. After failing to moor at theJuan Fernández Islandsin early March, the ships crossed the Pacific in a fairly straight line, visiting several of theTuamotus.Between 21 and 24 April 1616 they were the first Westerners to visit the (Northern)Tongaislands: "Cocos Island" (Tafahi), "Traitors Island" (Niuatoputapu), and "Island of Good Hope" (Niuafo'ou).[5]On 28 April they discovered theHoorn Islands(FutunaandAlofi),[5]where they were very well received and stayed until 12 May. They then followed the north coasts ofNew IrelandandNew Guineaand visited adjacent islands, including, on 24 July, what became known as theSchouten Islands.
They reached the northernMoluccasin August and finallyTernate,the headquarters of the VOC, on 12 September 1616. Here they were enthusiastically welcomed byGovernor-GeneralLaurens Reael,admiral Steven Verhagen, and the governor ofAmbon,Jasper Jansz.
TheEendrachtsailed on toJavaand reachedBataviaon 28 October with a remarkable 84 of the original 87 crew members of both ships on board. Although they had opened an unknown route,Jan Pieterszoon Coenof the VOC claimed infringement of its monopoly of trade to theSpice Islands.Le Maire and Schouten were arrested and theEendrachtwas confiscated. After being released, they returned from Batavia to Amsterdam in the company ofJoris van Spilbergen,who was on a circumnavigation of the Earth himself, be it via the traditionalStrait of Magellan.
Le Maire was aboard the shipAmsterdamon this journey home, but died en route. Van Spilbergen was at his deathbed and took Le Maire's report of his trip, which he included in his bookMirror of the East and West Indies.The rest of the crew arrived in the Netherlands on 1 July 1617, two years and 17 days after they departed.[6]Jacob's father Isaac challenged the confiscation and the conclusion of the VOC, but it took him until 1622 until a court ruled in his favour. He was awarded 64,000 pounds and retrieved his son's diaries (which he then published as well), and his company was allowed trade via the newly discovered route. Unfortunately, by then, theDutch West Indies Companyhad claimed the same waters.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^The Relation of a Wonderfull Voiage made by Willem Cornelison Schouten of Horne. Shewing how South from the Straights of Magelan in Terra Delfuego: he found and discovered a newe passage through the great South Seaes, and that way sayled round about the world.London: Imprinted by T.D. for Nathanaell Newbery, 1619 [Facsimile of the first edition in English. London: George Rainbird Limited for The World Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1966]. “Translation thereof out of the Dutch, wherein it was written” by William Philip
- ^THE RELATION,p. 25
- ^"chiefe Marchant and principall factor"
- ^THE RELATION,The Preface
- ^abQuanchi, Max (2005).Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands.The Scarecrow Press.ISBN0810853957.
- ^An Historical Account of the Circumnavigation of the Globe: And of the Progress of Discovery in the Pacific Ocean, from the Voyage of Magellan to the Death of Cook.Harper & brothers. 1837. p. 100.
References
[edit]- Dirk J. Barreveld (2002),Tegen de Heeren van de VOC - Isaac Le Maire en de Ontdekking van Kaap Hoorn. SDU.
- Edward Duyker(ed.)Mirror of the Australian Navigation by Jacob Le Maire: A Facsimile of the ‘Spieghel der Australische Navigatie...’ Being an Account of the Voyage of Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten 1615-1616 published in Amsterdam in 1622,Hordern House for the Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, 1999, pp. 202,ISBN1-875567-25-9.
- Kemp, Peter (ed.) (1976), "LeMaire, Jacob (1585-1616)."The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea.Oxford University Press, London.ISBN0-19-211553-7.
- Spilbergen, Joris van and Le Maire, Jacob (1619),Speculum orientalis occidentalisque Indiae navigationum, quarum una Georgii à Spilbergen - altera Jacobi le Maire - directa, Annis 1614 - 18: exhibens Novi in mare Australe transitus, incognitarumque hactenus terrarum ac gentium inventionem; praelia aliquot terra marique commissa, expugnationesque urbium, una cum duabus novis utriusque Indiae historiis, Catalogo munitionum Hollandicarum, ducum et reliqui bellici apparatus, tretique quatuor, suis quaeque figuris illustrataGeelkercke, Lugduni Batavorum.OCLC 64412702.
External links
[edit]
- Le Maire reports,on line thanks to: Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld (original edition from 1621, inDutch,with 25 original maps from all over the world, 256 pages).
- Robert Kerr (1824):Voyage round the world, in 1615-1617, by William Cornelison Schouten and Jacques le Maire, going round Cape Horn.
