January
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Januaryis the first month of the year in theJulianandGregorian calendars.Its length is 31 days. The first day of the month is known asNew Year's Day.It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of theNorthern Hemisphere(where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of theSouthern Hemisphere(where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa.
Ancient Romanobservances during this month includeCervulaand Juvenalia, celebrated January 1, as well as one of threeAgonalia,celebrated January 9, andCarmentalia,celebrated January 11. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
History
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lusenberg-wise-men.jpg/220px-Lusenberg-wise-men.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_Janvier.jpg/220px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_Janvier.jpg)
January (in Latin,Ianuarius) is named afterJanus,the god of beginnings and transitions inRoman mythology.[1]
Traditionally, the originalRoman calendarconsisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor ofRomulus,KingNuma Pompilius,is supposed to have added the months of January andFebruary,so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). AlthoughMarchwas originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under theDecemvirsabout 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the twoconsuls,who entered office on March 15 until 153 BC, at which point they started entering office on January 1.
Various Christian feast dates were used for theNew YearinEuropeduring theMiddle Ages,including March 25 (Feast of the Annunciation) and December 25. However, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Beginning in the 16th century, European countries began officially making January 1 the start of the New Year once again—sometimes calledCircumcision Stylebecause this was the date of theFeast of the Circumcision,being the seventh day after December 25.
Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, theSaxontermWulf-monath(meaning "wolf month" ) andCharlemagne's designation Wintarmanoth ( "winter / cold month" ). InSlovene,it is traditionally calledprosinec;the name, associated withmilletbread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in theŠkofja Lokamanuscript.[2]
According toTheodor Mommsen,[3]1 January became the first day of the year in 600AUCof the Roman calendar (153 BC), due to disasters in theLusitanian War.A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul toHispania,and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, "they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time" (March 15).
Symbols
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sneeuw1.jpg/220px-Sneeuw1.jpg)
![Snowdrop (Galanthus) flower](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Galanthus_nivalis_close-up_aka.jpg/220px-Galanthus_nivalis_close-up_aka.jpg)
![Pink dianthus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dianthus_carthusianorum_210505a.jpg/220px-Dianthus_carthusianorum_210505a.jpg)
January'sbirthstoneis thegarnet,which represents constancy.[4]Its birth flower is the cottage pinkDianthus caryophyllus,galanthusor traditionalcarnation.[5][6]Thezodiacsigns areCapricorn(until January 19) andAquarius(January 20 onward).
Observances
[edit]This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.
Month-long
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leandro_da_Ponte%2C_gen._Leandro_Bassano_-_Januar_-_GG_4292_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/220px-Leandro_da_Ponte%2C_gen._Leandro_Bassano_-_Januar_-_GG_4292_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg)
- Alzheimer's Awareness Month(Canada)
- Dry January(United Kingdom)
- National Codependency Awareness Month[7](United States)
- National Mentoring Month(United States)
- National Healthy Weight Awareness Month[8](United States)
- Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month(United States)
- Stalking Awareness Month[9](United States)
- Veganuary
Food months in the United States
[edit]This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.
- Be Kind to Food Servers Month (by proclamation,State of Tennessee)[10]
- California Dried Plum Digestive Health Month[11]
- Hot Tea Month[12]
- National Soup Month[13]
- Oatmeal Month[10][14]
Non-Gregorian
[edit]All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown on the date in question.
- List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar
- List of observances set by the Chinese calendar
- List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar
- List of observances set by the Islamic calendar
- List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar
Moveable
[edit]This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.
January 2 unless that day is a Sunday, in which caseJanuary 3
First Friday
Second Saturday
Second Monday
Friday before third Monday
- Lee–Jackson Day(Virginia,United States,defunct)
Third Friday
Sunday closest to January 22
Third full week of January
Last full week of January
Third Monday
Wednesday of the third full week of January
Friday between January 19–25
Last Saturday
Last Sunday
January 30 or the nearest Sunday
Last Monday in January
Fourth Monday
Monday Closest to January 29
Fixed
[edit]- December 25 – January 5:Twelve Days of Christmas(Western Christianity)
- December 26 – January 1:Kwanzaa(African Americans)
- December 31 – January 1, in some cases until January 2:Hogmanay(Scotland)
- January 1
- Feast of the Circumcision of Christ
- Constitution Day (Italy)
- Dissolution of Czechoslovakia-related observances:
- Euro Day(European Union)
- Flag Day (Lithuania)
- Founding Day (Taiwan)
- Global Family Day
- Independence Day(Brunei,Cameroon,Haiti,Sudan)
- International Nepali Dhoti and Nepali Topi Day
- Jump-up Day(Montserrat,British Overseas Territories)
- Kalpataru Day(Ramakrishna Movement)
- National Bloody Mary Day(United States)
- National Tree Planting Day(Tanzania)
- New Year's Day
- Polar Bear Swim Day(CanadaandUnited States)
- Public Domain Day(multiple countries)
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God(Catholic Church)
- Triumph of the Revolution(Cuba)
- January 2
- Ancestry Day(Haiti)
- Berchtold's Day(Liechtenstein,Switzerland,and theAlsace)
- Carnival Day(Saint Kitts and Nevis)
- Kakizome(Japan)
- National Creampuff Day(United States)
- National Science Fiction Day(United States)
- The second day ofNew Year(a holiday inArmenia,Kazakhstan,North Macedonia,Mauritius,Montenegro,New Zealand,Romania,Russia,Switzerland,andUkraine)
- Nyinlong(Bhutan)
- Victory of Armed Forces Day(Cuba)
- January 3
- January 4
- January 5
- January 6
- Armed Forces Day (Iraq)
- Epiphanyor Three Kings' Day (Western Christianity) orTheophany(Eastern Christianity), and its related observances:
- Pathet Lao Day(Laos)
- January 7
- January 8
- The Eighth (United States)(defunct observance)
- Typing Day(international observance)
- January 9
- Start ofHōonkō (Nishi Honganji)January 9–16 (Jōdo ShinshūBuddhism)
- Martyrs' Day (Panama)
- National Cassoulet Day(United States)
- Non-Resident Indian Day(India)
- Republic Day(Republika Srpska) (defunct, declared unconstitutional by theConstitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina[15])
- St. Stephen's Day(Eastern Orthodox)
- January 10
- January 11
- January 12
- January 13
- Constitution Day(Mongolia)
- Democracy Day (Cape Verde)
- Liberation Day (Togo)
- Old New Year's Eve (Russia,Belarus,Ukraine,Serbia,Montenegro,Republic of Srpska,North Macedonia), and its related observances:
- St. Knut's Day(SwedenandFinland)
- Stephen Foster Memorial Day(United States)
- January 14
- January 15
- January 16
- January 17
- Hardware Freedom Day(international observance)
- National Day(Menorca)
- The opening ceremony ofPatras Carnival,celebrated untilClean Monday(Patras)
- January 18
- Revolution and Youth Day(Tunisia)
- Royal Thai Armed Forces Day(Thailand)
- Week of Prayer for Christian Unity(January 18–25) (Christianity)
- January 19
- Confederate Heroes Day(Texas), and its related observance:
- Robert E. Lee Day(Alabama,Arkansas,Florida,GeorgiaandMississippi)
- Lee–Jackson–King Day(Virginia,United States, defunct)
- Husband's Day(Iceland)
- Kokborok Day(Tripura,India)
- National Popcorn Day(United States)
- Theophany/Epiphany(EasternandOriental Orthodoxy), and its related observances:
- Timkat,(on 20th during Leap Year) (Ethiopian Orthodox)
- VodiciorBaptism of Jesus(North Macedonia)
- Confederate Heroes Day(Texas), and its related observance:
- January 20
- Armed Forces Day(Mali)
- Cheese Day(United States)
- Heroes' Day(Cape Verde)
- Inauguration Day,held every four years in odd-numbered years, except when January 20 falls on a Sunday (United States)
- Martyrs' Day (Azerbaijan)
- January 21
- Babinden(Bulgaria, Serbia)
- Birthday of Princess Ingrid Alexandra(Norway)
- Errol Barrow Day(Barbados)
- Flag Day (Quebec)
- Grandmother's Day(Poland)
- Lady of Altagracia Day(Dominican Republic)
- Lincoln Alexander Day(Canada)
- National Hug Day(United States)
- January 22
- Day of Unity of Ukraine(Ukraine)
- Grandfather's Day(Poland)
- National Hot Sauce Day(United States)
- January 23
- Bounty Day(Pitcairn Island)
- Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary(Roman Catholic Church)
- National Pie Day(United States)
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's Jayanti(Orissa,Tripura,andWest Bengal,India)
- World Freedom Day(Taiwan and South Korea)
- January 24
- Feast ofOur Lady of Peace(Roman Catholic Church), and its related observances:
- Moebius Syndrome Awareness Day(international observance)
- NationalPeanut ButterDay (United States)
- Unification Day(Romania)
- January 25
- 2011 Revolution Day(Egypt)
- Burns night(Scotland,Scottish community)
- Dydd Santes Dwynwen(Wales)
- Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul(Eastern Orthodox,Oriental Orthodox,Roman Catholic,AnglicanandLutheranchurches, which concludes theWeek of Prayer for Christian Unity)
- National Police Day (Egypt)
- National Voters' Day(India)
- Tatiana Day(Russia,Eastern Orthodox)
- January 26
- Australia Day(Australia)
- Duarte Day(Dominican Republic)
- Engineer's Day(Panama)
- International Customs Day
- Liberation Day(Uganda)
- Republic Day (India)
- January 27
- Day of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad(Russia)
- Liberation of the remaining inmates of Auschwitz-related observances:
- Holocaust Memorial Day (UK)
- Holocaust Remembrance Day(Sweden)
- International Holocaust Remembrance Day
- Memorial Day (Italy)
- Memorial Day for the Victims of the Holocaust and Prevention of Crimes against Humanity(Czech Republic)
- Memorial Day for the Victims of National Socialism(Germany)
- National Holocaust Memorial Day(Greece)
- Family Literacy Day(Canada)
- Feast of Saint Slava(Serbia)
- National Chocolate Cake Day(United States)
- Saint Devota's Day(Monaco)
- January 28
- Army Day(Armenia)
- Data Privacy Day(international observance)
- January 29
- Kansas Day(Kansas,United States)
- January 30
- Day of Azerbaijani customs(Azerbaijan)
- Day ofSaudade(Brazil)
- Fred Korematsu Day(California,United States)
- Martyrdom ofMahatma Gandhi-related observances:
- Martyrs' Day (India)
- School Day of Non-violence and Peace(Spain)
- Start of theSeason for NonviolenceJanuary 30 – April 4
- Teacher's Day(Greece)
- January 31
- Amartithi(Meherabad,India,followers ofMeher Baba)
- Independence Day (Nauru)
- Me-Dam-Me-Phi(Ahompeople)
- Street Children's Day(Austria)
References
[edit]- ^"Why does the year start on January 1".Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2019.Retrieved6 September2019.
- ^Stabej, Jože (1966)."Ob petstoletnici škofjeloškega zapisa slovenskih imen za mesece"[On the 500th Anniversary of the Škofja Loka Recording of Slovene Month Names].Loški razgledi(in Slovenian).13.Muzejsko društvo Škofja Loka [Museum Society of Škofja Loka].ISSN0459-8210.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-01-08.
- ^The History of Rome,volume 4, The Revolution,ISBN1-4353-4597-5,page 4
- ^Stevans, C. M.; Daniels, Cora Linn (2003).Encyclopædia of superstitions, folklore, and the occult sciences of the world: a comprehensive library of human belief and practice in the mysteries of life.Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 744.ISBN9781410209153.Retrieved30 December2020.
- ^"January Birth Flower: Flower Meaning".birthflowersguide.Archivedfrom the original on 2008-10-06.
- ^"January Birth Flowers".30 November 2023.
- ^"January National Codependency Awareness Month".Diane Jellen.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-01-05.
- ^"January is National Healthy Weight Awareness Month: Importance of Physical Fitness".usphs.gov.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-02-15.
- ^"Presidential Proclamation—Stalking Awareness Month".whitehouse.gov.21 December 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-01-27 – viaNational Archives.
- ^abChase's Calendar of Events 2013.The McGraw-Hill Companies.2013.ISBN9780071813334.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-09-23.Retrieved2016-09-20.
- ^"JANUARY 2009, AS" CALIFORNIA DRIED PLUM DIGESTIVE HEALTH MONTH "".Office of the Governor,State of California.November 20, 2008. Archived fromthe originalon March 7, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 1,2016.
- ^Hirsch, J. M. (August 18, 2004)."Food turns eating into stream of holidays".Associated PressviaKentucky New Era.
- ^Rem, Kathryn (March 9, 2010)."Yesterday was National Crabmeat Day and you missed it".The State Journal-Register.Archivedfrom the original on March 4, 2013.
- ^Gavilan, Jessica (February 7, 2006)."Mark your calendar".The Gainesville Sun.Archivedfrom the original on March 6, 2016.
- ^"The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared unconstitutional the day of RS".b92.net.Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2015.Retrieved9 January2016.
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