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Jaws(franchise)

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This article is about the whole franchise. For the film, seeJaws(film).For the novel by Peter Benchley, seeJaws(novel).For other uses, seeJaws (disambiguation).
Jaws
Official franchise logo
Directed by
Written by
Based onJawsby
Peter Benchley
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography
Edited by
Music by
Production
companies
1–2:
Zanuck/Brown Company
Universal Pictures
3:
Alan Landsburg Productions
MCA Theatricals
Universal Pictures
4:
Universal Pictures
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
1975–1987
Running time
478 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$80 million
Box office$798.4 million

Jawsis an American media franchise series that started with the1975 film of the same namethat expanded into three sequels, a theme park ride, and other tie-in merchandise, based on a 1974 novelJaws.The main subject of the saga is agreat white sharkand its attacks on people in specific areas of the United States and The Bahamas. The Brody family is featured in all of the films as the primary antithesis to the shark. The 1975 film was based on the novel written byPeter Benchley,which itself was inspired by theJersey Shore shark attacks of 1916.Benchley adapted his novel, along with help fromCarl GottliebandHoward Sackler,into the film, which was directed bySteven Spielberg.Although Gottlieb went on to pen two of the three sequels, neither Benchley nor Spielberg returned to the film series in any capacity.

The first film was regarded as a watershed film in motion picture history; it became the father of the summerblockbuster moviesand one of the first "high-concept"films.[1][2]The film is also known for the introduction ofJohn Williams' famous theme music, which was a simple alternating pattern of the E and F notes of a piano. Williams' musical score won anAcademy Award.The film won two other Academy Awards, and was nominated forBest Picture.

The success ofJawsled to three sequels, and the four films together have earned nearly $800 million worldwide in box office gross. The franchise has also seen the release of various soundtrack albums, additional novelizations based on the sequels,trading cards,inspiredtheme park ridesatUniversal Studios FloridaandUniversal Studios Japan,multiple video games, and a musical that premiered in 2004. Although the first film was popular with critics when it was originally released, critical and commercial reception went downhill with each sequel. This reception has spread to the merchandise, with video games seen as poor imitations of the original concept. Nevertheless, the original 1975 film has generally been regarded asone of the greatest films ever,and frequently appears in the top 100 of variousAmerican Film Instituterankings.

However, Benchley later regretted he ever wrote the original book considering it encouraged a widespread public fear of sharks. As such, he spent most of his life promoting the cause ofocean conservation.

Background

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Peter Benchley had been thinking for years "about a story about a shark that attacks people and what would happen if it came in and wouldn't go away."[3]DoubledayeditorTom Congdonwas interested in Benchley's idea of a novel about agreat white sharkterrorizing a beach resort.[4]After various revisions and rewrites, Benchley delivered his final draft in January 1973.[5]The title was not decided until shortly before the book went to print. Benchley says that he had spent months thinking of titles, many of which he calls "pretentious" such asThe Stillness in the WaterandLeviathan Rising.Benchley regarded other ideas, such asThe Jaws of DeathandThe Jaws of Leviathan,as "melodramatic, weird, or pretentious."[3]According to Benchley, the novel still did not have a title until twenty minutes before production of the book.[3]

The Book of the Month Clubmade the novel an "A book," qualifying it for its main selection, then theReader's Digestalso selected it. The publication date was moved back to allow a carefully orchestrated release. It was released first in hardcover in February 1974,[6]then in the book clubs, followed by a national campaign for the paperback release.[5]Bantambought the paperback rights for $575,000.[6]

Richard D. ZanuckandDavid Brown,film producers atUniversal Pictures,heard about the book at identical times at different locations. Brown heard about it in the fiction department ofCosmopolitan,a lifestyle magazine then edited by his wife,Helen Gurley Brown.A small card gave a detailed description of the plot concluding with the comment "might make a good movie."[7]The producers each read it overnight and agreed that it was "the most exciting thing that they had ever read" and that, although they were unsure how they would accomplish it, they had to produce the film.[8]Brown says that had they read the book twice they would have never made the film because of the difficulties in executing some of the sequences. However, he says that "we just loved the book. We thought it would make a very good movie."[7]

Films

[edit]
Film U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Producer(s)
Jaws June 20, 1975 Steven Spielberg Carl Gottlieb&Peter Benchley David Brown&Richard D. Zanuck
Jaws 2 June 16, 1978 Jeannot Szwarc Carl Gottlieb &Howard Sackler
Jaws 3-D July 22, 1983 Joe Alves Carl Gottlieb &Richard Matheson Rupert Hitzig&Alan Landsburg
Jaws: The Revenge July 17, 1987 Joseph Sargent Michael de Guzman Joseph Sargent

Jaws(1975)

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Main article:Jaws (film)

The originalJaws,directed bySteven Spielberg,is based on Peter Benchley'snovel of the same name.It tells the story of Police Chief Martin Brody (portrayed byRoy Scheider) of Amity Island (a fictional summer resort town) and his quest to protect beachgoers from agreat white sharkby closing the beach. This is overruled by the town council, headed by the mayor Larry Vaughan (Murray Hamilton), which wants the beach to remain open in order to sustain the local tourist economy. After several attacks, the police chief enlists the help ofmarine biologistMatt Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss) and a professional shark hunter, Quint (Robert Shaw). The three voyage out onto the ocean in Quint's boat – theOrca.The shark kills Quint, but Brody manages to destroy it by shooting at a highly pressurized air tank that he has wedged in its mouth. In the end, Brody and Hooper are seen swimming away from the sinkingOrca,having both managed to survive the shark attack on the boat uninjured.

Jaws 2(1978)

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Main article:Jaws 2

The first sequel,Jaws 2,depicts the same town four years after the events of the original film when another great white shark arrives on the shores of the fictional seaside resort of Amity Island. Directed byJeannot Szwarcand starringRoy Scheideragain as Police Chief Martin Brody, who, after a series of deaths and disappearances, suspects that the culprit is another shark. However, he has trouble convincing the town's selectmen. Once fired, he has to act alone to save a group of teenagers, including his two sons, who encounter the shark whilst out sailing. Brody then manages to kill the shark at Cable Junction upon pulling up one of the underwater cables.

Steven Spielberg was asked to directJaws 2,but he said he would only make anotherJawsfilm if it were a prequel focusing on the sinking of theUSSIndianapolis.[9][10]

Jaws 3-D(1983)

[edit]
Main article:Jaws 3-D

The plot ofJaws 3-Dmoves away from Amity Island toSeaWorldinFlorida,a water themed-park with underwater tunnels and lagoons. As the park prepares to open, it is infiltrated by a baby great white shark which attacks and kills water-skiers and park employees. Once the baby shark is captured, it becomes apparent that a much larger shark, the mother, is present. The characters of Martin's sons from the first two films are developed further in this film: Michael Brody (Dennis Quaid) is the chief engineer of the park and his younger brother, Sean (John Putch), arrives at the resort to visit him. The events of the earlier films are implied through Sean's dislike of the water because of "something that happened when he was a kid." The events and character development fromJaws 3-Dare independent from the rest of the series.[11]

Jaws: The Revenge(1987)

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Main article:Jaws: The Revenge

The fourth and final film,Jaws: The Revenge,sees the storyline returning to Amity Island, but ignores all plot elements introduced inJaws 3-D.No mention is made to Michael's girlfriend from the previous film, Kathryn Morgan (Bess Armstrong), or his career change from an engineer at SeaWorld to a marine biologist. In fact, one of theUniversal Studiospress releases forJaws: The RevengeomitsJaws 3-Dentirely by referring toJaws: The Revengeas the "thirdfilm of the remarkableJawstrilogy. "[11]By the start of the film, Martin Brody had died of a heart attack, although his wife, Ellen Brody (Lorraine Gary), claims that he died through fear of the shark. Her youngest son, Sean (Mitchell Anderson), now working as a police deputy in Amity, is dispatched to clear a log from a buoy. As he does so, he is attacked and killed by a shark. Ellen becomes convinced that a shark is deliberately victimizing her family for the deaths of the first two sharks. Michael (Lance Guest) convinces her to spend some time with his family inThe Bahamas.However, as his job involves a lot of time on and in the sea, Ellen fears that he will be the shark's next victim. When her granddaughter, Thea (Judith Barsi), narrowly avoids being attacked by a shark, Ellen takes a boat in order to kill her family's alleged stalker. Hoagie (Michael Caine), Michael, and his friend Jake (Mario Van Peebles) find Ellen and then proceed to electrocute the shark, driving it out of the water and impaling it on the prow of Ellen's boat.

Cast and crew

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List indicator(s)
  • A dark gray cell indicates the character was not featured in the film.
  • AnAindicates an appearance through previously recorded material.
  • AUindicates an actor or actress was uncredited for their role.

Principal cast

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Characters Films
Jaws Jaws 2 Jaws 3-D Jaws:
The Revenge
Chief Martin Brody Roy Scheider Roy ScheiderAU[12]
Ellen Brody Lorraine Gary Lorraine Gary
Michael "Mike" Brody Chris Rebello[13] Mark Gruner[14] Dennis Quaid[15] Lance Guest[16]
Sean Brody Jay Mello Marc Gilpin John Putch Mitchell Anderson
Jay MelloA
Mayor Larry Vaughn Murray Hamilton
Mr. Posner Cyprian R. Dube Cyprian R. Dube[17]
Deputy Jeff Hendricks Jeffrey Kramer
Mrs. Taft Fritzi Jane Courtney[18] Fritzi Jane Courtney[19]
Harry Wiseman Al WildeU Al Wilde
Matt Hooper Richard Dreyfuss[20]
Quint Robert Shaw[21]
Harry Meadows Carl Gottlieb[22]
Mrs. Kintner Lee Fierro[23] Lee Fierro[24]
Polly Peggy Scott[25] Edna Billotto[26]
Alex Kintner Jeffrey Voorhees[27]
Chrissie Watkins Susan Backlinie[28]
Leonard "Len" Peterson Joseph Mascolo
Dr. Lureen Elkins Colin Wilcox
Tina Wilcox Ann Dusenberry
Eddie Marchand Gary Dubin
Larry Vaughn Jr. David Elliott
Tom Andrews Barry Coe
Grace Witherspoon Susan French
Andy Williams Gary Springer
Jackie Peters Donna Wilkes
Brooke Peters Gigi Vorgan
Marge Martha Swatek
Timmy Weldon G. Thomas Dunlop
Doug Fetterman Keith Gordon
Paul "Polo" Loman John Dukakis
Bob Burnside Billy Van Zandt
Patrick Ben Marley
Lucy Cynthia Grover
Kathryn "Kay" Morgan Bess Armstrong
Kelly Ann Bukowski Lea Thompson
Calvin Bouchard Louis Gossett Jr.
Philip FitzRoyce Simon MacCorkindale
Carla Brody Karen Young[29]
Thea Brody Judith Barsi[30]
Hoagie Newcombe Michael Caine[31]
Jake Mario Van Peebles[32]
Louisa Lynn Whitfield[33]

Additional crew

[edit]
Role Film
Jaws Jaws 2 Jaws 3-D Jaws:
The Revenge
1975 1978 1983 1987
Director(s) Steven Spielberg Jeannot Szwarc Joe Alves Joseph Sargent
Producer(s) David Brown
Richard D. Zanuck 		Rupert Hitzig
Alan Landsburg
Writer(s) Carl Gottlieb
Peter Benchley 		Carl Gottlieb
Howard Sackler 		Screenplay by:
Carl Gottlieb
Richard Matheson
Story by:
Guerdon Trueblood 		Michael de Guzman
Composer(s) John Williams Alan Parker Michael Small
Cinematographer(s) Bill Butler Michael Butler Chris Condon
Austin McKinney
James A. Contner 		John McPherson
Editor(s) Verna Fields Neil Travis
Steve Potter
Arthur Scmidt 		Corky Ehlers
Randy Roberts 		Michael Brown
Production company Universal Pictures
Zanuck/Brown Company 		MCA Theatricals
Universal Pictures
Alan Landsburg Productions 		Universal Pictures
Distributed by Universal Pictures

Production

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Development

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Jaws(1975)

[edit]
Jawsshark at Universal Studios Florida.

Zanuck and Brown had originally planned to hireJohn Sturgesto direct the film, before consideringDick Richards.[34]However, they grew irritated by Richards' vision of continually calling the shark "the whale"; Richards was subsequently dropped from the project.[34]Zanuck and Brown then signed Spielberg in June 1973 to direct before the release of his first theatrical film,The Sugarland Express.[34]Spielberg wanted to take the novel's basic concept, removing Benchley's manysubplots.[35]Zanuck, Brown and Spielberg removed the novel's adulterous affair between Ellen Brody and Matt Hooper because it would compromise the camaraderie between the men when they went out on theOrca.[7]

Peter Benchley wrote three drafts of thescreenplaybefore deciding to bow out of the project.[35]Tony and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwrightHoward Sacklerhappened to be in Los Angeles when the filmmakers began looking for another writer and offered to do an uncredited rewrite, and since the producers and Spielberg were unhappy with Benchley's drafts, they quickly accepted his offer.[36]Spielberg sent the script toCarl Gottlieb,asking for advice.[36]Gottlieb rewrote most scenes during principal photography, andJohn Miliuscontributed dialogue polishes. Spielberg has claimed that he prepared his own draft. The authorship of Quint's monologue about the fate of the cruiserUSSIndianapolishas caused substantial controversy as to who deserves the most credit for the speech. Spielberg described it as a collaboration among John Milius, Howard Sackler, and actor Robert Shaw.[37]Gottlieb gives primary credit to Shaw, downplaying Milius' contribution.[38]

Three mechanical sharks were made for the production: a full version for underwater shots, one that moved from the camera left to right (with its hidden side completely exposing the internal machinery), and an opposite model with its right flank uncovered.[35]Their construction was supervised by production designerJoe Alvesand special effects artistRobert A. Mattey.After the sharks were completed, they were shipped to the shooting location, but had not been tested in water and when placed in the ocean the full model sank to the ocean floor, forcing a team of divers to retrieve it.[36]Location shooting occurred on the island ofMartha's Vineyard,Massachusetts,chosen because the ocean had a sandy bottom while 12 miles (19 km) out at sea.[36]This helped the mechanical sharks to operate smoothly and still provide a realistic location. The film nonetheless had a notoriously troubled shoot and went considerably over budget. David Brown said that the budget "was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million".[39]Shooting at sea led to many delays: unwanted sailboats drifted into frame, cameras were soaked, and theOrcaonce began to sink with the actors on board. The mechanical shark frequently malfunctioned, due to the hydraulic innards being corroded by salt water.[36]The three mechanical sharks were collectively nicknamed "Bruce" by the production team after Spielberg's lawyer.[40]To some degree, the delays in the production proved serendipitous. The script was refined during production, and the unreliable mechanical sharks forced Spielberg to shoot most of the scenes with the shark only hinted at. For example, for much of the shark hunt, its location is represented by the floating yellow barrels. Spielberg also included multiple shots of just the dorsal fin due to its ease of filming. This forced restraint is widely thought to have increased the suspense of these scenes, giving it aHitchcockiantone.[41]

The studio ordered a sequel early into the success ofJaws.[42]The success ofThe Godfather Part IIand other sequels meant that the producers were under pressure to deliver a bigger and better shark. They realized that someone else would produce the film if they didn't, and they preferred to be in charge of the project themselves.[43]Spielberg declined to be involved in the sequel.[39][42]

Jaws 2(1978)

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Like the first film, the production ofJaws 2was troubled. The original director,John D. Hancock,proved to be unsuitable for an action film and was replaced byJeannot Szwarc.[42]Scheider, who only reprised his role to end a contractual issue with Universal,[44]was also unhappy during production and had several heated exchanges with Szwarc.[45][46]Martha's Vineyardwas again used as the location for the town scenes. Although some residents guarded their privacy, many islanders welcomed the money that the company was bringing.[47]The majority of filming was atNavarre Beach, Florida,because of the warm weather and the water's depth being appropriate for the shark platform.[42]Like the first film, shooting on water proved challenging. After spending hours anchoring the sailboats, the wind would change as they were ready to shoot, blowing the sails in the wrong direction.[48]The corrosive effect of the saltwater damaged some equipment, including the metal parts in the sharks.[48]As with the first film, footage of real sharks filmed by Australian diversRonandValerie Taylorwas used for movement shots that could not be convincingly achieved using the mechanical sharks.[42]

The producers of the first two films originally pitched the secondJawssequel as aspoofnamedJaws 3, People 0.[42]National LampoonwritersJohn Hughesand Todd Carroll were commissioned to write a script.[49]The project was abandoned due to conflicts with Universal Studios.[49]

Jaws 3-D(1983)

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Alan LandsburgandRupert Hitzigproduced the third film.[50]The second sequel capitalized upon the revived interest of3-D filmin the 1980s, amongst other horror films such asFriday the 13th Part IIIandAmityville 3-Dthat also made dual use of the number three.[51]As it was Joe Alves' first film as director, having been theproduction designerfor the first two films, he thought that 3-D would "give him an edge".[51]Cinema audiences could wear disposable cardboardpolarized glassesto create the illusion that elements penetrate the screen.[52]Richard Mathesonworked on the story and script, although many of his contributions were unused: the writer is unhappy with the finished film.[53]Carl Gottlieb,who had also revised the screenplays for the first twoJawsfilms, was credited for the script alongside Matheson.[54]

Jaws: The Revenge(1987)

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Joseph Sargentproduced and directed the fourth film in the series.Jaws: The Revengewas filmed on location inNew Englandand in the Caribbean, and completed on the Universal lot. Like the first two films of the series,Martha's Vineyardwas the location of the fictional Amity Island for the opening scenes of the film.[55]Principal photography moved toNassauinThe Bahamas,but the location did not offer the "perfect world" that the 38-day shoot required. The cast and crew encountered many problems with varying weather conditions.[55]

Reception

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Box office performance

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Film U.S. release date Box office revenue Reference
United States International Worldwide
Jaws June 20, 1975 $261,102,530 $211,310,430 $472,412,960 [56]
Jaws 2 June 16, 1978 $81,766,007 $106,118,000 $187,884,007 [57]
Jaws 3-D July 22, 1983 $45,517,055 $42,470,000 $87,987,055 [58]
Jaws: The Revenge July 17, 1987 $20,763,013 $31,118,000 $51,881,013 [59]
Total $409,148,675 $391,016,430 $800,165,035

Jawswas the first film to use "wide release" as a distribution pattern. As such, it is an important film in the history of film distribution and marketing.[60]Prior to the release ofJaws,films typically opened slowly, usually in a few theaters in major cities, which allowed for a series of "premieres." As the success of a film increased, and word of mouth grew, distributors would forward the prints to additional cities across the country.[61]The film became the first to use extensive television advertising.[62]Universal executiveSidney Sheinberg's rationale was that nationwide marketing costs would be amortized at a more favorable rate per print than if a slow, scaled release were carried out. Scheinberg's gamble paid off, withJawsbecoming a box office smash hit and the father of the summerblockbuster.[63][64]

WhenJawswas released on June 20, 1975, it opened at 464 theaters.[65]The release was subsequently expanded on July 25 to a total of 675 theaters, the largest simultaneous distribution of a film in motion picture history at the time. During the first weekend of wide release,Jawsgrossed more than $7 million, and was the top grosser for the following five weeks.[66]During its run in theaters, the film became the first to reach more than $100 million in U.S. box office receipts.[62][67]Jawseventually grossed more than $470 million worldwide ($1.9 billion in 2010 dollars[68]) and was the highest grossing box office film untilStar Warsdebuted two years later.[69][70]

Jaws 2was the most expensive film that Universal had produced up until that point, costing the studio almost $30 million.[43]According to David Brown, the film made 40% gross of the original. This was attractive to the studio because it reducedmarket risk.[42]The film became the highest-grossing sequel in history, succeeded by the release ofRocky IIin 1979. It opened in 640 theaters, making $9,866,023 in its opening weekend.[71]The final domestic gross forJaws 2was $102,922,376, making it the sixth highest domestic grossing film of 1978.[72]Jaws 2grossed $208 million worldwide.

Jaws 3-Dgrossed $13,422,500 on its opening weekend,[73]playing at 1,311 theaters at its widest release. It had achieved a total lifetime worldwide gross of $87,987,055.[74]Despite being #1 at the box office, this illustrates the series' diminishing returns, sinceJaws 3-Dhas earned nearly $100,000,000 less than the total lifetime gross of its predecessor[75]and $300,000,000 less than the original film.[76]

The third sequel would attract an even lower income, with around two thirds ofJaws 3-D's total lifetime gross.[77]Jaws: The Revengereceived largely negative reviews from critics, and earned the lowest amount of money from the series. It is considered one of the worst movies ever made. Even though the film was still considered a commercial failure, it was able to cover costs (an estimated US$23 million) with a worldwide box office take of $51,881,013.[78]The film, though, continued the series'diminishing returns.It only grossed $7,154,890 in its opening weekend, when it opened at 1,606 screens.[79]This was around $5 million less than its predecessor.[74]It had also achieved the lowest total lifetime gross of the series.[76][75]

Jaws,when compared to other top-grossing American horror franchises—Alienvs.Predator,Candyman,Child's Play,The Conjuring,The Exorcist,The Evil Dead,Final Destination,Friday the 13th,Godzilla,Halloween,Hannibal Lecter,Hellraiser,I Know What You Did Last Summer,A Nightmare on Elm Street,The Omen,Paranormal Activity,Psycho,The Purge,Saw,Scream,andThe Texas Chainsaw Massacre—is one of the highest grossing horror film franchises in North America.

Critical and public response

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Film Critical Public
Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore
Jaws 97% (99 reviews)[80] 87 (21 reviews)[81] —
Jaws 2 62% (34 reviews)[82] 51 (12 reviews)[83] —
Jaws 3-D 11% (36 reviews)[84] 27 (9 reviews)[85] —
Jaws: The Revenge 2% (42 reviews)[86] 15 (15 reviews)[87] C−[88]

Jawsis regarded as a watershed film in motion picture history, the father of the summerblockbuster movieand one of the first "high concept"films.[2][89]Due to the film's success in advance screenings, studio executives decided to distribute it in a much wider release than ever before.The Omenfollowed suit in the summer of 1976 and thenStar Warsone year later in 1977, cementing the notion formovie studiosto distribute their big-release action and adventure pictures (commonly referred to astentpole pictures) during the summer.Jawsis widely regarded as one ofthe greatest films of all time.Jawswas number 48 onAmerican Film Institute's100 Years... 100 Movies,a list of the greatest American films of all time, dropping down to number 56 on the 10 Year Anniversary list. It was ranked second on a similar list for thrillers,100 Years... 100 Thrills.

The sequels are not held in such high regard. The reception ofJaws 2was mixed. While the performances of Scheider, Gary, and Hamilton, the soundtrack by John Williams, were praised.[90]However, the teenagers, who are "irritating and incessantly screaming... don't make for very sympathetic victims."[91]Many reviewers criticizedJaws 2director Jeannot Szwarc for showing more of the shark than the first film had, reducing the Hitchcockian notion "that the greatest suspense derives from the unseen and the unknown, and that the imagination is capable of conceiving far worse than the materialization of a mere mechanical monster."[92]In retrospect,Jaws 2had nonetheless been considered to be the best of the threeJawssequels.[93]

Reception forJaws 3-Dwas generally poor.Varietycalls it "tepid"and suggests that Alves" fails to linger long enough on the Great White. "[94]OnRotten Tomatoesit has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 36 critics.[84]The 3-D was criticized as being a gimmick to attract audiences to the aging series[95]and for being ineffective.[96]Derek Winnert says that "with Richard Matheson's name on the script you'd expect a better yarn" although he continues to say that the film "is entirely watchable with a big pack of popcorn."[97]

Jaws: The Revengeattracted the poorest critical reception of the series and was nominated for Worst Picture in the1987 Golden Raspberry Awards.It was rated byEntertainment Weeklyas one of "The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made."[98]Roger Ebertsaid that it "is not simply a bad movie, but also a stupid and incompetent one." He lists several elements that he finds unbelievable including that Ellen is "haunted by flashbacks to events where she was not present." Ebert also laments that Michael Caine could not attend theceremonyto collect hisAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actorearned forHannah and Her Sistersbecause of his shooting commitments on this film.[99]

In an era in which documentaries were attempting responsible, accurate reporting about the natural world,ecocriticismsays that Hollywood continued to produce films that exploited the fear of animals.[100]Scholar Greg Garrard cites David Ingram's suggestion that theJawsseries "represents a backlash against conservationist ideas in which an 'evil, threatening nature is eventually mastered through male heroism, technology and the blood sacrifice of the wild animal.'"[101][102]Greg Garrard observes inJaws: The Revengethat "the marine biologist Mike Brody's environmentalist concerns are effectively ridiculed as his colleague is eaten by the enraged fish; he joins the hunt for it and the shark in turn hunts him down."[100]

Music

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Soundtracks

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Title U.S. release date Length Composer(s) Label
Jaws: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1975 35:12 John Williams MCA Records
Jaws 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1978 41:19 (original release), 101:48 (expansion) John Williams MCA Records
Jaws 3-D: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1983 35:43 Alan Parker MCA Records
Jaws: The Revenge (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) 1987 27:20 (promotional), 51:13 (commercial) Michael Small MCA Records

John Williamscomposed and conducted the score for the first two films. The main "shark" theme, a simple alternating pattern of twonotes,EandF,[103]became a classic piece of suspense music, synonymous with approaching danger. Williams described the theme as having the "effect of grinding away at you, just as a shark would do, instinctual, relentless, unstoppable."[104]When the piece was first played for Spielberg, he was said to have laughed at Williams, thinking that it was a joke. Spielberg later said that without Williams' score the film would have been only half as successful, and Williams acknowledges that the score jumpstarted his career.[36]Williams won anAcademy Award for Original Music Scorefor his work on the first film.[105]

The shark theme is used in all three sequels, a continuity that Williams compares to "the great tradition" for repeating musical themes in Hollywood serials such asRoy RogersandThe Lone Ranger.[105]Alan Parkercomposed and conducted the score forJaws 3-D,while the final film was scored byMichael Small.The latter was particularly praised for his work, which many critics considered superior to the film.[106][107]

Other media

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Unofficial sequels and rip-offs

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Many films based on man-eating animals & monsters (usually aquatic) were released throughout the 1970s and the 1980s such as: Son of Blob(also known asBeware! The Blob), Grizzly,Mako: The Jaws of Death,Death Bed: The Bed That Eats,Day of the Animals,Claws,Orca(also known asOrca: The Killer Whale),Eaten Alive,The Pack,Snowbeast,Piranha II: The Spawning,Barracuda,Nightwing,Up from the Depths,Humanoids from the Deep(also known asMonster),Alligator,Blood Beach,Blades,Creature,the Italian-AmericanTentacles,the MexicanTintorera(also known asTintorera: Killer Shark), the French-ItalianKiller Fish,the ItalianMonster Shark(also known asDevil Fish). The better of these are often considered to bePiranha,[108]as a rip-off,Deep BloodandGreat White(also known asThe Last Shark), as an unofficial sequel.[109]In 1995, there was also another sequel/rip-off filmCruel Jawsa.k.a.The Beast,which was marketed in some countries asJaws 5: Cruel Jawsbecame infamous for illegally incorporated stock footage from the first three officialJawsfilms into its runtime. In 2021, a film titledTubarão O Regresso(Jaws Returns) was released by Unknown World Pictures TV, directed by Portuguese director Rui Constantino.[110][better source needed]

Documentaries

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The Shark Is Still Working,is a feature-lengthdocumentary filmon the impact and legacy of the 1975Steven Spielbergblockbuster filmJaws.It features interviews with a range of cast and crew from the film. It was narrated by the lateRoy Scheiderand dedicated to the latePeter Benchley.

The documentary was produced byJawsfans over a seven-year period, building onLaurent Bouzereau's 1995 documentary,The Making of Jaws,that has been included on some laserdisc and DVD releases. Throughout other documentaries over the years, such asBouzereau'sand theBBC's 1997 documentaryIn the Teeth of Jaws,actorRichard Dreyfusshas recounted tales about the troubled production ofJawsand the quote “The shark is NOT working” which Dreyfuss would hear constantly from members of the crew. Eventually, upon successful attempts to fix the malfunctioning sea monster, Dreyfuss would regularly hear the quote “The shark is working."

The Shark Is Still Workingwon Best Documentary Feature at the 2010 DocMiami Film Festival. The documentary was released on home video as a special feature on the 2012 Blu-ray edition ofJaws.

Some of the interviews were filmed in 4:3Academy ratio,typical of TV documentaries of the time. As the production went on,16:9became the TV shape standard and so the documentary crops the top and bottom of the image to reshape it to 16:9. There is no anamorphic enhancement of the documentary on theJawsBlu-ray.

Toys and merchandise

[edit]
A small selection of merchandise fromJaws 2.

Universal "devised and co-ordinated a highly innovative plan" for the first film's distribution and exhibition.[60]The studio and publisher Bantam designed a logo which would appear on both the paperback and on all film advertising. "Both publisher and distributor recognized the mutual benefits that a joint promotion strategy would bring."[60]Producers Zanuck and Brown toured six cities to promote the paperback and the film.[60]Once the film was released, more merchandising was created, including shark-illustrated swimming towels and T-shirts, plastic shark fins for swimmers to wear, and shark-shaped inflatables for them to float on. TheIdeal Toy Companyproduced agamewhere the player had to use a hook to fish out items from the shark's mouth before the jaws closed.[111]Carl Gottlieb’s 1975 book,The Jaws Log,account of the film's production was also released.

Jaws 2inspired much more merchandising and sponsors than the first film. Products included sets oftrading cardsfromToppsand Baker's bread, paper cups fromCoca-Cola,beach towels, a souvenir program, shark tooth necklaces, coloring and activity books, and a model kit of Brody's truck.[90]A novelization byHank Searls,based on an earlier draft of the screenplay by Howard Sackler and Dorothy Tristan, was released, as well as Ray Loynd'sThe Jaws 2 Log,an account of the film's production.[90]Searls also wrote the novelization ofJaws: The Revengebased on an earlier draft of the screenplay by Michael De Guzman.

Video games and themed attractions

[edit]

There have been a number ofvideo gamereleases based upon the franchise. The first, titledJaws,was released for theNintendo Entertainment System(NES) in 1987.[112]There was a separate computer adaptation of the originalJawsmovie calledJaws: The Computer Game,released in 1989 by Screen 7 for theAmigaand other computers;[113]another unrelatedJawsfor theCommodore 64and other computers was released by Box Office Software the same year.[114]A Jaws level was included in the 2001 gameUniversal Studios Theme Parks AdventurebyKemcofor theGameCube.Jaws Unleashed,developed byAppaloosa Interactive,was released in 2006 for thePlayStation 2,Xbox,andMicrosoft Windows.[115]An officially licensediPhonegame based on the original film was released by Bytemark Games and Universal Partnerships & Licensing in 2010,[116]while in 2011 Universal licensed a follow-up game (in the form of anApp) calledJaws Revenge.This game was made by Fuse Powered Inc.[117]A game titledJaws: Ultimate Predatorwas released on theWiiandNintendo 3DSin 2011. A virtual pinball game fromZen StudiosforPinball FX 3was released as well.[118]Stern Pinballalso published a Jaws themed pinball cabinet in 2024.[119]A mobile game titledJaws.iowas released on February 14, 2019 for iPhone andAndroiddevices and was published by Universal Studios Interactive Entertainment LLC.[120][121]

Athemed attractionbased on the series was opened atUniversal Studios Floridain 1990, with a sister attraction opening withUniversal Studios Japanin 2001. A similar themed experience featuring the shark from the film was made a permanent part ofUniversal Studios Hollywood'sStudio Tourin 1976. The Florida attraction closed permanently in 2012 while the Japan attraction is still operational.[122]

Jaws 19

[edit]

Jaws 19is a joke movie that is shown being advertised in the 1989 filmBack to the Future Part II.Set in 2015, a movie theatre in Hill Valley features a hugeholographicposter ofJaws 19,by "Max Spielberg" (the name of Steven Spielberg's real-life son) that "swallows"Marty McFly.In 2015, Universal made a poster and trailer for the fictional movie that came with theBack to the Future30th Anniversary Box-Set.[123][124]

On 16 September 2015 the fan film namedJaws 19was released in Russia.[125]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
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Bibliography

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