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JavaFX

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JavaFX
Developer(s)Oracle Corporation
Initial releaseDecember 4, 2008;15 years ago(2008-12-04)
Stable release
21.0.2 / January 16, 2024;6 months ago(2024-01-16)[1]
Repository
Operating systemJava
PlatformCross-platform
Available inJava
TypeApplication framework
LicenseGPL+classpath exception[2]
Website
Java platformeditions

JavaFXis asoftware platformfor creating and deliveringdesktop applications,as well asrich web applicationsthat can run across a wide variety of devices. JavaFX has support fordesktop computersandweb browsers[citation needed]onMicrosoft Windows,Linux(includingRaspberry Pi), andmacOS,as well as mobile devices runningiOSandAndroid,through Gluon Mobile.

With the release of JDK 11 in 2018,Oraclemade JavaFX part of theOpenJDKunder theOpenJFXproject,[3]in order to increase the pace of its development.[4]

Open-sourceJavaFXPorts works for iOS (iPhone and iPad) and Android.[5]The related commercial software created under the name "Gluon" supports the same mobile platforms with additional features plus desktop.[6]This allows a single source code base to create applications for the desktop, iOS, and Android devices.

Features[edit]

JavaFX 1.1 was based on the concept of a "common profile" that is intended to span across all devices supported by JavaFX. This approach makes it possible for developers to use a common programming model while building an application targeted for both desktop and mobile devices and to share much of the code, graphics assets and content between desktop and mobile versions. To address the need for tuning applications on a specific class of devices, the JavaFX 1.1 platform includesAPIsthat are desktop or mobile-specific. For example, the JavaFX Desktop profile includesSwingand advanced visual effects.

For the end user, the "Drag-to-Install" feature enables them to drag a JavaFX widget - an application residing in a website - and drop it onto their desktop. The application will not lose its state or context even after the browser is closed. An application can also be re-launched by clicking on a shortcut that gets created automatically on the user's desktop. This behavior is enabled out-of-the-box by the Java applet mechanism since the Java 6u10 update, and is leveraged by JavaFX from the underlying Java layer. Sun touts "Drag-to-Install" as opening up of a new distribution model and allowing developers to "break away from the browser".

JavaFX 1.x included a set of plug-ins for Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator that enable advanced graphics to be integrated directly into JavaFX applications. The plug-ins generate JavaFX Script code that preserves the layers and structure of the graphics. Developers can then add animation or effects to the static graphics imported. There is also an SVG graphics converter tool (also known as Media Factory) that allows for importing graphics and previewing assets after the conversion to JavaFX format.

Before version 2.0 of JavaFX, developers used a statically typed, declarative language calledJavaFX Scriptto build JavaFX applications. Because JavaFX Script was compiled toJava bytecode,programmers could also useJavacode instead. JavaFX applications before 2.0 could run on any desktop that could runJava SE,just like it is with the current versions.[7]

JavaFX 2.0 and later is implemented as a Java library, and applications using JavaFX are written in normal Java code. The scripting language was scrapped by Oracle, however the development of it continued for a few years in the Visage project, finally ending in 2013.[8][9]

Sun Microsystems licensed a customtypefacecalled Amble for use on JavaFX-powered devices. The font family was designed bymobileuser interfacedesign specialistPunchcutand is available as part of the JavaFX SDK 1.3 Release.

WebView[edit]

WebView,the embeddedweb browsercomponent, uses theWebKitbrowser engine.It supports the usual HTML5 features such as canvas, media, meter, progress, details and summary tags as well as MathML, SVG, JavaScript and CSS.WebAssemblysupport is not enabled.

JavaFX Mobile[edit]

JavaFX Mobile was the implementation of the JavaFX platform forrich web applicationsaimed atmobile devices.JavaFX Mobile 1.x applications can be developed in the same language,JavaFX Script,as JavaFX 1.x applications for browser or desktop, and using the same tools: JavaFX SDK and the JavaFX Production Suite. This concept makes it possible to share code-base and graphics assets for desktop and mobile applications. Through integration withJava ME,the JavaFX applications have access to capabilities of the underlying handset, such as thefilesystem,camera,GPS,bluetoothoraccelerometer.

An independent application platform built on Java, JavaFX Mobile is capable of running on multiple mobile operating systems, includingAndroid,Windows Mobile,and proprietaryreal-time operating systems.

JavaFX Mobile was publicly available as part of the JavaFX 1.1 release announced bySun Microsystemson February 12, 2009.

Sun planned to enable out-of-the-box support of JavaFX on the devices by working with handset manufacturers and mobile operators to preload the JavaFX Mobile runtime on the handsets. JavaFX Mobile running on an Android was demonstrated atJavaOne2008 and selected partnerships (incl.LG Electronics,Sony Ericsson) were announced at the JavaFX Mobile launch in February, 2009.

Components[edit]

The JavaFX platform includes the following components:

  • The JavaFXSDK:Including among other things graphics, media services, rich text libraries, and the web view.
  • NetBeansIDE for JavaFX: NetBeans with drag-and-drop palette to add objects with transformations, effects and animations plus a set of samples and best practices. For Eclipse users there is a community-supported plugin hosted on e(fx)clipse.
  • JavaFX Scene Builder: This was introduced for JavaFX 2.1 and later. A user interface (UI) is created by dragging and dropping controls from a palette. The layout is saved as an FXML file, which is a special XML format.

History[edit]

Releases after version bump[edit]

JavaFX is now part of the JRE/JDK forJava 8(released on March 18, 2014) and has the same numbering, i.e., JavaFX 8.[10]

JavaFX 8 adds several new features, including:[11]

Example of simple 3D scene using JavaFX.
  • Support for 3D graphics[12][13]
  • Sensor support
  • MathML support, with JavaFX 8 Update 192
  • Printing and rich text support
  • Generic dialog templates to replace JOptionPane (as of JavaFX 8u40)[14]

JavaFX 9 features were centered on extracting some useful private APIs from the JavaFX code to make these APIs public:

  • JEP253: Prepare JavaFX UI Controls and CSS APIs for Modularization[15]

Oracle announced their intention to stop bundling JavaFX in their build ofJDK11 and later.[16]It is no longer bundled with the latest version.

JavaFX 11 was first shipped in September 2018.

  • JavaFX 11.0.2 is the latest public release of JavaFX 11.[17]
  • JavaFX 11.0.16 is the latest release of JavaFX 11 for those with a long-term support contract.[18]
  • MathML support
  • FX Robot API

JavaFX 12 was first shipped in March 2019.

  • JavaFX 12.0.1.[17]
  • Support for mouse forward/back buttons
  • New protected VirtualFlow methods for subclassing[19]

JavaFX 13 shipped in September 2019.

  • Support for e-paper displays
  • Support for native media rendering, through WritableImages backed by NIO ByteBuffers[20]

JavaFX 14 was released in March 2020.

  • Tab size property for Text and TextFlow
  • Support for HTTP/2 in WebView[21]

JavaFX 15 was released in September 2020.

  • Support for e-paper displays on i.MX6 devices[22]

JavaFX 16 was released in March 2021.

JavaFX 17 was released in September 2021. Highlights:

  • 3D SpotLight type
  • Load images and stylesheets from inline data-URIs
  • Print to files
  • Query states of CAPS LOCK and NUM LOCK keys
  • Support for multiple screens in the window toolkit for embedded platforms

JavaFX 18 was released in March 2022. Highlights:

  • Support for theH.265/HEVCmedia codec in the video player
  • 3D DirectionalLight type
  • Transparent backgrounds in WebView
  • Set the "managed" property of nodes from CSS
  • Factory methods for Border and Background

JavaFX 19 was released in September 2022. Highlights:

  • Support for theH.265/HEVCHTTP Live Streamingin the video player
  • Fluent bindings with lambdas: map, flatMap and orElse
  • :focus-visibile and:focus-within CSS pseudo-classes

JavaFX 20 was released in March 2023. Highlights:

  • Constrained resize policies for TableView and TreeTableView
  • Improved lifecycle of UI controls skins (Skin::install)
  • A simplified and deterministic way to manage listeners (ObservableValue::when)[23]

Early releases[edit]

JavaFX Script, the scripting component of JavaFX, began life as a project by Chris Oliver called F3.[24]

Sun Microsystemsfirst announced JavaFX at theJavaOneWorldwide Java Developer conference in May 2007.

In May 2008 Sun Microsystems announced plans to deliver JavaFX for the browser and desktop by the third quarter of 2008, and JavaFX for mobile devices in the second quarter of 2009. Sun also announced a multi-year agreement withOn2 Technologiesto bring comprehensive video capabilities to the JavaFX product family using the company'sTrueMotionVideo codec.Since end of July 2008, developers could download a preview of the JavaFX SDK for Windows and Macintosh, as well as the JavaFX plugin forNetBeans 6.1.

Major releases since JavaFX 1.1 have a release name based on a street or neighborhood inSan Francisco.Update releases typically do not have a release name.[25]

On December 4, 2008, Sun released JavaFX 1.0.2.

JavaFX for mobile development was finally made available as part of the JavaFX 1.1 release (named Franca[25]) announced officially on February 12, 2009.

JavaFX 1.2 (named Marina[25]) was released atJavaOneon June 2, 2009. This release introduced:[26]

JavaFX 1.3 (named Soma[25]) was released on April 22, 2010. This release introduced:[27]

  • Performance improvements
  • Support of additional platforms
  • Improved support for user interface controls

JavaFX 1.3.1 was released on August 21, 2010. This release introduced:

  • Quick startup time of JavaFX application
  • Custom progress bar for application startup

JavaFX 2.0 (named Presidio[25]) was released on October 10, 2011. This release introduced:

  • A new set of Java APIs opening JavaFX capabilities to all Java developers, without the need for them to learn a new scripting language. JavaFX Script support was dropped permanently.
  • Support for high performance lazy binding, binding expressions, bound sequence expressions, and partial bind re-evaluation.
  • Dropping support forJavaFX Mobile.
  • Oracle announcing its intent to open-source JavaFX.
  • JavaFX runtime turning to be platform-specific, utilizing system capabilities, as video codec available on the system; instead of implementing only one cross-platform runtime as with JavaFX 1.x.

Various improvements have been made within the JavaFX libraries for multithreading. The Task APIs have been updated to support much more concise threading capabilities (i.e. the JavaTaskBase class is no longer necessary since all the APIs are in Java, and the requirement to have a callback interface and Java implementation class are no longer necessary). In addition, the scene graph has been designed to allow scenes to be constructed on background threads and then attached to "live" scenes in athreadsafemanner.

On May 26, 2011, Oracle released the JavaFX 2.0 Beta. The beta release was only made available for 32 and 64 bit versions of Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7. An Early Access version forMac OS Xwas also available for members of the JavaFX Partner Program at the time, while Linux support was planned for a future release of JavaFX. JavaFX 2.0 was released with only Windows support. Mac OS X support was added with JavaFX 2.1. Linux support was added with JavaFX 2.2.

JavaFX 2.0 makes use of a new declarative XML language calledFXML.[28][29]

On April 27, 2012, Oracle released version 2.1 of JavaFX,[30]which includes the following main features:[31]

  • First official version forOS X(desktop only)
  • H.264/MPEG-4 AVCandAdvanced Audio Codingsupport
  • CoolTypetext
  • UI enhancements including combo box controls, charts (stacked chart), and menu bars
  • Webview component now allows JavaScript to make calls to Java methods

On August 14, 2012, Oracle released version 2.2 of JavaFX,[32]which includes the following main features:[33]

  • Linux support (including plugin and webstart)
  • Canvas
  • New controls: Color Picker, Pagination
  • HTTP Live Streaming support
  • Touch events and gestures
  • Image manipulation API
  • Native Packaging

JavaFX 2.2 adds new packaging option called Native Packaging, allowing packaging of an application as a "native bundle". This gives users a way to install and run an application without any external dependencies on a system JRE or FX SDK.

As of Oracle Java SE 7 update 6 and JavaFX 2.2, JavaFX is bundled to be installed with Oracle Java SE platform.[10]

Future work[edit]

Oracle also announced in November 2012 the open sourcing of Decora, aDSL Shader languagefor JavaFX allowing to generateShadersforOpenGLandDirect3D.[34]

Oracle wrote in its Client Support Roadmap that JavaFX new fixes will continue to be supported on Java SE 8 through March 2025.[35]Previously, Oracle announced that they are "working with interested third parties to make it easier to build and maintain JavaFX as a separately distributable open-source module." JavaFX will continue to be supported in the future by the company Gluon as a downloadable module in addition to the JDK.[36]

Availability[edit]

As of March 2014 JavaFX is deployed onMicrosoft Windows,OS X,andLinux.[37]Oracle has an internal port of JavaFX oniOSandAndroid.[38][39]Support for ARM is available starting with JavaFX 8[40]On February 11, 2013, Richard Bair, chief architect of the Client Java Platform at Oracle, announced that Oracle would open-source the iOS and Android implementations of its JavaFX platform in the next two months.[41][42]

Starting with version 8u33 of JDK for ARM, support for JavaFX Embedded has been removed.[43]

Support will continue for x86-based architectures.[44]

A commercial port of JavaFX for Android and iOS has been created under the name "Gluon".[6]

License[edit]

There are various licenses for the previous modules that used to compose the JavaFX runtime:

During development,Sunexplained they will roll out their strategy for the JavaFX licensing model for JavaFX first release.[48]After the release in 2008,Jeet Kaul,Sun'sVice presidentfor Client Software, explained that they will soon publish a specification for JavaFX and its associatedfile formats,and will continue to open-source the JavaFX runtime, and decouple this core from the proprietary parts licensed by external parties.[49]

AtJavaOne2011,Oracle Corporationannounced that JavaFX 2.0 would become open-source.[28]Since December 2011, Oracle began to open-source the JavaFX code under theGPL+linking exception.[2][50][unreliable source?]

In December 2012, new portions of the JavaFX source code were open-sourced by Oracle:[51]

  • the animations and timelines classes
  • the event delivery mechanism and other various core classes
  • the render tree interface, and the implementation of this interface
  • the geometry and shapes implementation
  • the Java part of the rendering engine used in the rendering pipeline
  • the logging support

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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