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Jasper Johns

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For the Welsh Liberal politician, seeJasper Wilson Johns.For the English soccer player, seeJasper Johns (footballer).For the non-fiction book by Michael Crichton, seeJasper Johns(book).

Jasper Johns
Johns receiving thePresidential Medal of Freedomin 2011
Born
Jasper Johns Jr.

(1930-05-15)May 15, 1930(age 94)
Augusta,Georgia, U.S.
Known for
Notable work
MovementAbstract expressionism,Neo-Dada,pop art
Awards
Detail ofFlag1954–55,Museum of Modern Art,New York. This image illustrates Johns's early technique of painting with encaustic over a collage made from found materials such as newspaper.

Jasper Johns(born May 15, 1930) is an American painter, sculptor, draftsman, andprintmaker.Considered a central figure in the development of American postwar art, he has been variously associated withabstract expressionism,Neo-Dada,andpop artmovements.[1][2]

Johns was born inAugusta, Georgia,and raised in South Carolina. He graduated as valedictorian from Edmunds High School in 1947 and briefly studied art at theUniversity of South Carolinabefore moving to New York City and enrolling atParsons School of Design.His education was interrupted by military service during theKorean War.After returning to New York in 1953, he worked at Marboro Books and began associations with key figures in the art world, includingRobert Rauschenberg,with whom he had aromantic relationshipuntil 1961.[3][4]The two were also close collaborators, and Rauschenberg became a profound artistic influence.[5]

Johns's art career took a decisive turn in 1954 when he destroyed his existing artwork and began creating paintings offlags,maps,targets,letters, and numbers for which he became most recognized. These works, characterized by their incorporation of familiar symbols, marked a departure from the individualism of Abstract Expressionist style and posed questions about the nature ofrepresentation.His use of familiar imagery, such as theAmerican flag,played on the ambiguity ofsymbols,and this thematic exploration continued throughout his career in various mediums, including sculpture and printmaking.

Among other honors, Johns received the Golden Lion at theVenice Biennalein 1988, theNational Medal of Artsin 1990, and thePresidential Medal of Freedomin 2011.[6]He was elected to theAmerican Academy of Arts and Lettersin 1973 and theAmerican Philosophical Societyin 2007.[7]He has supported theMerce Cunningham Dance Companyand contributed significantly to theNational Gallery of Art's print collection. Johns is also a co-founder of theFoundation for Contemporary Arts.He currently lives and works in Connecticut. In 2010, his 1958 paintingFlagwas sold for a reported $110 million in a private transaction, becoming themost expensive artwork sold by a living artist.[8][9]

Life[edit]

Born inAugusta,Georgia, Jasper Johns spent his early life inAllendale,South Carolina, with his paternal grandparents after his parents divorced. He began drawing at the age of three and knew very early on that he wanted to be an artist, despite having little exposure to the arts where he grew up. His paternal grandfather’s first wife, Evalina, painted landscapes that hung in the homes of several family members. These paintings were the only artworks Johns remembers seeing in his youth.[10]Following his grandfather's death in 1939, Johns spent a year living with his mother and stepfather inColumbia,South Carolina, and then six years living with his Aunt Gladys onLake Murray,South Carolina. He spent summer holidays with his father, Jasper, Sr., and stepmother, Geraldine Sineath Johns, who encouraged his art by buying materials for him to draw and paint. He graduated as valedictorian of Edmunds High School (nowSumter High School) class of 1947 inSumter,South Carolina, where he once again lived with his mother and her family.[11]

Johns studied art for a total of three semesters at theUniversity of South Carolinaat Columbia, from 1947 to 1948.[12]Encouraged by his professors, he then moved to New York City and enrolled briefly at theParsons School of Designin 1949.[12]In 1951, Johns was drafted into the army during theKorean War,serving for two years, first in Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and then inSendai,Japan.[12]

Returning to New York in the summer of 1953, Johns worked at Marboro Books and began to meet some of the artists who would be formative in his early career. These includedSari Dienes,Rachel Rosenthal,andRobert Rauschenberg,with whom Johns began a romantic and artistic relationship that would last until 1961.[3][13][14]During the same period Johns was strongly influenced by the choreographerMerce Cunninghamand his partner, the composerJohn Cage.[15][16]Working together they explored the contemporary art scene, and began sharing their ideas on art.[12]

In March 1957, while visiting Rauschenberg's studio, the gallery ownerLeo Castelliasked to see Johns's art.[12]As Castelli recalled: “So we went down. It was just the floor below. There was a fantastic display of flags and targets. You know the target with the plastic eyes, the one with the faces. TheGreen Targetwas at the Jewish Museum, but there was a big white flag, a smaller white flag, numbers, the Alpha bet, anything—all those great masterpieces. "[17]Castelli immediately offered Johns an exhibition. His first solo show at the Leo Castelli Gallery, held in early 1958, was well received; all but two of the eighteen works on view sold.Alfred H. Barr Jr.,the founding director of New York'sMuseum of Modern Art,purchased three paintings from the show, which were the first works by Johns to enter a museum collection.[18]

Johns has lived and worked in various homes and studios in New York City throughout his career and, from 1973 to 1987, maintained a rustic 1930s farmhouse with a glass-walled studio inStony Point, New York.He began visiting the Caribbean island ofSaint Martinin the late 1960s, buying property there in 1972, and, later, building a home and studio, for whichPhilip Johnsonwas the principal designer.[19]Johns currently lives and works in Sharon, Connecticut.

Following his death, the artist plans to transform his 170-acre property in Sharon, Connecticut, into an artists’ residency. He has lived there since the 1990s. It will provide a live-work space for 18 to 24 artists at a time and will be open to visual artists, poets, musicians, dancers.[20][21]

Work[edit]

Painting[edit]

In 1954, Johns destroyed all of his previous artwork still in his possession and began the paintings for which he is best known: depictions of flags, maps, targets, letters, and numbers.[22][23]His use of such symbols differentiated his paintings from the gestural abstraction of theAbstract Expressionists,whose works were often understood as expressive of the individual personality or psychology of the artist.[24][25]With well-known motifs imported into his art, his paintings could be read as bothrepresentational(a flag, a target) and asabstract(stripes, circles).[23][12]Some art historians and museums characterize his choice of subjects as freeing him from decisions about composition.[23]Johns has remarked: "What’s interesting to me is the fact that it isn’t designed, but taken. It’s not mine,”[26]or, that these motifs are "things the mind already knows."[12]

His earlyencausticpaintingFlag(1954–55), painted after having a dream of it, marks the beginning of this new period.[22]The motif allowed Johns to create a painting that was not completely abstract because it depicts a symbol (the American flag), yet it draws attention to the design of the symbol itself. The work evades the personal because it depicts a national symbol, and yet, it maintains a sense of the handmade in Johns's wax brushstrokes; it is neither a literal flag, nor a purely abstract painting.[27][12][22]The work thus raises a set of complex questions with no clear answers through its combination of symbol and medium.[12][28][29]Indeed,Alfred H. Barrcould not convince the trustees of theMuseum of Modern Artto directly acquire the painting from Johns's first solo show, as they were afraid its ambiguity might lead to boycott or attack by patriotic groups during theCold Warclimate of the late 1950s.[1][30]Barr was, however, able to arrange for the architectPhilip Johnsonto buy the painting and later donate it to the museum in 1973.[10]The flag remains one of Johns’s most enduring motifs; the art historian Roberta Bernstein recounts that “between 1954 and 2002, he employed virtually his full array of materials and techniques in twenty-seven paintings, ten individual or editioned sculptures, fifty drawings, and eighteen print editions that depict the flag as the primary image."[10]

Johns is also known for including three-dimensional objects in his paintings. These objects can be either found (the ruler inPainting with Ruler and “Gray,”1960) or specifically made (the plaster reliefs inTarget with Four Faces,1955). This practice challenges the typical conception of painting as a two-dimensional realm.[31][32]Johns’s early and enduring use of the medium of encaustic also presented the opportunity to experiment with texture. An ancient technique, encaustic is a process whereby melted wax mixed with pigment is applied and “burned into” a support. The method allowed Johns to preserve the discrete quality of individual brushstrokes, even when layered, creating textured yet, at times, transparent surfaces.[33][10]Johns's 2020 workSlicereproduces a drawing of a knee by Jéan-Marc Togodgue, a Cameroonian emigre student basketball player who attended theSalisbury Schoolnear Johns's estate in Sharon.[34]Johns's use of Togodgue's artwork without first notifying him led to a dispute that was settled amicably.[35][34][36]

Sculpture[edit]

Johns made his first sculpture,Flashlight I,in 1958. Many of his earliest sculptures are single, freestanding objects modeled from a material called Sculp-metal, a pliable metallic medium that could be applied and manipulated much like paint or clay.[37]During this period, he also employed casting techniques to make objects out of plaster and bronze. Some of these objects are painted to suggest a certain sense of verisimilitude;Painted Bronze(1960), for example, depicts a can painted with the Savarin Coffee label. Filled with cast paintbrushes, the work recalls an object one might find on an artist’s studio table.

Numbers(2007), which depicts his now classic pattern of stenciled numerals repeated in a grid, and is the largest single bronze Johns has made to date.[38]Another sculpture from this period, a double-sided relief titledFragment of a Letter(2009), incorporates part of a letter fromVincent van Goghto his friend, the artistÉmile Bernard.On one side of the relief, Johns pressed each letter of van Gogh's words into the wax model. On the other side, he spelled each letter in theAmerican Sign LanguageAlpha bet using stamps he designed. Johns signed the wax model with impressions of his own hand, his name finger-spelled in two vertical rows.[39]

Prints[edit]

Johns began experimenting with printmaking techniques in 1960, whenTatyana Grosman,the founder of Universal Limited Art Editions, Inc. (ULAE), invited him to her printmaking studio on Long Island. Beginning with lithographs that explore the common objects and motifs for which he is best known, such asTarget(1960), Johns continued to work closely with ULAE, publishing over 180 editions in a variety of printmaking techniques to investigate and develop existing compositions.[40]Initially, lithography suited Johns and enabled him to create print versions of iconic depictions of flags, maps, and targets that filled his paintings. In 1971, Johns became the first artist at ULAE to utilize the handfed offset lithographic press, resulting inDecoy— an image realized as a lithograph before it became a drawing or painting.

Johns has worked with other printmakers throughout his career, producing lithographs and lead reliefs atGemini G.E.L.in Los Angeles;[41]screenprints with Hiroshi Kawanishi at Simca Prints in New York from 1973–75;[42]and intaglios published by Petersburg Press atAtelier Crommelynckin Paris from 1975–90, including a collaboration with the authorSamuel Beckettthat resulted inFoirades/Fizzles(1976), a book of five text fragments by Beckett in French and English and 33 intaglios by Johns.[43]He producedCup 2 Picassoas an offset lithograph for the June 1973 issue of the magazineXXe siècleand, in 2000, completed an edition of 26 linocuts printed by the Grenfell Press and published by Z Press to accompany Jeff Clark'sSun on 6.[44][45]For the May 2014 issue ofArt in America,he created an unnumbered black-and-white off-set lithograph depicting many of his signature motifs.[46]

In 1995, Johns hired master printmaker John Lund and began to construct his own printmaking studio on his property in Sharon, Connecticut. Low Road Studio was officially founded in 1997 as Johns’s own publishing imprint.[18]

Collaborations[edit]

For decades Johns worked with others to raise both funds and attention forMerce Cunningham's Dance Company. He assistedRobert Rauschenbergin some of his 1950s designs for Cunningham's sets and costumes. In spring 1963, Johns andJohn Cagecofounded theFoundation for Contemporary Performance Arts(now the Foundation for Contemporary Arts), to raise funds in the performance field.[47]Johns continued his support of the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, and served as an artistic adviser from 1967 to 1980. In 1968 Cunningham made aDuchamp-inspired theater piece,Walkaround Time,for which Johns's set design replicates elements of Duchamp's workThe Large Glass(1915–23).[48]Earlier, Johns also wroteNeo-dadalyrics forThe Druds,a short-livedavant-gardenoise musicart band that featured prominent members of the New York proto-conceptual artandminimal artcommunity.[49][50]TheNational Gallery of Art,Washington, DC, ownsChuck Close's large-scale portrait of Johns.[51]In the late 1960s Johns' work was published in0 to 9 magazine,an avant-garde journal which experimented with language and meaning-making

Commissions[edit]

In 1963, the architectPhilip Johnsoncommissioned Johns to make a work for what is now the David H. Koch Theater atLincoln Center.[10]Numbers(1964), a 9-by-7-foot grid of numerals, debuted in 1964 and, after presiding over the theater's lobby for 35 years, was supposed to be sold by the center for a reported $15 million in 1979.Numbersis historically important because it is the largest work of the artist's Numbers motif, and each of its Sculp-metal and collage units is on a separate canvas.[10]Responding to widespread criticism, the board of Lincoln Center decided to drop its plans to sell the work, which was Johns's first and only public commission.[52]

Style[edit]

Johns's work is sometimes grouped withNeo-Dadaandpop art:he uses symbols in theDadatradition of thereadymadesofMarcel Duchamp,but unlike many pop artists such asAndy Warhol,he does not engage with celebrity culture.[53][30]Other scholars and museums position Johns and Rauschenberg as predecessors of pop art.[54][30]

Valuation and awards[edit]

In 1980 theWhitney Museum of American Art,New York, paid $1 million forThree Flags(1958), then the highest price ever paid for the work of a living artist.[19]In 1988, Johns'sFalse Start(1959) was sold at auction at Sotheby's to Samuel I. Newhouse Jr. for $17.05 million, setting a record at the time as thehighest price paid for a work by a living artist at auction,and the second highest price paid for an artwork at auction in the U.S.[55]In 1998, theMetropolitan Museum of Art,New York, bought Johns'sWhite Flag(1955), the first painting by the artist to enter the Met's collection. While the museum would not disclose how much was paid, theNew York Timesreported that "experts estimate [the painting's] value at more than $20 million."[56]In 2006, Johns'sFalse Start(1959) again made history. Private collectors Anne and Kenneth Griffin (founder of the Chicago-basedhedge fundCitadel LLC) purchased the work fromDavid Geffenfor $80 million, making it the most expensive painting by a living artist.[19]In 2010,Flag(1958), was sold privately to hedge fund billionaireSteven A. Cohenfor a reported $110 million (then £73 million; €81.7 million). The seller was Jean-Christophe Castelli, son of Leo Castelli, Johns's dealer, who had died in 1999. While the price was not disclosed by the parties, theNew York Timesreported that Cohen paid about $110 million.[57]On November 11, 2014, a 1983 version ofFlagwas auctioned at Sotheby's in New York for $36 million, establishing a new auction record for Johns.[58]

Johns has received many awards throughout his career. The sole honorary degree he has accepted is Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, which the University of South Carolina conferred upon him in 1969. In 1984, he was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences,Boston.[59]In 1988, he received the highest honor at the43rd Venice Biennale—the Golden Lion—for his exhibition in the United States pavilion. Johns was elected an Honorary Member of theRoyal Academy of Artsin 1989.[60]In 1990, he was awarded theNational Medal of Arts.[61]That year he was also elected an associate national academician of theNational Academy of Design(now the National Academy Museum and School), rising to national academician in 1994.[62]In 1993, he received thePraemium Imperialefor painting, a lifetime achievement award from the Japan Art Association.[63]In 1994 he was awarded theEdward MacDowell Medal.[64]He was elected to theAmerican Academy of Arts and Lettersin 1973 and theAmerican Philosophical Societyin 2007. On February 15, 2011, he received thePresidential Medal of Freedomfrom PresidentBarack Obama,becoming the first painter or sculptor to receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom sinceAlexander Calderin 1977.[65]

In 2007, theNational Gallery of Artacquired about 1,700 of Johns's prints. This made the gallery home to the largest number of Johns's works held by a single institution.

Selected work[edit]

  • Flag(1954–55)view
  • White Flag(1955)view
  • Target with Plaster Casts(1955)view
  • Tango(1955)
  • Target with Four Faces(1955)view
  • Three Flags(1958)view
  • Numbers in Color(1958–59)view
  • Device Circle(1959)view
  • False Start(1959)view
  • Coat Hanger(1960)view
  • Painting with Two Balls(1960)view
  • Painted Bronze(1960)view
  • Painting with Ruler and 'Gray'(1960)
  • Painting Bitten by a Man(1961)view
  • The Critic Sees(1961)view
  • Target(1961)view
  • Map(1961)view
  • Device(1961–62)view
  • Study for Skin I(1962)view
  • Diver(1962–63)view
  • Periscope (Hart Crane)(1963)view
  • Voice(1964/67)view
  • Untitled (Skull)(1973)view
  • Tantric Detail I, II, III(1980)view
  • Usuyuki(1981)view
  • Perilous Night(1982)view
  • The Seasons(1987)view
  • Green Angel(1990)view
  • After Hans Holbein(1993)view
  • Bridge(1997)view
  • Regrets(2013)view
  • Slice(2020)view

In popular culture[edit]

  • In "Mom and Pop Art,"a 1999 episode of the animated television seriesThe Simpsons,Johns guest stars as himself.[66]He is depicted as a thief who steals everyday objects such as lightbulbs.

References[edit]

Notes
  1. ^abSolomon, Deborah (February 7, 2018)."Jasper Johns Still Doesn't Want to Explain His Art".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  2. ^Stein, Judith (October 24, 2021)."Jasper Johns, master virtuoso of the double, one of the most influential of American painters, in massive Philly-NYC exhibition".The Philadelphia Inquirer.RetrievedNovember 26,2023.
  3. ^abHorne, Peter; Lewis, Reina, eds. (1996).Outlooks: lesbian and gay sexualities and visual cultures.Routledge. p.43.ISBN0-415-12468-9.Rauschenberg, who was better known in 1963 than Warhol was, and Jasper Johns were both prototypical Pop artists as well as gay men; they also were lovers.
  4. ^Small, Zachary (May 19, 2017)."Why Can't the Art World Embrace Robert Rauschenberg's Queer Community?".Artsy.RetrievedNovember 26,2023.After he and Weil divorced in 1953, Rauschenberg had a brief fling with Twombly, which subsequently led to a romance with his collaborator, Jasper Johns, from 1954 to 1961.
  5. ^Stern, Mark Joseph (February 26, 2013)."Is MoMA Putting Artists Back in the Closet?".Slate.ISSN1091-2339.RetrievedNovember 26,2023.Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns were lovers during this six-year period of collaboration, and their relationship had a profound impact on their art.
  6. ^"Lifetime Honors: National Medal of Arts".National Endowment for the Arts.n.d. Archived fromthe originalon January 20, 2010.RetrievedOctober 14,2021.
  7. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org.RetrievedMay 17,2021.
  8. ^Vogel, Carol (March 18, 2010)."Planting a Johns 'Flag' in a Private Collection".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedNovember 26,2023.
  9. ^Töniges, Sven (May 14, 2020)."The Flag painter: Jasper Johns turns 90".DW.RetrievedNovember 26,2023.
  10. ^abcdefBernstein, Roberta (2016).Jasper Johns Catalogue Raisonné of Painting and Sculpture, Volume 1.Wildenstein Plattner Institute. p. 54.ISBN978-0-300-22742-0.
  11. ^"Jasper Johns (b. 1930)".New Georgia Encyclopedia.May 4, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 27,2023.
  12. ^abcdefghiRosenthal, Nan (October 2004)."Jasper Johns (born 1930) InHeilbrunn Timeline of Art History".TheMetropolitan Museum of Art.RetrievedMay 2,2021.
  13. ^"Gay Artist Robert Rauschenberg Dead at 82".The Advocate.May 14, 2008.He met Jasper Johns in 1954. He and the younger artist, both destined to become world-famous, became lovers and influenced each other's work. According to the book Lives of the Great 20th Century Artists, Rauschenberg told biographer Calvin Tomkins that 'Jasper and I literally traded ideas. He would say, 'I've got a terrific idea for you,' and then I'd have to find one for him.'
  14. ^Zongker, Brett (November 1, 2010). "Smithsonian explores impact of gays on art history". The Associated Press.When artist Jasper Johns was mourning the end of his relationship with Robert Rauschenberg, he took one of his famous flag paintings, made it black, and dangled a fork and spoon together from the top. Hidden symbols in Johns' "In Memory of My Feelings," tell part of story, curators said. Color from the relationship is gone. A fork and spoon elsewhere in the painting are separated. Here we have a coded glimpse into a six-year relationship that was rarely acknowledged even in Rauschenberg's 2008 obituary. The Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery is decoding such history from abstract paintings and portraits in the first major museum exhibit to show how sexual orientation and gender identity have shaped American art.
  15. ^Vaughan, David (July 27, 2009)."Obituary: Merce Cunningham".The Observer.
  16. ^Lanchner, Carolyn; Johns, Jasper (2010).Jasper Johns.The Museum of Modern Art. p. 45.ISBN978-0-87070-768-1.
  17. ^"Leo Castelli to Paul Cummings, oral history interview with Leo Castelli, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, May 14, 1969".Archives of American Art.RetrievedSeptember 27,2023.
  18. ^abBernstein, Roberta (2016).Jasper Johns Catalogue Raisonné of Painting and Sculpture, Volume 5.Wildenstein Plattner Institute. p. 31.ISBN978-0-300-22742-0.
  19. ^abcVogel, Carol (February 3, 2008)."The Gray Areas of Jasper Johns".New York Times.RetrievedFebruary 3,2008.
  20. ^"Jasper Johns Plans to Turn His 170-Acre Estate Into an Artists' Retreat".Bloomberg.September 19, 2017.RetrievedFebruary 14,2024.
  21. ^Cascone, Sarah (September 18, 2017)."Jasper Johns Plans to Turn His Bucolic Connecticut Home and Studio Into an Artists' Retreat".Artnet News.RetrievedFebruary 14,2024.
  22. ^abcCrow, Thomas (2015).The Long March of Pop: Art, Music, and Design, 1930-1995.New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 49–50.ISBN978-0-300-20397-4.OCLC971188663.
  23. ^abcJohns, Jasper (1961)."Target".The Art Institute of Chicago.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  24. ^Durner, Leah (2004), Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (ed.),"Gestural Abstraction and the Fleshiness of Paint",Metamorphosis: Creative Imagination in Fine Arts Between Life-Projects and Human Aesthetic Aspirations,Analecta Husserliana, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 187–194,doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2643-0_14,ISBN978-1-4020-2643-0,retrievedApril 21,2021
  25. ^Stiles, Kristine; Selz, Peter (1996).Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists' Writings.Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 11.ISBN978-0-520-20251-1.
  26. ^Rutherfurd, Chanler (April 20, 2018)."The Story Behind Jasper Johns' American Flag & His Most Famous Print".Sotheby's.Source cited: The Prints of Jasper Johns 1960 – 1993, A Catalogue Raisonné, introduction
  27. ^Wallace, Isabelle Loring."The incredible story behind Flag by Jasper Johns".Phaidon.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  28. ^"Flag - Jasper Johns".The Broad.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  29. ^Jones, Jonathan (October 24, 2008)."The truth beneath Jasper Johns' stars and stripes".The Guardian.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  30. ^abcRiefe, Jordan (February 21, 2018)."Why People Still Get Worked Up About Jasper Johns's 'Flag' Painting".Observer.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  31. ^"Jasper Johns. Target with Four Faces. 1955".The Museum of Modern Art.2011.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  32. ^Cotter, Holland (February 2, 2007)."Bull's-Eyes and Body Parts: It's Theater, From Jasper Johns".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  33. ^Macpherson, Amy (November 29, 2017)."Video: what is encaustic painting?".Royal Academy of Arts.RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  34. ^abEdgers, Geoff."How did this teenager's drawing wind up in a Jasper Johns painting at the Whitney?".Washington Post.RetrievedSeptember 30,2021.
  35. ^Solomon, Deborah (September 13, 2021)."All the World in a 'Slice' of Art".The New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 30,2021.
  36. ^"The Complicated Story Behind Jasper Johns's Dispute with a Cameroonian Teen over a Drawing of a Knee (It Has a Happy Ending)".October 2021.
  37. ^Genocchio, Benjamin (December 5, 2008)."In Jasper Johns's Hands, a Simple Object Glows".New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 29,2023.
  38. ^"Jasper Johns: Numbers, 0–9, and 5 Postcards".Matthew Marks Gallery.2012. Archived fromthe originalon November 6, 2012.
  39. ^"Jasper Johns: New Sculpture and Works on Paper".Matthew Marks Gallery.2011. Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2012.RetrievedMay 2,2021.
  40. ^"Jasper Johns".Universal Limited Art Editions (ULAE).RetrievedSeptember 29,2023.
  41. ^"Jasper Johns".Gemini GEL.RetrievedSeptember 29,2023.
  42. ^"Jasper Johns Usuyuki".Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.RetrievedSeptember 29,2023.
  43. ^"Foirades/Fizzles".Museum of Modern Art, New York.RetrievedSeptember 29,2023.
  44. ^"Cup 2 Picasso, 1973".National Gallery of Art.n.d.RetrievedOctober 14,2021.Accession Number 2008.27.7
  45. ^"Sun on Six by Jasper Johns on artnet Auctions".Artnet. May 12, 2012.RetrievedDecember 5,2013.
  46. ^Carol Vogel (April 17, 2014),Art as Magazine InsertNew York Times.
  47. ^"Founders".foundationforcontemporaryarts.org.RetrievedOctober 20,2021.
  48. ^Alistair Macaulay (January 7, 2013),Cunningham and Johns: Rare Glimpses Into a CollaborationNew York Times.
  49. ^[1]Patty Mucha on The Druds
  50. ^Blake Gopnik,Warhol: A Life as ArtLondon: Allen Lane. March 5, 2020.ISBN978-0-241-00338-1p. 297
  51. ^"Jasper, 1997-98".nga.gov.uk.RetrievedOctober 23,2021.
  52. ^Carol Vogel (January 26, 1999),Lincoln Center Drops Plan to Sell Its Jasper Johns PaintingNew York Times.
  53. ^Tate."Neo-dada – Art Term".Tate [Museum].RetrievedApril 21,2021.
  54. ^"Neo-Dada".The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation.RetrievedApril 21,2021.The term Neo-Dada, first popularized in a group of articles by Barbara Rose in the early 1960s, has been applied to a wide variety of artistic works, including the pre-Pop Combines and assemblages of Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns...
  55. ^RITA REIFPublished: November 11, 1988 (November 11, 1988)."Jasper Johns Painting Is Sold for $17 Million – New York Times".The New York Times.RetrievedDecember 5,2013.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  56. ^Vogel, Carol (October 29, 1998)."Met Buys Its First Painting by Jasper Johns".New York Times.RetrievedFebruary 28,2008.
  57. ^Vogel, Carol (March 18, 2010)."Planting a Johns 'Flag' in a Private Collection".New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 30,2023.
  58. ^"Rothko, Jasper Johns star at NYC art auction".businessweek.Archived fromthe originalon November 14, 2014.RetrievedNovember 14,2014.
  59. ^"Jasper Johns".American Academy of Arts and Sciences.RetrievedSeptember 30,2023.
  60. ^"Jasper Johns | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts".Royal Academy of Arts.Archived fromthe originalon February 9, 2024.
  61. ^"National Medal of Arts".The National Endowment for the Arts.April 24, 2013.RetrievedOctober 20,2013.
  62. ^"Jasper Johns".National Academy of Design.RetrievedSeptember 30,2023.
  63. ^"Jasper Johns".Praemium Imperiale.RetrievedSeptember 30,2023.
  64. ^"Jasper Johns".MacDowell.RetrievedSeptember 30,2023.
  65. ^"Jasper Johns to be awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom".artforum. February 14, 2011.RetrievedOctober 20,2021.
  66. ^""The Simpsons" Mom and Pop Art (TV Episode 1999) "– via imdb.
Further reading
  • Basualdo, Carlos, and Scott Rothkopf.Jasper Johns: Mind/Mirror.New York: Whitney Museum of American Art; Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2021.
  • Bernstein, Roberta.Jasper Johns' Paintings and Sculptures, 1954–1974: "The Changing Focus of the Eye."Studies in the Fine Arts: The Avant-Garde 46. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1985.
  • Bernstein, Roberta.Jasper Johns: Catalogue Raisonné of Painting and Sculpture.5 Volumes. New York: Wildenstein Plattner Institute, 2016.
  • Bernstein, Roberta.Jasper Johns: Redo an Eye.New York: Wildenstein Plattner Institute, 2017.
  • Bernstein, Roberta, Edith Devaney, et al.Jasper Johns.London: Royal Academy of Arts; Los Angeles, Broad, 2017.
  • Busch, Julia M.A Decade of Sculpture: The New Media in the 1960s.Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press, 1974.
  • Castleman, Riva.Jasper Johns: A Print Retrospective.New York: Museum of Modern Art 1986.
  • Crichton, Michael.Jasper Johns.New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994. Revised and expanded edition of the 1977 Whitney Museum exhibition catalogue.
  • Dacherman, Susan, and Jennifer L. Roberts.Jasper Johns: Catalogue Raisonné of Monotypes.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017.
  • Field, Richard.The Prints of Jasper Johns: 1960–1993; A Catalogue Raisonné.West Islip, NY: Universal Limited Art Editions, 1994.
  • Hess, Barbara.Jasper Johns. The Business of the Eye.Translated by John William Gabriel. Basic Art Series. Cologne: Taschen, 2007.
  • Jasper Johns: Catalogue Raisonné of Drawing.6 Volumes. Houston: Menil Collection, 2018.
  • Kozloff, Max.Jasper Johns.Meridian Modern Artists Series. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1972. (out of print)
  • Krauss, Rosalind E. ' "Split Decisions: Jasper Johns in Retrospect; Whole in Two."Artforum,35, no. 1 (September 1996): 78–85, 125.Findarticles
  • Kuspit, Donald."Jasper Johns: The Graying of Modernism." InPsychodrama: Modern Art as Group Therapy,417–25. London: Ziggurat, 2010.
  • Orton, Fred.Figuring Jasper Johns.Essays in Art and Culture. London: Reaktion Books, 1994.
  • Rondeau, James, and Douglas Druick.Jasper Johns: Gray.Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.
  • Rosenberg, Harold. "Jasper Johns: 'Things the Mind Already Knows'".Vogue,February 1964, 174–77, 201, 203.
  • Shapiro, David.Jasper Johns Drawings, 1954–1984.Edited by Christopher Sweet. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1984 (out of print).
  • Steinberg, Leo.Jasper Johns.New York: George Wittenborn, 1963. Revised and expanded as "Jasper Johns: The First Seven Years of His Art." InOther Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth-Century Art,17–54. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • Tomkins, Calvin.Off the Wall: Portrait of Robert Rauschenberg.New York: Picador, 2005.
  • Varnedoe, Kirk, ed.Jasper Johns: Writings, Sketchbook Notes, Interviews.Compiled by Christel Hollevoet. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1996.
  • Varnedoe, Kirk, Roberta Bernstein, and Lilian Tone.Jasper Johns: A Retrospective.New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1996.
  • Weiss, Jeffrey.Jasper Johns: An Allegory of Painting, 1955–1965.Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.
  • Yau, John.A Thing Among Things: The Art of Jasper Johns.New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers, 2008.ISBN9781933045627

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