1985
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1985(MCMLXXXV) was acommon year starting on Tuesdayof theGregorian calendar,the 1985th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 985th year of the2nd millennium,the 85th year of the20th century,and the 6th year of the1980sdecade.
The year1985was designated as theInternational Youth Yearby theUnited Nations.
Events
[edit]January
[edit]- January 1
- The Internet'sDomain Name Systemis created.[1]
- Greenlandwithdraws from theEuropean Economic Communityas a result of a new agreement on fishing rights.[2]
- January 7–Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencylaunchesSakigake,Japan's first interplanetary spacecraft and the first deep space probe to be launched by any country other than theUnited Statesor theSoviet Union.
- January 15–Tancredo Nevesiselectedpresident ofBrazilby theCongress,ending the21-year military rule.[3]
- January 20–Ronald Reaganisprivately sworn infor a second term asPresident of the United States.[4]
- January 27– TheEconomic Cooperation Organization (ECO)is formed, in Tehran.[5]
- January 28– The charity single record "We Are the World"is recorded byUSA for Africa.[6]
February
[edit]- February 4– TheborderbetweenGibraltarandSpainreopens for the first time sinceFrancisco Francoclosed it in 1969.[7]
- February 5–Australiacancels its involvement in U.S.-ledMX missiletests.[8]
- February 9–U.S. drug agentKiki Camarenais kidnapped and murdered inMexicobydrug traffickers;his body is later discovered onMarch 5.[9]
- February 14–Lebanon hostage crisis:CNNreporterJeremy Levinis freed from captivity inLebanon.[10]
- February 16
- Israelbegins withdrawing troops fromLebanon.
- Theideology of Hezbollahis declared in a program issued inBeirut.
- February 19
- William J. Schroederbecomes the first patient with anartificial heartto leave the hospital.[11][12][13]
- Iberia Airlines Flight 610crashes, killing all 148 on board.[14]
- China Airlines Flight 006is involved in a mid-air incident; while there are 22 minor injuries and 2 serious injuries, no one is killed.[15]
- February 28– TheProvisional Irish Republican Armycarries outa mortar attackon theRoyal Ulster Constabularypolice station atNewryinNorthern Ireland.With nine officers dead, it is the highest loss of life for the RUC on a single day.[16][17]
March
[edit]- March – TheGNU Manifesto,written byRichard Stallman,is first published.[18]
- March 1– After a12-year-long dictatorship,Julio María Sanguinettiis sworn in as the first democratically electedPresident of Uruguay.[19]
- March 3– The 8.0MwAlgarrobo earthquakehitsSantiagoandValparaíso,Chile,leaving 177 dead, 2,575 injured, 142,489 houses destroyed, and approximately a million people homeless.[20]
- March 8– ABeirut car bomb,planted in an attempt to assassinate Islamic clericSayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah,kills more than 80 people and injures 200 more.[21]
- March 11
- Mikhail GorbachevbecomesGeneral Secretaryof theSoviet Communist Partyandde factoleader of theSoviet Union.[22]
- Mohamed Al-Fayedbuys the London-based department store companyHarrods.[23]
- March 15– Vice-presidentJosé Sarney,upon becoming vice president, assumes the duties of president ofBrazil,as the new presidentTancredo Neveshad become severely ill the day before. Sarney would later become Brazil's first civilian president in 21 years, upon Neves' death onApril 21.[24]
- March 16– Lebanon hostage crisis: US journalistTerry Andersonis taken hostage inBeirut;he remains a prisoner until December 4, 1991.[25]
- March 17–Expo '85,an international exhibition, opens inTsukuba, Ibaraki,Japan,running until September 16.[26]
- March 18–Australia's longest-running soap opera,Neighbours,debuts onSeven Network.[27]
- March 21– Canadianparaplegicathlete and activistRick Hansensets out on his 26-month, 40,000-kilometre (25,000 mi) Man in Motion tour, which raises US$26 million forspinal cord researchandquality-of-lifeinitiatives.[28]
- March 25
- The57th Academy Awardsare held inLos Angeles,withAmadeuswinningBest Picture.[29]
- TheOrganization Commune Africaine et Malgacheis officially dissolved.[30]
- March 31– The inauguralWrestleManiais held inMadison Square Garden,New York, and is "main-evented" byHulk HoganandMr. Tvs.Paul OrndorffandRoddy Piperin a tag-team match.
April
[edit]- Soviet–Afghan War:TheSoviet Unionbegins to transfer the burden of fighting themujahideento the armed forces of theDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan,a cause of theRevolutions of 1989.
- April 1– Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, and Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation, areprivatizedand change their names toNippon Telegraph and Telephone,andJapan Tobacco,respectively.
- April 12–El Descanso bombing:A terrorist bombing attributed to theIslamic Jihad Organizationin theEl Descansorestaurant nearMadrid,Spain,mostly attended by U.S. personnel from theTorrejón Air Base,causes 18 deaths (all Spaniards) and 82 injuries.
- April 15–South Africaends its ban oninterracial marriages.[31]
- April 19– TheSoviet Unionperformsanuclear weapontest in easternKazakhstan.
- April 23–Coca-Colachanges its formula and releasesNew Coke.The response is overwhelmingly negative and the original formula is back on the market in less than three months.
- April 28– The AustralianNuclear Disarmament Party(NDP) splits.
May
[edit]- May 4– The30th Eurovision Song Contesttakes place inGothenburg,Swedenand is won by theBobbysocks!songLa det swingeforNorway.[32]
- May 5– U.S. PresidentRonald Reaganjoins West German ChancellorHelmut Kohlfor acontroversialfuneral service at a cemetery inBitburg,West Germany, which includes the graves of 59 eliteS.S.troops from World War II.[33]
- May 9– The 3rd totalVictory DayParade (the first being in 1945 and the next in 1965) isheldon Red Square inMoscowin the Soviet Union. It features T-34-85 tanks, veterans of World War II from Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, and is the first parade to be held during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev.
- May 11
- TheFBIbrings charges against the suspected heads of thefive Mafia familiesin New York City.
- Bradford City stadium fire:A fire engulfs a wooden stand at theValley Paradestadium inBradford,England, during anAssociation footballmatch, killing 56 people.[34]
- May 15–Argentine PresidentRaúl Alfonsínterminates Argentine administration of theFalkland Islandsbut does not relinquish Argentina'sclaim to the islands.
- May 16– Scientists of theBritish Antarctic Surveyannounce the discovery of theozone hole.[35][36][37]
- May 25– Approximately 10,000 people are killed whenBangladeshis affected by thestorm surgefromTropical Storm One (1B).
- May 26– Young driverDanny Sullivanbeats veteranMario Andrettito win the 1985Indianapolis 500.[38]
- May 29–Heysel Stadium disaster:Thirty-nine spectators are killed in rioting on the terraces during theEuropean Cupfinal betweenLiverpool F.C.andJuventus(0–1) atHeysel StadiuminBrussels,Belgium.
- May 31–Forty-four tornadoeshitOhio,Pennsylvania,New YorkandOntario,including a rare and powerful F5. In total, the event kills 90 people.
June
[edit]- June 6– The remains ofJosef Mengele,the physician notorious forNazi human experimentationon inmates ofAuschwitz concentration camp,buried in1979under the name of Wolfgang Gerhard, are exhumed inEmbu das Artes,Brazil.[39]
- June 14
- TWA Flight 847,carrying 153 passengers fromAthenstoRome,is hijacked by aHezbollahfringe group. One passenger, U.S. Navy Petty OfficerRobert Stethem,is killed. Greek police arrest a 65-year-oldLebanesesuspect onSeptember 21,2019.[40]
- TheSchengen Agreementis signed between certain member states of theEuropean Economic Community,creating theSchengen Area,a bloc of (at the time) 5 states with no internal border controls.[41]
- June 15–Studio Ghibli,an animation studio, is founded inTokyo.[42]
- June 20–1985 Nepal bombings:A series of bomb blasts occurs inKathmanduand other cities ofNepal.[43]
- June 22– British and Irish police foil a "mainland bombing campaign" sponsored by theProvisional Irish Republican Armywhich targets luxury vacation resorts.
- June 23–Air India Flight 182,aBoeing 747,is blown up by a terrorist bomb 31,000 feet (9,500 m) above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland, on a Montreal–London–Delhi flight, killing all 329 aboard.[44]
- June 24–STS-51-G:Space ShuttleDiscoverycompletes its mission, best remembered for havingSultan bin Salman Al Saud,the firstAraband firstMuslimin space, as apayload specialist.
- June 27– The iconicU.S. Route 66is officially decommissioned.[45]
July
[edit]
- July 1– TheConvention on the Transfer of Sentenced Personsenters into force.
- July 10– TheGreenpeacevesselRainbow Warriorisbombed and sunkinAuckland Harbourby FrenchDGSEagents.
- July 13–Live Aidbenefit concerts inLondonandPhiladelphiaraise over £50 million forfaminerelief inEthiopia.
- July 19
- New HampshireteacherChrista McAuliffeis selected as the first person to go into space under theTeacher in Space Project,and designated to ride aboard theSpace ShuttleChallenger.[46]
- TheVal di Stava dam collapsesin Italy, killing 268 people, destroying 63 buildings, and demolishing eight bridges.
- July 20–State President of South Africa,P. W. Botha,declares a state of emergency in 36 magisterial districts of South Africa amid growing civil unrest inblack townships.
August
[edit]- August 2–Delta Air Lines Flight 191crashes nearDallas, Texas,United States, killing 137 people.
- August 12–Japan Airlines Flight 123crashes in Japan, killing 520 people, including Japanese singerKyu Sakamoto;it is the worst single-aircraft disaster in aviation history.[47]
- August 14– TheAccomarca massacretakes place inAyacucho,Peru.
- August 22–British Airtours Flight 28M:The 737's left engine catches fire while on its takeoff roll atManchester Airportin the UK and 55 people are killed while trying to evacuate the aircraft.[48]
- August 25–Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808crashes in the United States, killing all 8 on board, including thirteen-year-old American celebrity schoolgirlSamantha Smith.[49]
September
[edit]- September 1– Thewreck of the RMSTitanicis located by a joint American-French expedition led byRobert Ballard(WHOI) andJean-Louis Michel(IFREMER) usingside-scan sonarfromRVKnorr.[50]
- September 6–Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105,aMcDonnell Douglas DC-9,crashes just after takeoff fromMilwaukee,killing all 31 on board.
- September 19– An 8.0Mwearthquakestrikes Mexico City, killing between 5,000 and 45,000 people and injuring 30,000 more.
- September 20– Thecapital gains taxis introduced to Australia.[51]
- September 22
- ThePlaza Accordis signed by five nations.[52]
- ArtistsChristo and Jeanne-Claudewrap thePont Neuf,the oldest bridge in Paris, for two weeks (22 Sep. – 5 Oct. 1985).The Pont Neuf Wrappedattracts three million visitors.[53]
- September 23– Italian crime reporterGiancarlo Sianiis killed by theCamorra.
October
[edit]- October 1–Operation Wooden Leg:TheIsraeliair force bombsPalestine Liberation Organizationheadquarters nearTunis.
- October 3– TheSpace ShuttleAtlantismakes its maiden flight.
- October 7– The cruise shipAchille Lauroishijackedin the Mediterranean Sea by four heavily armed Palestinian terrorists. One passenger, AmericanLeon Klinghoffer,is killed.
- October 16– The Finnishdry cargo shipMSHanna-Marjut,on its way fromMariehamntoNaantali,sinks in hard sea on the open water of Kihti between theKökarandSottungaislands ofÅland,leading to the drowning of four people.[54][55]
- October 18– TheNintendo Entertainment Systemis released in North America.
- October 25–Emirates Airlinesis established inDubaiand makes its first flight, toKarachi,Pakistan.
November
[edit]- November 6
- Palace of Justice siege:Members of the19th of April Movement(M-19) Marxist guerrilla group take over thePalace of Justice of ColombiainBogotáand hold theSupreme Courthostage. Hours later, after a military raid, the incident leaves almost half of the 25 Supreme Court Justices dead.
- The Argentine tourist village ofVilla Epecuénis permanently flooded through the collapse of a dam and dyke.
- November 9– In an all-Soviet match, 22-year-oldGarry KasparovdefeatsAnatoly Karpovto become the youngest-ever undisputed winner of theWorld Chess Championship.
- November 12– Atotal solar eclipse occursover Antarctica at 14:11:22 UTC.
- November 13–Armero tragedy:TheNevado del Ruizvolcanoerupts, killing an estimated 23,000 people, including 21,000 killed bylahars,in the town ofArmero,Colombia.
- November 19–Cold War:InGeneva,U.S. PresidentRonald ReaganandSoviet UnionleaderMikhail Gorbachevmeetfor the first time.
- November 20– Microsoft Corporation releases the first U.S. release ofWindows 1.0,as version 1.01.[56]International support comes with the release of Windows 1.02 in Europe in May 1986.[57]
- November 23–EgyptAir Flight 648is hijacked by theAbu Nidalgroup and flown toMalta,whereEgyptiancommandos storm the plane; 60 are killed by gunfire and explosions.
- November 25–1985 Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shoot-down:A SovietAeroflotAntonov An-12cargo airplane, en route fromCuito CuanavaletoLuanda,is shot down bySouth African Special Forcesand crashes approximately 43 km (27 mi) east ofMenongue,the provincial center of theCuando Cubango Province,Angola,killing 8 crew members and 13 passengers on board.
- November 29–Gérard Hoarau,exiled political leader from theSeychelles,is assassinated inLondon.
December
[edit]- December 1
- TheOrganization of Ibero-American Statesfor Education, Science and Culture (Spanish: Organización e Estados Iberoamericanos para la Educación la Ciencia y la Cultura; OEI) is created.
- TheFord TaurusandMercury Sableare released for sale to the public in theUS.
- December 8– TheSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC) is established.
- December 11– Hugh Scrutton is killed outside hisSacramento, California,computer rental store by aUnabomberexplosive, becoming the first fatality of the bombing campaign.
- December 12–Arrow Air Flight 1285,aDouglas DC-8,crashes after takeoff fromGander, Newfoundland,killing 256 people – 248 of whom were U.S. servicemen returning toFort Campbell, Kentucky,after overseeing a peacekeeping force in theSinai Peninsula.[58]
- December 20–Pope John Paul IIannounces the institution ofWorld Youth Dayfor Catholic youths.
- December 27
- Rome and Vienna airport attacks:Abu Nidalterrorists open fire in the airports ofRomeandVienna,leaving 18 dead and 120 injured.
- American naturalistDian Fosseyis found brutally murdered inRwanda.
Date unknown
[edit]- ThefullereneBuckminsterfullerene(C60) is first intentionally prepared byHarold Kroto,James R. Heath,Sean O'Brien,Robert CurlandRichard SmalleyatRice Universityin the US.
- DNAis first used in a criminal case.[59]
- The1983–85 famine in Ethiopiacontinues;USA for Africa(We Are the World) andLive Aidraise funds forfamine relief.
- TheUnion for Aromanian Language and Culture,anAromaniancultural organization, is founded inFreiburg im Breisgauby the Aromanian professorVasile Barba.[60]
- Africa has a population growth of 3.2 percent per year.
World population
[edit]| World population | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | 1980 | 1990 | ||||
 World
|
4,830,979,000 | 4,434,682,000 | 396,297,000
|
5,263,593,000 | 432,614,000
| |
 Africa
|
541,814,000 | 469,618,000 | 72,196,000
|
622,443,000 | 80,629,000
| |
 Asia
|
2,887,552,000 | 2,632,335,000 | 255,217,000
|
3,167,807,000 | 280,255,000
| |
 Europe
|
706,009,000 | 692,431,000 | 13,578,000
|
721,582,000 | 15,573,000
| |
 South America
|
401,469,000 | 361,401,000 | 40,068,000
|
441,525,000 | 40,056,000
| |
 North America
|
269,456,000 | 256,068,000 | 13,388,000
|
283,549,000 | 14,093,000
| |
 Oceania
|
24,678,000 | 22,828,000 | 1,850,000
|
26,687,000 | 2,009,000
| |
Births and deaths
[edit]Nobel Prizes
[edit]
- Physics–Klaus von Klitzing
- Chemistry–Herbert A. Hauptman,Jerome Karle
- Literature–Claude Simon
- Peace–International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
- Economics–Franco Modigliani
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine–Michael Stuart Brown,Joseph L. Goldstein
References
[edit]- ^Test: Total English Skills Training' 2008 Ed.Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2008. p. 81.ISBN978-971-23-5127-3.
- ^Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Committee for Fisheries (1985).Problems of Trade in Fishery Products.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 157.ISBN978-92-64-12775-3.
- ^John Higley; Richard Gunther; Higley John (1992).Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe.Cambridge University Press. p. 264.ISBN978-0-521-42422-6.
- ^Putzel, Michael (January 21, 1985)."Inaugural put on ice".Spokesman-Review.(Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. A1.
- ^Central Asia Monitor.Central Asia Monitor. 1994. p. 16.
- ^Bob Smith; Salim Amin (December 20, 2013).The Man Who Moved the World.Master Publishing. p. 85.ISBN978-9966-052-03-2.
- ^J. Paxton (December 27, 2016).The Statesman's Year-Book 1985-86.Springer. p. 551.ISBN978-0-230-27114-2.
- ^"Hawke Withdraws Support For MX Missile Tests".AP NEWS.RetrievedFebruary 23,2021.
- ^United States. Drug Enforcement Administration (2003).Drug Enforcement Administration: A Tradition of Excellence, 1973-2003.U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. p. 63.
- ^Kifner, John (February 15, 1985)."U.S. TV Reporter Free In Lebanon".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 15,2009.
- ^Altman, Lawrence K. (August 7, 1986)."WILLIAM SCHROEDER DIES 620 DAYS AFTER RECEIVING ARTIFICIAL HEART".The New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 20,2008.
- ^Altman, Lawrence K. (August 10, 1986)."A HERO OF MEDICINE; Schroeder, Longest User of Jarvik Device, Helped Prove Hearts Can Be Replaced".The New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 20,2008.
- ^Kleist, Trina (August 16, 1986)."Schroeder's struggle lasts 620 days - artificial heart recipient William J. Schroeder".Science News.Science Service, Inc.RetrievedSeptember 20,2008.
- ^"Accident description".Aviation Safety Network.Flight Safety Foundation.RetrievedNovember 10,2013.
- ^"Aircraft accident report: China Airlines Boeing 747-SP, N4522V, 300 nautical miles northwest of San Francisco, California, February 19, 1985"(PDF).National Transportation Safety Board.March 29, 1986. NTSB/AAR-86/03.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 9, 2022.RetrievedApril 30,2019.
- ^"Northern Ireland Bloody Day".TIME.March 11, 1985. Archived fromthe originalon May 24, 2011.RetrievedApril 21,2007.
- ^"The RUC: Lauded and condemned".BBC.October 31, 2001.RetrievedApril 21,2007.
- ^Debra Cameron; Bill Rosenblatt; Eric Raymond; Eric S. Raymond (1996).Learning GNU Emacs."O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 471.ISBN978-1-56592-152-8.
- ^Brian C. Hanon (1986).Marketing in Uruguay.U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. p. 3.
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- ^"60 killed by Beirut car bomb".The Guardian.London. March 9, 1985.RetrievedApril 20,2010.
- ^"1985: Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader".BBC On This Day.March 11, 1985.RetrievedJanuary 21,2021.
- ^Geoffrey Gibbs (March 12, 2015)."From the archive, 12 March 1985: Mohamed Al Fayed buys Harrods".The Guardian.RetrievedJanuary 21,2021.
- ^Thomas Griffin Sanders (1985).Brazil's New Republic: Tancredo to Sarney.Universities Field Staff International. p. 10.
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- ^He appears on the cover ofSports Illustrated.
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- ^Robert Gearty (September 21, 2019),"Greek police arrest suspect in 1985 TWA Flight 847 hijacking",Fox News,retrievedSeptember 21,2019
- ^Council of the European Union (2001).The Schengen Acquis: Integrated Into the European Union.Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 6.ISBN978-92-824-1776-8.
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